MBBS BIOCHEMISTRY SYLLABUS

JIPMER:
DEPARTMENT OBJECTIVES
State the gross biochemical funcions of he !arious s"sems of the human body.
Recognize and state the correlaion of he anaomical an# Ph"siological feaures of he human bo#" $ih
biochemical funcions%
State the biochemical basis for he normal an# abnormal funcioning of the human body.
Find the naure of biochemical #efecs in !arious #isease saes commonly encountered in clinical practice.
Find out about the a#!ancemens in biochemisr" an# is a&&licaions in medicine.
Learn to arrive at the &ro!isional #iagnosis of !arious biochemical #isor#ers and its &ro&er managemen on he
basis of he biochemical 'no$le#ge so acquired.
To perform (ualiai!e an# (uaniai!e anal"sis of subsances of biochemical importance in the human system
and interpret the results.
CO)RSE CONTENT
T*EOR+
,% E)-AR+OTIC CE.. STR)CT)RE
Cellular compartments cellular environment
organization and composition of eu!aryotic cells
Functional role of sub cellular organelles and membranes.
/% CARBO*+DRATE C*EMISTR+
"efinition classification and nomenclature of carbohydrates
Structure of glucose
#iological importance and properties of glucose fructose galactose lactose maltose sucrose ribose starch
inulin glycogen amino sugars deo$y%sugars heteropolysaccharides.
Sialic acids blood group substances carbohydrates of cell membranes.
0% .IPID C*EMISTR+
"efinition classification nomenclature of lipids
#iological importance and properties of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids triacylglycerol phospholipids
glycolipids prostaglandins leu!otrienes thrombo$anes glycerol sterols
Lipoprotein%structural characteristics classification and biological importance.
Characterization of lipid Rancidity free radicals lipid pero$idation and antio$idants.
Structure and functions of biological membrane and liposomes.
1% PROTEIN C*EMISTR+
"efinition classification composition of proteins
amino acids their classification and properties
protonic equilibria of amino acids
separatory techniques for amino acids and proteins
biologically important small peptides
Conformation of proteins levels of structural organization.
&lasma proteins ' Structure and functions of immunoglobulin
(ood to !no)%Structure of amino acids.
2% STR)CT)RE 3 4)NCTION RE.ATIONS*IP O4 PROTEINS
*$ygen transport proteins +yoglobin structure and function structural basis of physiological function of
hemoglobin co%operative binding #ohr effect role of ,- #&( fetal hemoglobin modification of .b structure
and disease glycated hemoglobin .bS .b+ .bC
Thalassemias
Collagen structure and function.
5% N)C.EIC ACIDS
"efinition structural description and functions of nucleic acids their constituents and derivatives in our body
#iologically important nucleotides and their significance
Synthetic analogues of purines and pyrimidines and their medical importance
6% EN7+MES
(eneral characteristics of enzymes
enzyme nomenclature
mechanism of enzyme catalysis
enzyme !inetics
enzyme inhibition
organization of multi enzyme systems
regulation of enzyme activity in vivo
factors influencing enzyme activity
Clinical enzymology.
Co%enzymes/ "efinition concepts of co%substrate second substrate
Role of co%enzymes in group transfer reactions classification and biological significance.
0solation of enzymes and Structure of coenzymes
8% VITAMINS
"efinition classification chemistry
*ccurrence sources metabolism daily requirements
Functions deficiency manifestations of 1 " 2 3 Thiamin Riboflavin 4iacin &antothenic acid #iotin Folic
acid Cobalamin &yrido$ine anti%vitamins and hyper%vitaminosis.
9% DI:ESTION AND ABSORPTION
+echanism of digestion and absorption in (0 tract of carbohydrates lipids proteins amino acids vitamins and of
factors influencing digestion and absorption
Role of dietary fiber
1lterations in mechanisms of digestion and absorption leading on to disease process
,;% INTROD)CTION TO INTERMEDIAR+ METABO.ISM
#ioenergetics entropy free energy coupled reactions high energy compounds o$idation%reduction reactions
redo$ potential electron carriers
Compartmentalization of metabolic path)ays in cells and the biologic advantage of such compartmentalization
Stages of catabolism of molecules/
#rea! do)n )ith no energy trap
#rea! do)n )ith some force energy trap
Final path)ay consisting of Citric acid cycle electron transport chain and o$idative phosphorylation.
