How to reach Sustainable IT through Green Computing

Resul Collaku
Pervasive and Articial Intelligence Research Group
Department of Informatics
University of Fribourg
Email: resul.collaku@unifr.ch


ABSTRACT

This paper focuses on two important factors for reducing power
and environmental waste, Sustainable IT and Green Computing.
The rapid growth of Information technologies (e-commerce,
social media, online video, datacenters) has its own benefits and
drawbacks. In terms of benefits, this rapid growth of information
technologies has brought significant improvements in the entire
human life while its major downside is the impact on the
environment where computers and devices waste are diminishing
natural resources and spoiling the environment. In this context,
researches seek to find new solutions to lower power costs and
use computer resources in an efficient way without annoying the
further impact of new technologies through Green Computing
technologies.
Keywords

Sustainable Computing, Green Computing, Applications in
Sustainable IT.

1. INTRODUCTION

A central part of reducing computing energy depicted through
environmentally sustainable computing plays the understanding of
Green Computing and Sustainable IT. Although both Green
Computing and Sustainable IT have the same mission to reduce
computing energy and maximize the efficiency and sustainability
of computer resources, Sustainable IT is beyond energy use and
product reflections [1]. Nowadays IT products have become
Ubiquitous products [2] in many industrialized countries (USA,
Germany, Switzerland, China, J apan, etc). Enterprise-scale
datacenters has increased IT costs and energy use to new levels. In
this aspect, there arises the question regarding the importance of
Sustainable IT and Green Computing in Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) and how to develop systems
for Sustainable IT through Green Computing.
Sustainable IT and Green Computing are hot topics for many
researchers in ICT. They play an important role for many systems
and are also well integrated in most of ICT applications.
Green Computing for the first time appeared in 1991 [1] where
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) unveiled the Green
Lights platformto support energy-efficient lighting. Behind this
idea 1992, ENERGY STAR initiated energy-efficiency platform
for computers and monitors [1].
According to McKinsey&Company research [3], in 2007 the
datacenters in the US and EU can account for 25-50 percent of
corporate usage where the energy costs reached $10 billions.
Moreover this costs where doubled by 2011 [3]. This dramatic
increase of energy usage and costs has emerged environmental
organizations to endorse a green computing and energy plan that
will likely limit carbon emissions and energy costs. Furthermore
the goals of this plan are also fromthe nature of controlling and
reducing the use of discharging of harmful and obsolete materials,
conserving water and other scant resources [4].
Even though this first wave of activities has critical points and
goals to fulfill by cost-reduction and minimization of ecological
footprint of ICT products, there is a need for broader approach
beyond just energy use and product considerations [1, 4]. This
approach is called Sustainable IT which is presented as a second
wave after Green Computing that is moving IT and ICT beyond
energy use [1, 5].
The Sustainable ITs focus is on innovating new sustainable
services and improving the overall Corporate-Social-
Responsibility (CSR) efforts [5, 12]. Furthermore Sustainable IT
will impose the development of sustainability to create new
markets with sustainable services and demand in IT organizations
to integrate sustainable IT with global sustainability. These
changes will expose an alteration in customer requirements on
cost-benefits of IT products [5, 10, 11, 12].
In this paper we attempt to give a contribution to and a
synthesis of the discussion about Sustainable IT and Green
Computing and the transition fromfirst-wave Green Computing to
second-wave Sustainable IT in the domain of Information and
Communications Technologies (ICT) in Section 2. Furthermore,
we dig deeper into the research area; we see how the process of
Sustainable IT is reachable throw Green Computing in Section 3.
In the Section 4 we provide a summary of world-class corporate
sustainability programs and sustainable IT strategies. In
conclusion, Section 5 reviews and summarizes the impact of
Green Computing and Sustainable Computing fromthe point of
view of ICT as well as poses the question for further research.

2. Description of Green Computing and
Sustainable IT

2.1 Green Computing
Nowadays the market of Information and Communication
Technologies (ICT) has reached the highest levels. The

This paper is a deliverable of the MSc research seminar on
Interdisciplinary Computing organized in 2013 in the department of
Informatics of the University of Fribourg by Michle Courant:
http://mcs.unibnf.ch/node/627
competition between ICT companies has consistently delivered
innovative products and thus becomes an integral part of our
everyday life [9]. An example is the competition between
Samsung and Apple where these two companies unveil their
mobile phones twice a year. If this trend continues, from3% that
ICT is participating of global electricity usages and carbon
dioxide emission, it is predicted to reach 6% by 2020 [6, 7].
Green computing approaches have basically been focused on
reducing power costs in Enterprise-scale datacenters that cuts the
carbon footprints IT organizations. The transition to a green data
center involves a mixture of integrating new methods for power
and cooling with energy-efficient hardware, and power and
workload management.
Table.1: Factor Driving the Adoption of Green Computing &
Green Computing Strategies. Adopted from[1]

