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The Green of Shipping:

Dawning of New Challenges
Singapore
2 July 2009
Ah Kuan Seah & Soh Mei Yan
Technology and Business Development
ABS
Joint Branch of RINA & IMarEST
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Outline
The past and the present
The on-going efforts
The challenges
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Long Road to Being Green
1954: International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of
the Sea by Oil (OILPOL) established by UK
1958: IMCO formed; OILPOL transferred to IMCO
1968: Tanker Torrey Canyon ran aground and spilled
120,000 tons of crude oil and polluted UK and French coasts
1973: International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution
from Ships (MARPOL) adopted
covering pollution by
oil
chemicals
harmful substances
carried in packaged form
sewage
garbage
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Long Road to Being Green
1978: Tanker Amoco Cadiz ran aground after steering gear
failure and spilled 227,000t of crude oil, polluting the French
coast
Protocol of 1978, relating to 1973 MAPOL (MARPOL 73/78)
adopted
1983: MARPOL 73/78 enter into force
1989: Tanker Exxon Valdez ran aground and spilled 37,000t
of crude oil, polluting Alaskan coast
US OPA 90; Amendments to MARPOL 73/78 Annex I to
require double hull; single hull tanker phase out
1993: New Reg 13F and 13G came into effect
1999: Tanker Erika experienced structural failure and sank;
spilled 15,000t of heavy oil, polluting French coast
EU introduced Erika Packages; IMO adopted changes to
Reg 13G, CAS
2002 new Reg 13G came into effect
2002: Tanker Prestige experienced structural damage and
sank in heavy weather; spilled 64,000t of oil
EU, IMO introduced further accelerated phase out
2005 new phase out scheme came into effect
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1989: A Pivotal Year
9 Nov. 1989
4 June 1989
24 March 1989
Ref: TIME magazine, 29 June 2009
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Oil Tankers Pre Exxon Valdez
Delivered >
1 Jun 1982
20k DWT
Segregated ballast
tanks + protective
locations; COW
40k DWT
Segregated
ballast tanks
or COW
Delivered >
31 Dec 1979
70k DWT
Segregated ballast
tanks
Segregated Ballast Tanks; Limitation of Tank Size; COW
150 GT
Tank size limit per
hypothetical outflow
Damage stability
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Oil Tankers Post Exxon Valdez
Delivered 6 Jul 1996
5000 DWT
5k DWT Double hull
< 5k DWT (from 600 DWT)
Double hull or Double btm +
700m3 max
Cat 1:
Del 5 Apr 82,
meet DH 5 Apr 05
Del > 5 Apr 82,
meet DH 2005
Cat 1: tankers 20k
DWT do not meet 1 Jun
82 requirements
Cat 2: tankers 20k
DWT meet 1 Jun 82
requirements
Cat 3: tankers 5k
DWT
20,000 DWT
Cat 2:
Del 5 Apr 77, meet DH 5
Apr 05
Del < 1 Jan 78, meet DH 2005
Del 1978 79, meet DH 2006
Del 1980 81, meet DH 2007
Del 1982, meet DH 2008
Del 1983, meet DH 2009
Del 1984, meet DH 2010
Cat 3:
Same as Cat 2
Cat 2 and Cat 3 tankers 15 year after built to meet Condition Assessment Scheme (CAS)
Cat 2 and Cat 3 tankers may operate beyond dates specified if permitted by Admin, subject
to CAS, but only up to 2015 or 25 years old whichever earlier
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The 6 Annexes of MARPOL
Annex I -
Oil
2 Oct 83 6 Jul 93 1 Sep 02
5 Apr 05;
1 Jan 07
MARPOL 73/78 Revised 13F,
13G
Revised 13G Revised 13G,
new 13H;
Revised text
Annex II - Chemicals
6 Apr 87 1 Jan 07
Revised Annex
II
Annex III - Packaged
1 Jul 92
Annex IV - Sewage
27 Sep
03
Annex V - Gabage
31 Dec 88
Annex VI - SOx NOx
19 May 05 1 Jul 10
Amdt
1980 1990 2000 2010
Exxon
Valdez
Erika
Prestige
Long gestation periods
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Oily Water Separator
1973 regulations require 100ppm discharge standard
Gravity separation; exceedance alarm and manual stopping
2002/3 amendments require 15ppm discharge standard
Exceedance alarm and manual stopping
Automatic stopping for units installed after 1 Jan 05
Improvements in technology:
From gravity separation to multi-stage processing
From simple light scattering to multiple light scattering
Still, many reported
complaints
Multiple waste
oil streams
Inadequate
capacity holding
tanks, separator
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Best Practice is Still a Guideline
Systems for handling oily wastes in machinery spaces
incorporating integrated bilge water treatment (IBTS)
Clean drains collected separately from oily drains
Oily drains collected and drained to oil residue tanks
Clean drains collected and drained to clean drain tanks
Pre-treatment of oily bilge water using bilge primary tank
Clean Drains
From engine cooling
water; boiler drain
Clean drain tank
O/B discharge
Oily Bilge Water
From bilge wells
Bilge primary tank
Oily BW holding tank
Oily water separator
Sludge to oil residue
15ppm O/B discharge
Oil Residues
From purifier sludge;
oil pump coaming;
oil mist drain, OWS;
etc.