&hosphorylation at the substrate level
"escription localization organization of electron transport and un%couplers of o$idative phosphorylation
#asic concepts of mechanism of o$idative phosphorylation and inhibitors of electron transport chain.
a5 Carboh"#raes <$ihou sress on srucures=>
1n overvie) and regulatory steps of glycolysis glycogenesis glycogenolysis gluconeogenesis
.+& shunt
6ronic acid path)ay
0nter%conversion of he$oses
+etabolism of fructose and galactose
#lood glucose homeostasis
*vervie) of common disorders of carbohydrate metabolism and their clinical significance7 diabetes mellitus
Relevant biochemical investigations ' oral
(lucose tolerance test
b5 .i&i#s/
*vervie) of fatty acid synthesis o$idation !etosis
+etabolism of triacyl glycerol &hospholipids &rostaglandins lipoproteins and cholesterol
#iochemical basis of atherosclerosis
.yperlipoproteinemias
Fatty liver obesity
Role of adipose tissue lipotropic factors and hypolipidemic drugs in fatty liver.
c5 Proeins an# amino aci#s/
#asic concepts of disposal of nitrogen trans%amination deamination urea cycle
"isposal of carbon s!eleton of amino acids glycine tryptophan tyrosine phenylalanine histidine sulphur%
amino acids
Common inborn errors of amino acid metabolism
Synthesis of biologically important compounds from amino acids
d5 Inegraion of meabolism of carboh"#raes? li&i#s an# amino aci#s? common meabolic &ah$a" <TCA c"cle=%
e5 Nucleoi#es? &urines an# &"rimi#ines>
*rigin of constituents in the formation of purines pyrimidines and nucleotides
Regulatory influences
#rea!do)n of purines and pyrimidines
#iochemical basis and laboratory diagnosis of gout.
&urines salvage path)ays
Secondary hyper%uricemia.
f5 Chemisr"? S"nhesis @ Brea'#o$n of hemoglobin
#iochemical basis of 8aundice
Classification and their importance bile pigments and their importance7
overvie) of biochemical basis of porphyrias hepato biliary function tests.
g5 Minerals/
Sources daily requirements
1bsorption biochemical functions and deficiency manifestations of calcium phosphorus iron fluorides
magnesium copper zinc iodine sodium potassium and chloride selenium chromium and cobalt
h5 Nuriion/
Calorie requirements
qualitative and quantitative requirements
specific dynamic action
#+R
factors influencing #+R
respiratory quotient
biological value of proteins
formulation and computation of energy requirements for a medical student
balanced and adequate diets
formulation of diets in health and diseases
protein and protein energy malnutrition
obesity
Starvation.
i5 Ouline of #eoAificaion mechanisms in human bo#"/
85 Ohers o&ics o 'no$>
+ethods of investigations of intermediary metabolism7
detailed aspects of metabolism of carbohydrates
rare disorders related to metabolism including glycogen storage disease7
Rare disorders related to lipid metabolism.
"etailed step in the brea!do)n of amino acids
Rare inherited disorder related to amino acid metabolism.
Food to$ins and additives7
adulteration of foods nutrification and fortification of foods7
#asic concepts of total parenteral nutrition.
OR:AN 4)NCTION TEST>
Constituents in urine
renal functions tests
Concept of clearance tests.
Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance
"isorders associated )ith laboratory parameters in diagnosis of fluid and electrolyte disorders.
*ral Rehydration solution.
1cid base balance blood buffers regulation of blood p.
role of erythrocytes lungs and !idneys in regulation of acid base balance
acidosis al!alosis of respiratory and non%respiratory origin
Laboratory parameters in diagnosis of acid base disorders
(astric and pancreatic function tests
Laboratory diagnosis of common gastric and pancreatic disorders
Thyroid function tests
2ndocrinology/ +echanism of action and metabolic role of hormones.
"etailed !no)ledge of porphyrias
Role of radio isotopes in +edicine
Feto%placental unit7 biochemical tests of fetal maturity and abnormalities
Molecular Biolog" @ Immunolog"
#asic biochemical concept of immunology
*vervie) of cell cycle "41 replication transcription and protein biosynthesis mutations "41 damage and repair
mechanisms blotting techniques
(eneral principles of recombinant "41 technology and its practical applications in medicine
*utline of biochemical basis of Carcinogenesis.
0mmunodiagnostic methods
Regulation of genetic e$pression in eu!aryotes
0nhibitors of protein synthesis
&ost translational modifications
(ene therapy
.AB @ PRACTICA.S
9. (eneral properties of carbohydrates and reactions of glucose fructose lactose maltose starch and de$trins.
,. Colour reactions of proteins precipitation reactions of proteins.
-. Reactions to understand the properties of albumin globulin casein gelatin and &eptone.
:. ;ualitative analysis of mil! and egg.
<. 4ormal constituents of urine.
=. 1bnormal constituents of urine.
>. Spectroscopic identification of hemoglobin and its derivatives.
?. Schemes of identification of carbohydrates proteins and substances of biochemical importance.
@. 1nalysis of a food mi$ture.
9A. &rinciples and application of the principle in chromatography electrophoresis R01 and 2L0S1.
99. ;uantitative estimation of glucose urea creatinine and total proteins in blood.
9,. "emonstration of bilirubin estimation prothrombin time determination )or!ing of autoanalyser blood gas analyser.
Biochemisr" labB learning oucomes>
9. 0dentify the osazones of glucose fructose lactose and maltose the color reactions of amino acids and the responsible
functional groups.
,. Suggest suitable B relevant biochemical investigations for diagnosisBconfirmation of a patient )ith 8aundice acute renal
failure nephrotic syndrome proteinuria edema myocardial infarction metabolic acidosis metabolic al!alosis respiratory
acidosis respiratory al!alosis glycosuria hypothyroidism hyperthyroidism.
-. Calculate/
1lbumin/ globulin ratio )ith the values of total protein and albumin provided.
6rea and creatinine clearance )ith the parameters provided.
The RF value for any carbohydrate or amino acid from a given chromatogram
:. 0nterpret/
4ormal electrophoretic pattern and pattern related B associated )ith cirrhosis of liver nephrotic syndrome multiple
myeloma mono and polyclonal gammopathies.
Calues obtained after an oral glucose tolerance test in normal and diabetic states.
Laboratory data in pancreatitis myocardial infarction various types of 8aundice acute renal failure nephrotic
syndrome proteinurias acidosis al!alosis hypo and hyperthyroidism.
<. +entionBlist the uses of some of the common instruments li!e centrifuges colorimeters p. meters flame photometers
thermostatic )ater baths etc. used in biochemistry laboratory.
TOPICS 4OR INTE:RATED TEAC*IN:
9. +olecular and functional organization of cell 1natomy and &hysiology
,. "igestion and absorption &hysiology
-. 2ndocrinology &hysiology &athology and Clinical departments
:. Fluid 2lectrolyte and acid%base homeostasis Clinical departments
<. 4utrition and "iabetics Community +edicine &ediatrics
=. (enetics ' 1natomy
>. Function tests Clinical departments &hysiology
AIIMS
DEPARTMENT OBJECTIVES
+olecular and functional organization of a cell and sub% cellular components7
Structure function and interrelationship of #iomolecules and consequences of deviation from normal7
#asic and clinical aspects of enzymology and regulation of enzymatic activity7
"igestion and assimilation of nutrients and consequences of malnutrition7
0ntegration of the various aspects of metabolism and their regulatory path)ays7
#iochemical basis of inherited disorders7
+echanisms involved in maintenance of body fluid and p. homeostasis7
+olecular mechanisms of gene e$pression and regulation the principles of genetic engineering and their
application in medicine7
+olecular concepts of body defense and their application in medicine7
#iochemical basis of environmental health hazards7
#iochemical basis of cancer and carcinogenesis
&rinciples of metabolism and deto$ication of $enobiotics7
&rinciples of various conventional and specialized laboratory investigations and instrumentation analysis and
interpretation of a given data7
The ability to suggest e$periments to support theoretical concepts and clinical diagnosis.
CO)RSE CONTENT
T*EOR+
Biological cell
Da5 1rchitecture compartmentalization cell membrane structure and functions7 structure% function relationships.
Db5 +embrane transport.
Biomolecules
Da5 Function and classification of carbohydrates lipids protein and amino acids.
Db5 Stereoisomerism and chemistry of monosaccharides amino acids and fatty acids.
Dc5 Structural organization and structure%function relationships of proteins/ .emoglobin and myoglobin molecular
mechanism of *, transport and storage +olecular basis of sic!le cell anaemia and thallesemias.
Dd5 +olecular mechanism of muscle contraction.
De5 &lasma proteins their functions and clinical significance.
EnC"mes
Da5 4omenclature classification
Db5 3inetics mechanism of enzymatic catalysis.
Dc5 Factors influencing enzymatic catalyses enzyme activators and inhibitors.
Dd5 Regulation of enzyme activity
De5 Clinical enzymology isoenzymes.
Meabolic &ah$a"s? heir regulaion an# meabolic inerrelaionshi&s
Carboh"#rae meabolism
Da5 &ath)ays of glucose metabolism/ glycolysis
Db5 .+& shunt
Dc5 (luconeogenesis
Dd5 (lycogenolysis glycogenesis
De5 (alactose and fructose metabolism
Df5 (lycogen storage disease
Dg5 0nborn errors of glucose metabolism
Dh5 Regulation of glucose metabolism.