Oil residue drain
tank
From FO filter drain;
FO pump and tank
coaming drains, etc.
FO drain tank
Incinerators, boilers
Shore discharge
MEPC.1 Circ.642
12 Nov 2008
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Example of an Integrated System
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IMO Marches On
Convention on antifouling systems
1960: organotin (tributyltin or TBT) found cost-effective in antifouling
1970-80: discovered high concentration of TBT caused collapse of
shell-fishery in many locations
1988: IMO notified
2001: IMO adopted convention on control of harmful antifouling
systems prohibiting TBT and other organotin
18 Sept. 2008: enter into force
Spawning new technology in antifouling
TBT-free biocide release coating
Rosin based
Self-polishing co-polymer (SPC)
Biocide-free coating
Non-stick/foul release prevents fouling attachments
Energy-saving potential
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IMO Marches On
Convention on ballast water management
1988: harmful effect of transfer of aquatic
organisms in ballast water first discussed in IMO
1992: UNCED Earth Summit requested IMO
to take action
1997: IMO adopted Res.A868(20) Guidelines
2004: IMO adopted the convention for control
and management of ships ballast water and sediments
Enter into force: pending
Spawning new technology in BWT
Ballast water treatment systems require:
Mostly multi-stage processes
Land test and shipboard test for type
approval
Treatment system using active
substance requires basic approval
and final approval from IMO
OceanSaver system incorporating
back-flush filter, cavitator, N2 super
saturator, electrolytic disinfector
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IMO Marches On
Convention on ship recycling
1998: first discussed
2004: adopted guidelines, Res. A962(23)
2009: adopted convention
for safe and environmentally
sound recycling of ships
Enter into force will
require ratification by
ship recycling states
whose total annual
recycled ships is at least
3% of their combined
fleet in past 10 years
Inventory of Hazardous Materials (IHM)
Part 1 contained in ships structures and
equipment
Part 2 generated operationally
Part 3 contained in ships store
Source: ABS Regulatory Affairs
SRP = ship recycling
plan
DASR = Document of
Authorization for ship
recycling
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IMO Marches On
Reducing underwater noise
Concerns with marine animals dependent on sound for communication,
evading predators and navigating
Ships generate underwater noise over a broad range of low frequencies
Source: MEPC 58/INF19
IMO at MEPC 58
approves high-
priority work
program to
develop ship-
quieting
technologies
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Perhaps Greatest Challenge Lies with GHG
In 2007, total shipping CO
2
emission: 1,019m tonnes, or
3.3% of global CO
2
emissions
Germanys CO
2
emission (2006): 843m tonnes
Africa continents CO
2
emission: ~3.6% of global
Pulp, paper and printing industry CO
2
emission: ~1% of global
Shipping emission will grow by factor of 2.4~3.0 by 2050
Will surpass Africa in a few years
Source: MEPC 58/INF.6
Source: UNFCCC Secretariat
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Shipping is Still the Most CO
2
-Efficient
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Keying into a Global Policy
Stabilizing greenhouse gas in the atmosphere is a global effort
Energy efficiency and renewables will have to account for most of the cut
450 policy will
have 50% chance
of keeping global
temperature rise
below 2C
Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2008
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Rx for a Cooler America
1. Put a firm price on greenhouse-gas pollution
by passing national cap-and-trade program
like the Lieberman-Warner bill, and use that
leverage to bring developing countries into
an international carbon regimen
2. Offset rising power prices caused by carbon
cap by priming the economy for a massive
efficiency surge that will cut waste and
improve energy productivity
3. Pump up research-and-development into
renewable energy sources like solar and
wind, and support companies bringing new
technologies to market
And the Conventional Wisdom
TIME magazine (28 April
2008 issue) sporting a