Amino aci# meabolism
Da5 (eneral reactions transamination its metabolic and diagnostic significance
Db5 "isposal of amino acid nitrogen and deto$ication of urea
Dc5 +etabolic fate of amino acid carbon s!eleton
Dd5 Sulphur containing amino acids
De5 0n born errors of branched chain and aromatic amino acids
Df5 0mportant amino acid derivatives.
.i&i# meabolism
Da5 #iosynthesis and degradation of fatty acids phospolipids and triacylglycerols
Db5 #iosynthesis of cholesterol chemistry and metabolism of lipoproteins.
Dc5 .yperlipoproteinemias
Dd5 Lipid storage disease.
De5 3etone bodies/ their synthesis utilization and conditions leading to !etoacidosis prostaglandin.
TCA c"cle and biological o$idation prostanoids.
Regulaion of he meabolic &ah$a"s
Da5 Carbohydrate lipid and amino acid metabolism
Db5 0nterlin!s bet)een these path)ays.
Dc5 *rgan interrelationships in metabolism
Dd5 #lood glucose regulation and its impairment in diabetes mellitus.
De5 +etabolic adaptation in the fed state fasting and prolonged starvation.
Df5 +etabolic derangements and adaptations in diabetes mellitus.
4oo# assimilaion an# nuriion
Da5 "igestive enzymes their action on dietary carbohydrates fats and proteins.
Db5 1bsorption of glucose amino acids and lipids.
Dc5 (astric pancreatic and intestinal function tests liver function tests.
Dd5 Functions of dietary ingredients the macro and micronutrients.
De5 Fat soluble and )ater soluble vitamins
Df5 +alnutrition
Dg5 0ron metabolism and heme synthesis.
*ormones
Da5 +olecular basis of hormonal action signal transduction mechanisms.
Db5 Chemistry functions and mechanism of action of hormones of the pituitary thyroid parathyroid
adrenals panaceas and gonads.
Dc5 #iosynthesis of steroid hormones their functions and mechanism of action.
Dd5 &ineal body
De5 2ndorphins and encephalins
Df5 Calcium homeostasis.
Dg5 .ormonal interplay in the regulation of metabolism.
Molecular Biolog"
Da5 4ucleic acids/ "41 and R41 structure
Db5 "41 Replication
Dc5 "41 Transcription
Dd5 &ost%transcriptional processing.
De5 Translation of genetic code
Df5 Regulation of gene e$pression and protein synthesis inhibitors of protein synthesis.
Dg5 "41 repair mechanisms
Dh5 1pplied aspects of purine and pyrimidine metabolism
Di5 (enetic 2ngineering/ Recombinant "41 technology
D85 "41 and diagnostics
D!5 "41 repair mechanisms and related disorders
Dl5 Telomeres telomerases
Dm5 0nhibitors of "41 replication apoptosis
&*? Buffer? &h"siological buffer s"sems
Da5 Regulation of blood p. acidosis al!alosis
Db5 Renal functions tests.
Immunolog"
Da5 Reticulo%endothelial system components and functions of the innate and adaptive immunity.
Db5 Role of T and # lymphocytes antigen presentation
Dc5 0nduction of immune response
Dd5 Cell mediated immune response
De5 0mmunoglobulin structure and functions
Df5 .umoral immune response
Dg5 Fate of antigen antibody comple$
Dh5 Complement system
Di5 (eneration of antibody diversity
D85 .ypersensitivities
D!5 0mmuno%regulation autoimmunity tolerance
Dl5 .L1 disease association ' transplantation
Dm5 0mmunological techniques medical applications Dvaccines immunotherapy immunoassays and immunodiagnostics5
En!ironmenal biochemisr"? cancer an# cancer ma'ers
Da5 Eenbiotics interaction )ith biomolecules effects metabolism deto$ication
Db5 #iochemical characteristics of cancer
Dc5 2nvironmental pollutants and carcinogenensis.
.AB @ PRACTICA.S
Laboratory 0nstrumentation.
&rotein fractionation denaturation separation of proteins and amino acids.
Colour reactions of amino acids and proteins.
2stimation of blood analytes/ glucose total cholesterol and ."L cholesterol uric acid electrolytes urea.
Cerebrospinal fluid analyses.
(astric 8uice analyses.
6rine analyses.
1mniotic fluid analyses.
2nzymes/ amylase lactate dehydrogenase and al!aline phosphatase
Liver function tests
Renal function tests.
(el electrophoresis of "41.
0mmuno%diffusion techniques R01 and 2L0S1
Case%oriented discussions Denzymes metabolites function tests5
TEAC*IN:B.EARNIN: MET*ODO.O:+
Classroom lectures to facilitate learning of terminology principles and concepts.
#oo!s and resource material are suggested to encourage self% directed learning.