non-traditional green
frame, quote:
CAP AND TRADE
EFFICIENCY SURGE
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
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IMO Strategy on CO
2
Emission Reduction
Outcome of MEPC 58 (10 Oct 2008)
Debate on common but differentiated
responsibilities (CBDR)
GHG Working Group conduct studies:
Energy Efficiency Design Index for new ships
Energy Efficiency Operational Index for all ships
Ship Efficiency Management Plan
Best Practices
Impact on shipping
Market-based measures (e.g. emission trading scheme, FO tax)
To be further debated in depth in MEPC 59
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Energy Efficiency Indexes
Operational index voyage specific
Design index design specific
g of CO
2
emitted (based on fuel burnt)
t of cargoes carried * N-M traveled
g of CO
2
emitted (based on specific fuel consumption)
Design cargo capacity * Design speed
Various deduction allowed in numerator: e.g.:
innovative technologies that reduces fuel consumption
CO
2
capture
Weather factor allowed in denominator improving hull shape
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Challenges to Members of Joint Branch
Improve ship design
Reduce hull resistance: hull form; wave-making
resistance; slamming
Reduce skin friction: coating; cleaning; air bubbles
Improve aerodynamics
Propeller design
Rudder design
Economy of scale
Improve machinery and propulsion
Improve engine efficiency/fuel consumption
Heat recovery; electrical systems
Renewables: sails; Flettner rotors
Improve operations
Voyage planning; weather routing
Speed
Draft and trims
Shore power
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Improving Ship Design
Reduce hull resistance
Lower speed ships
(tankers, bulkers)
Fr ~ 0.15
Skin friction
resistance dominant
Strategy: reducing
skin friction
Higher speed ships
(containerships)
Wave making
resistance dominant
Strategy: reducing
wave-making
resistance (bulbous
bow, trim operation,
reduce speed)
Source: Sasaki, ITTC 2008
F
r
F
r
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Improving Ship Design
Improve propeller efficiency
Improve wake target
improvement (3-5%)
Fit wake smoothers,
e.g. wake equalizing duct,
reaction fins, spoilers
Recover propeller energy
target improvement (up to 15%)
Contra-rotating propellers (CRP): ~15%
improvement in efficiency claimed in
19th ITTC report
Additional thrust fins: developed and
patented by IHI 1984; 4-8% improvement
in efficiency claimed in 19th ITTC report
Containership wake
Aframax tanker wake
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Propeller Efficiency Cookie Box
Asymmetrical stern
Gruthues spoilers Stern tunnel
Mitsui integrated
ducted propeller
Kawasaki
Rudder-bulb fins
IHI Additional
Thrusting Fins
Contracted Tip
propellers
Grim wheel
Modern contra
rotating
propellers
Hitachi Zosen nozzle
Mitsui OSK
Propeller boss
cap fins
Takekuma
Reaction fins
Stern flap
Wake-equalizing duct
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Improving Engine Fuel Efficiency
Fuel efficiency of prime movers 10MW
Low speed diesel engines: 49-50%
Medium speed diesel engines: 48-49%
High speed diesel engines: 42-43%
Steam turbines: 27-32%
Reheat steam turbines: 34-38%
Gas turbines: 30-35%
Historical improvements in 2-stroke diesel
Typical 1960's Modern Diesel
Modern diesel
with efficient
WHR
Shaft HP 36-40% 49-50% 54-55%
Exhaust gas loss 35-36% 25-26% 21-22%
Heat loss thru cooling
water, LO, etc
25-28% 24-25% 22-23%
Rdiation 0.5-1% 0.5-1% 0.5-1%
SFOC g/kWh ~211 [1] ~171 [0.8] ~155 [0.74]
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Improving Waste Heat Recovery
Thermal efficiency of
engine < 50%; exhaust
gas heat loss < 30%
Waste heat recovery
Both MAN and Wartsila
have similar proposal:
turbo or/and steam
generators
Energy recovery (electric
power) up to 11%
Turbo Gen and
Steam Turbine
Steam
Turbine
Power
Turbine
Source: Wartsila
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Improving Operations
Scenario: move 10 million TEU 5,000NM within 1 year (250 sailing days)
Source:
BIMCO @ WMTC 2009
Slow steaming
will result in
reduced CO
2
emission,
despite increase
in number of
ships employed
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Natural Gas as Fuel
Extensive studies made comparing gas v.
HFO as fuel for LNG carriers
Energy consumption: DFDE comparable
to 2-stroke diesel
CO
2
emission: DFDE can reduce by ~20%
IMO - t of CO
2
/ t of fuel, HFO v. NG:
3.114 v. 2.693 (13.5% credit for NG)
DF-Electric155,000 cbm LNG Carrier; Total 40MW
Source: Wartsila Dual Fuel LNGCs Gastech 08
HFO
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
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The Renewables
NYKs PCC Auriga Leader 200m x 32m x 34m; 6200 cars; 18,700 dwt
328 solar panels, USD 1.68m, 40 kW, ~0.3% of installed power
Source: www.crunchgear.com
Wind Energy
Skysails - Weather and route dependent
On trial for 2 feeder-size ships Michel A and Beluga Skysails
Towing force example: model SKS320 16t with 25-kt wind;
133m MPP vessel propeller thrust 23t
Annual fuel saving: 10~30% claimed
Source: www.skysails.info
Solar Energy
Wartsilas concepts
Wing shaped sails
of composite material installed on deck possible
efficiency gain of ~20%
Flettner rotors installed on deck provides thrusts in
direction perpendicular to wind
Source: www.wartsila.com
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The Renewables
Biofuels
Potential net CO
2
saving but various drawbacks
2
nd
generation biofuels based on Fischer Tropsch (FT) biomass to liquid (BTL)
process hold more promise
Marine application concerns:
Less calorific value than fossil fuel engine derating required
Currently lack worldwide marine biofuel standard premixed or blending on board
Regarded as noxious liquid under Annex II; regulatory uncertainty
Other: shelf life, dedicated system and switching between fuels
Ref: IEA: Transition from 1
st
to 2
nd
Generation Boifuel Technologies 2008
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Take Note of
The scrubber removing SOx and NOx and CO
2
?
Source: Ecospec press conference 16 Jan 2009
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The Shape of Things to Come?
Source: ISOPE 2005 Y Minami et al, National Maritime Research Institute, Japan
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The Shape of Things to Come?
Strategies:
Reduce hull weight
Reduce friction
LNG-based fuel cells
Solar energy
Wind power
NYK Super Eco
Ship 2030
Source: NYK press release
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The Shape of Things to Come?
No ballast water
pentamaran hull, no stern
propeller and no rudder
No emission
only renewables: wind,
wave, current, fuel cell and
hydrogen
Target: 2025
Wallenius
Wilhelmsens
Environmentally-
Sound Ship
Orcelle
Photovoltaic
panels
Sails
Fins to harness wave energy
Source: Wallenius Wilhelmsen Green Flagship
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The Greening of Shipping
Being green:
Place high importance on
ecological and environmental
goals
Increasingly linked to sustainable
development
IMO conventions so far drives
pollution prevention in marine
environment
Mitigate GHG emission through:
energy efficiency; employing renewable energy and, not
least, market-based measures
will bring about truly the Greening of Shipping
Sustainable Development:
development that meets the
needs of the present without
compromising the ability of the
future generations to meet their
own needs WCED, 1987
Integration of economic, social,
environment Rio World Summit,
1992
Mainstreaming of environment
IPPC, 2007
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