&roblem based small group discussions7 questions%ans)er sessions revision and reinforcement of difficult concepts
inculcate s!ills of reasoning meaningful approaches to learning and facilitate understanding of the sub8ect.
Laboratory e$ercises/
a5 To substantiate and clarify theoretical concepts )ith e$perimental evidence
b5 To develop s!ills of performing basic biochemical tests important in clinical investigations
c5 To develop familiarity )ith biochemical laboratory instrumentation techniques.
MD BIOCHEMISTRY SYLLABUS
AIIMS>
+104 (*1L/ understand envisage and e$plain life processes as molecular events and apply his !no)ledge and s!ills in
clinical problem solving and scientific research.
*#F2CT0C2S/
:eneral Biochemisr"/
Cell structure
CellGs biochemical ma!e up and functions
membrane structure and functions
cytos!eleton
structure and functions of proteins
muscle and plasma proteins
hemoglobin
biochemistry of blood clotting
#ody fluids and their importance in clinical biochemistry
EnC"mes/
&rinciples and mechanisms of enzymatic catalysis
2nzyme !inetics
Regulation of enzyme activity
Clinical biochemisr"/
Serum enzymes and iso%enzymes their diagnostic value.
1nalysis and significance of clinically important analytes in blood urine and CSF.
Liver !idney and gastric function tests7
p. buffers and acid base balance metabolic acidosis and al!alosis respiratory acidosis and al!alosis
Meabolism? Bioenergeics? Nuriion? Viamins an# *ormones>
#ioenergetics and intermediary metabolism
+etabolism of carbohydrates lipids proteins amino acids porphyrins purines pyrimidines their regulation
dysregulation and inter%relationships
0nborn errors of metabolism genetic disorders
&rinciples of bioenergetics electron transport chain and o$idative phosphorylation
4utrition mineral metabolism and trace elements )ater and electrolyte balance.
Citamins/ Fat and )ater soluble vitamins their chemistry action functions and deficiency7 Role in free radical
homeostasis
#iochemistry of free radicals
.ormones/ chemistry mechanism of action and their role in regulation of metabolism and physiological functions
Consequence of hormonal dysfunction
Molecular Biolog" an# Cancer>
#iochemistry and molecular biology of cancer gro)th factors and oncogenes
4ucleic acids replication transcription protein biosynthesis and gene regulation
(enetic code mutations and mutants
"41 repair. &urines and pyrimidines biosynthesis and degradation
cell cell interaction
adhesion molecule
signal transduction
receptor%structure and regulation
cloning
construction of genomic libraries
Strategies for screening "41 libraries.
Immunolog">
Structure functions classifications and synthesis of immunoglobulin
1ntigen%antibody reaction
+echanisms and regulation of immune responses
Complement system
.ypersensitivity
0mmune tolerance
0mmunity to infection
1utoimmunity ' auto immune diseases
Tumor immunity
(enetics of immune response
Transplantation
2$perimental system used in immunology
Caccination and immunization strategies
.ybridoma technology
1poptosis
Telomeres and telomerase
Cyto!ine net)or!
0mmunodiagnostics
Techni(ues in EA&erimenal Biochemisr"? an# Recen A#!ances in Biochemisr" an# Molecular Biolog">
(eneral Laboratory Techniques and procedures p. meter balances.
Centrifugation sub%cellular fractionation
&urification of an enzyme and study of its !inetics
Chromatography
2lectrophoresis techniques immune%diffusion and 0soelectric focusing
.&LC
0mmunoassay techniques
0mmuno%electrophoresis
0mmuno%blotting and 2L0S1
Spectroscopy techniques including 4+R
Radioactive 0sotopes their application in biomedical research and clinical diagnosis and measurements of
radioactivity tracer techniques autoradiography and microassays li!e R01 2L0S1 estimation of hormones etc.
+olecular diagnostics recombinant "41 technology and its applications
+icroscopy light microscopy electron microscopy and confocal microscopy
Cell Culture
2nvironmental biochemistry and deto$ification
(enomics proteomics and array technology
Clinical biochemistry
Pracicals>
Fractionation of proteins
&urification and !inetic analysis of enzymes DL".B1l!aline phosphatase5 from a suitable source
Separation and molecular )eight determination of proteins by S"S%&1(2
Cell culture
Lymphocyte separation
0nvitro carcinogenesis Dcyto to$icity and survival assay5
2stimation of progesteroneBhormone levels in human blood by R01B2L0S1
Separation of lipoproteins by electrophoresis
2stimation of L"L and ."L cholesterol in serum
Clinical biochemistry
0mmuno%diffusion techniques
Hestern blotting
Southern blotting
&reparation of competent 2.Coli cells
Transformation and plasmid "41 by agarose gel electrophoresis5
&CR
RT%&CR
"41 fingerprinting by R1R" analysis
1ffinity purification of 0g( by protein 1 sepharose column chromatography
"41%protein binding
"etermination of binding constant
Scatchard plot and co%opertivity test
&urification of synthetic polypeptide by column chromatography
"iffential density gradient ultracentrifugation
Radioactivity measurements
Theor"
4oun#aion of Biochemisr"
Cellular chemical physical genetic ' evolutionary foundations
Ph"sical chemisr"
Hater interactions in aqueous system
ionization of )ater
concept of p. )ea! acids ' )ea! bases
.enderson .asselbach equation
buffers solutions
diffusion osmosis
"onnanGs membrane equilibrium.
Proein Chemisr"> Amino aci#s
Classification structure ' properties of amino acids
I)itter ion ' isoelectric p.
Titration curve.
Pe&i#es @ &roein
Structure ' bonds maintaining protein structure
E%ray crystallography
4+R spectroscopy
&rotein folding
Chaperones
&erturbations of protein conformation
&eptides of biomedical importance
Structure of collagen elastin myoglobin haemoglobin fibronectin and laminin
*, dissociation curves for myoglobin ' haemoglobin
Factors affecting release of *,
+utant haemoglobins
Plasma &roeins
1lbumin globulin haptoglobin transferrin cerruloplasmin
Functions of plasma proteins.
Carboh"#rae Chemisr"
0ntroduction%"efinition functions classification
Types% monosaccharides disaccharides oligosaccharides ' polysaccharides
0somers DStereo ' optical isomerism epimers anomers mutarotation enantiomers5
Reducing properties Do$idation ' reduction5
"ehydration
*sazone formation
2ster formation
(lycosides
Proeogl"cans @ :l"cosaminogl"cans
#iosynthesis
structure distribution ' functions
+ucopolysaccharidoses.
:l"co&roeins
Classification
#iosynthesis
Functions of glycoproteins
1bnormalities in synthesis of glycoproteins
.i&i#s
0ntroduction%"efinition
Functions
Classification ' properties of lipids
D&hospholipids (lycolipids FF1 Triglycerides Steroids DStructure of Cholesterol5
Lipid pero$idation Dsource of free radicals5
Nucleic Aci#s
Concept of nucleosides
Common derivatives of purines ' pyrimidines
Synthetic nucleotide analogues used in chemotherapy
Synthetic derivatives of nucleotide triphosphate analogues as research tools
Structure of R41 ' "41
EnC"mes
(eneral properties
3inetics
+echanisms of action
Regulation of activities
"efinition
classification
properties of enzymes
coenzymes
cofactors
prosthetic groups
Factors affecting enzymes activity in vitro
6nits of 2nzymes activity
1pplication of enzymes DTherapeutic 1nalytical "iagnostic enzymes5
enzyme inhibition
enzyme regulation
0soenzymes D"efinition and Types5
2nzymes pattern in diseases D+0 liver diseases +uscle diseases Cancer5
Micronuriens
Citamins/
Structure sources synthesis
#iochemical roles of various fat ' )ater soluble vitamins.
Recommended dietary allo)ances.
"iseases caused by deficiency ' e$cess.
Role of vitamins as anti%o$idants.
+inerals/
#iochemical role of minerals Dsodium potassium magnesium fluorine calcium phosphorus iron iodine
chloride Sulphur Iinc +olybdenum +anganese copper ' selenium5
Sources
Recommended dietary allo)ances
Clinical disorders associated )ith metabolism of these minerals.
#ioenergetics ' #iological *$idation/
Free energy e$ergonic ' endergonic processes
Redo$ potential
.igh energy compounds
2nzymes involved in electron transport chain Dprocess ' inhibitors5
*$idative phosphorylation Chemiosmotic theory Shuttles 6ncouplers
4utrition digestion ' absorption/
"igestion ' absorption of carbohydrates lipids proteins vitamins ' minerals
2nergy balance over ' under nutrition.
Meabolism
Carbohydrates/
Regulation ' process of (lycolysis
&". comple$
TC1
(luconeogenesis
(lycogen metabolism D(lycogenesis (lycogenolysis5
(lycogen storage diseases
.ormonal regulation
"etails of .+& D#ioenergetics #iomedical importance and metabolic disorder and regulation5
(lucose Tolerance Test
(alactose and Fructose metabolism ' their disorders
6ronic acid path)ay )ith its biomedical importance
Regulation of blood sugar ' biochemical basis of complications of diabetes
+etabolism of carbohydrates in fed ' fasting state.
Lipids/
"etails of fatty acid o$idation along )ith inborn errors
"etails of fatty acids synthesis and o$idation
!etogenesis
+etabolism of unsaturated fatty acids and eicosanoids
+etabolism and disorders of acylglycerols and sphingolipids
Lipid transport and storage disorders of lipids Dhyperlipidemia atherosclerosis obesity5
"etails of Cholesterol%Synthesis Catabolism Regulation treatment
"isorders of lipoproteins
Fatty liver
&rotein and 1mino acids/
#iosynthesis of the nutritionally nonessential amino acids
catabolism of proteins and amino acids nitrogen
catabolism of carbon s!eletons of amino acid
conversion of amino acids to specialized products
*$idative and nono$idative deamination
Transamination and decarbo$ylation
Transamidation
Transport and to$icity of ammonia
6rea cycle )ith inborn errors of metabolism
Specialized products and inborn errors of glycine &henylalanine Tyrosine Tryptophan +ethionine Cysteine
.istidine #ranch chain amino acid metabolism
Creatine metabolism.
&olyamines.
0ntermediary metabolism of Carbohydrates Lipids and &roteins
4ucleosies and 4ucleotides/
Functions metabolism of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.
.yperuricemia ' other inborn errors.
Molecular Biolog"
+etabolism of nucleotides
Function of 4ucleic acids D"41 ' R415
"41 *rganization into Chromosomes
Replication ' Repair R41 Synthesis
&rocessing and +odification
Flo) of genetic information
(enetic Code
+utations
&rotein Synthesis
&osttranslational &rocessing
#iochemical basis of action of anticancer drugs
1ntibiotics
Regulation of gene e$pression
(enetic ' #iochemical basis of diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders
Recombinan DNA Technolog"
Restriction enzymes
"41 Library
#lotting Techniques
&olymerase Chain Reaction
(ene +apping
Restriction Fragment Length &olymorphism
(ene 3noc!out
(ene Therapy
.uman (enome &ro8ect.
Cancer? Cancer genes @ :ro$h 4acors
2tiology of cancer
#iochemical changes in cancer cells
Role of oncogenes
&roto%oncogenes ' tumor suppressor genes
1ction of (ro)th Factors on cell cycle and mitosis
Cancer Chemotherapy
#iochemical basis of metastasis
2valuation of Tumor +ar!ers in cancer management
EAracellular MariA
+embrane Structure ' Function
Transport processes
+utations affecting membrane proteins
En#ocrinolog"
.ormone Receptors
&ath)ays of signal transduction
.ormone +etabolism ' its regulation
+echanism of action
&athophysiology
Function tests D&ituitary ' .ypoothalamic Thyroid 1drenal Cortical and +edullary .ormones pancreatic
(astrointestinal ' (onadal hormones5.
*omeosasis of Thrombosis
0ntrinsic ' 2$trinsic path)ays
.aemophilia
R#C ' Hhite cells
1#* #lood group system
.aemolytic 1nemias
Muscle an# C"os'eleon
Concept of 1ctin ' myosin
Contraction of muscle
Role of calcium in contraction of muscles
myopathy
Role of cytos!eleton in cellular functions
Ra#ioisoo&es
&roperties "etection of radiation .azards
Role in metabolic processes
"iagnostic and Therapeutic applications.
Por&h"rias>
&orphyrins and bile pigments "efinition Classification and their disorders
Organ 4uncion Tess>
(astric function tests
Liver function tests
3idney function tests
Thyroid function tests
&ancreatic function tests
Immunochemisr"
Concept of immunity
1ntigen
1ntibodies
1g%1b reaction
Complement system
Structure ' functions of immune system
0mmune response of the body
0mmune deficiency diseases
.ypersensitivity
1utoimmunity
0mmunology of transplantation ' malignancy
JIPMER>
CO)RSE CONTENT>
ENDOCRINO.O:+/
Classification and general mechanism of action of hormones.
#iogenesis secretion regulation transport mode of action and disorders of the follo)ing hypothalamic
peptides adenohypophyseal and neurohypophyseal hormones thyroid hormones parathyroid hormones
calcitonin pancreatic hormones adenocortical and medullary hormones gonadal hormones
gastrointestinal hormones opioid peptides &ara hormones.
2ndorphins and encephalins.
#iochemistry of conception reproduction and contraception.
IMM)NO.O:+
Concepts mechanisms and role of 0nnate and acquired immunity
humoral and cell mediated immunity
antigen and antibodies
+.C
Recognition of antigens/ &rimary interaction antigen processing and presentation
0mmune response
Lymphocyte maturation
activation of T and # lymphocytes
cyto!ines
regulation of immune response
immunologic tolerance
hypersensitivity
autoimmunity
autoimmune diseases
immunodeficiency
tumor immunity
transplantation
immunosupression
immunopotentiation Dincluding vaccination5
EN7+MO.O:+/
(eneral properties classification and nomenclature
coenzymes7
+echanism of enzyme activity
3m value
2nzyme !inetics
2quilibrium
Thermodynamics of 2nzyme catalysed reactions7
Factors influencing enzyme !inetics
2nzyme inhibition
Regulation of enzyme action
0soenzymes
Clinical enzymology
#iological o$idation 2lectron transport chain *$idative phosphorylation and #ioenergetics.
+etabolism of Eenobiotics Free Radical #iology 2nvironmental #iochemistry.
INTERMEDIAR+ METABO.ISM/
"igestion and absorption of food and other nutrients.
+ethods of studying intermediary metabolism.
0ntermediary metabolism of carbohydrates lipids and amino acids
+etabolism of nucleic acids and heme.
+uscular contraction nerve conduction coagulation of blood.
+etabolism in specialized tissues li!e erythrocytes lens nervous tissue etc.
+etabolic interrelationships and metabolism in starvation and )ell%fed state Role of hormones in
regulation of metabolism.
MICRON)TRIENTS/
Citamins % structure sources metabolism biochemical role R"1 deficiency manifestations of vitamins
hyper vitaminoses and antivitamins.
+ineral metabolism Sources +etabolism Functions "aily requirement B R"1 deficiency manifestation
to$icity of minerals and trace elements.
INBORN ERRORS O4 METABO.ISM
0nborn errors of carbohydrate lipid amino acid nucleic acids mineral metabolism and .emoglobin
metabolism7 #iochemical basis of +anagement of disorders.
*)MAN N)TRITION
&rincipal food constituents general nutritional requirements energy requirements biological value of
proteins specific dynamic action balanced diet diet formulation in health and disease mi$ed diet
nutritional supplements food to$ins and additives parenteral nutrition disorders of nutrition obesity
protein and protein energy % malnutrition dietary fibers laboratory diagnosis of nutritional disorders.
C.INICA. BIOC*EMISTR+
Clinical features biochemical basis of disease and laboratory diagnoses of
a5 "iabetes mellitus .ypoglycemia 3etosis (lycogenoses (alactosemia .yper lipoproteinemias Fatty liver
1lcoholic liver disease .epatic failure +alabsorption syndrome +alnutrition 1minoaciduria
.emoglobinopathies 0mmunoglobinopathies &orphyrias
b5 1therosclerosis +yocardial 0nfarction.
c5 (astric and pancreatic function tests hepatobiliary function tests Faundice.
d5 2ndocrines7 Thyroid function tests 1drenal and (onadal function tests.
9. 1cid base balance fluid and electrolyte balance and related disorders Renal function tests principles of
dialysis.
,. CSF in health and disease.
-. &leural and peritoneal fluid analysis.
:. "iseases of central nervous system 1lzheimerJs disease.
<. 0mmunological disorders diseases of clotting #iochemistry of 10"S &rion "iseases.
=. Laboratory )or!up of a patient )ith any organ disease.
PRACTICA.S
Course conen
(eneral reactions of carbohydrates lipids proteins and amino acids hemoglobin and its derivatives.
Chromatographic separation of sugars amino acids lipids and proteins.
1nalysis of common food stuffs for Carbohydrates &roteins Lipids Citamins and +inerals.
#lood (lucose estimation and (TT.
2stimation of cholesterol and triacylglycerol in plasma.
2stimation of CaKK inorganic phosphate electrolytes p. and blood gas analysis.
2stimation of urea creatinine uric acid and clearance tests.
2stimation of bilirubins total proteins albumin serum enzymes li!e 1ST 1LT 1l!aline phosphatase
&rothrombin time determination as hepatobiliary function tests.
2stimation of copper ceruloplasmin activity lithium iron iron binding capacity magnesium in
plasmaBserum.
Thyroid function tests li!e T- T: and TS. 1ssays.
Complete urinalysis for normal and abnormal constituents.
1nalyses of gastric 8uice
1nalysis of renal and biliary calculi
2stimation of amylase acid phosphatase and C3 activites in serum
Separation of isoenzymes by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
2stimation of ethyl alcohol in urine and blood
CSF analysis. 1nalyses of pleural and peritoneal fluids
2lectrophoretic separation of % plasmaBserum total proteins and Lipoproteins and .emoglobins
2stimation of glycated hemoglobin
6se of techniquesBinstrumentation/ 2L0S1 0mmunodiffusion Spectrophotometry Spectrofluorometric
analysis Hestern blotting Southern blotting &CR 1utomated Clinical Chemistry 1nalysers.
0nterpretation of laboratory data on biochemical parameters and correlations )ith clinical profile
&lanning and organization of biochemical e$periments in the laboratory.