2.1.1 Factors Driving the Adoption of Green Computing
There are many factors for the need of transition to Green
Computing. Table. 1 list the most important factors have alarmed
environmental organizations [1].
The rapid growth of the Internet [1]: Today Internet is
considered as one of the most important platformin terms of
doing business and the way human beings communicate. This
trend continues to grow day by day. Fromthe Table 2 we see the
number and percentage of global Internet users in the last 10
years. The number of users is represented in millions where in
2003 there were 719 million users, which turns to be 11.1% of
total world population while in 2013 the total number of users
using internet have reached more than 2,410 million users which
is 39% of world population. It is expected that in 2020 there
would be at least 50% of world population using the Internet [8,
9]. The key drivers to rapid growth of the Internet are social
activities (Video and Music downloads, social networks, e-
commerce, online gaming), business use (financial services,
banking, real estate, etc.), government agencies which have
adopted e-government strategies that use the Web for public
information and other important information useful for people [1,
13].



Year Number of users (in millions) % of world population
2003 719 11.1
2004 817 12.7
2005 1,018 15.7
2006 1,093 16.7
2007 1,319 20.0
2008 1,574 23.5
2009 1,802 26.6
2010 1,971 28.8
2011 2,267 32.7
2012 2,280 32.7
2013 2,410 39.0
Table. 2: Global Internet Users (2003-2013). Adopted from[8, 9]

Increasing equipment power density [1]: Even though there
have been some improvements in server processors empowering
higher performance with less energy consumption, still most of
the servers require more memory capacity thus there is a need of
installation of multiple servers [1, 13]
Increasing cooling requirements [1]: The increase of power
density in todays servers, there is a big need of cooling
equipments. Today, a server need at least 1.5 watts of cooling for
each watt of power used [1, 14, 15]. As the Enterprise-scale data
center server densities increase, in the near feature the cooling
power will increase more.
Increasing energy costs [1]: One of the most important factors
that is driving the adoption of green computing. The advent of a
carbon cap-and-trade scheme has drastically increased the energy
costs. As mentioned above, the energy costs reached $10 billions
in US and EU countries in 2007 while in 2011 these costs were
doubled [1, 3]
Restrictions on energy supply and access [1]: The leading
companies like Google, Microsoft, Yahoo and Apple in USAs IT
market find it very difficult or may not be able to find power at
any price in biggest American Cities because of their old electrical
infrastructures and high costs of power, thus, they have built their
datacenters near the Columbia River where they directly access to
low-cost hydroelectric power and escape of overtaxed electrical
grid.
Low server utilization rates [1]: This notion means that
companies pay too much for energy, maintenance, support, while
they get to use only a small percentage of computing capacities [1,
10]. This means that server utilization rates around 10% for large
data center [1].
Growing awareness of ITs impact on the environment [1]: In
2007, around 44 millions of servers worldwide were in usage with
a consume of 0.5% of all electricity [1, 17]. Furthermore, only in
the U.S, the servers consume 1% of total electricity.
2.1.2 Green Computing Strategies
Table 1 shows that is mainly focused on product-oriented. Every
point is driving to the impact of energy costs and efficiency,
which are exposed, on product costs and services [1, 5]. The
solutions and strategies to adopt Green Computing are of the
nature of reducing energy and improve efficiency. Below we have
Factors Driving the Adoption
of Green Computing
Green Computing Strategies
The rapid growth of the
Internet
Data center infrastructure
Increase of equipment
power density
Power and workload
management
Increase of cooling
requirements
Thermal load management
Increase of energy costs Product design
Restrictions on energy
supply and access
Virtualization
Low server utilization
rates
Cloud computing and cloud
services
Growing awareness of
ITs impact on the
environment


mentioned the most important strategies to have an efficient
Green Computing platform.
Data center infrastructure [1]: All the equipment of Data center
infrastructure like chillers, switches, storage devices, fans, power
supplies, etc. are over 10 years old and they are at the end of its
useful usage [1, 5]. This kind of equipment use 3 times more of
power for cooling than new IT equipment. Therefore, the obvious
strategy is to invest in new infrastructure that meets Green
Computing requirements [13]. However, to change the old
equipment with new sustainable equipment we face the grey
energy, meaning the total energy consumed throughout the
products life cycle fromits production to its disposal.
Power and workload management [1]: Investing on power and
workload management software would profit $50-75 per desktop
in a month; the profits would increase even more for servers. This
software modifies the P-states (power processor states) to balance
workload requirements. P-states use the full power of processor
when required while it preserves power on lighter workloads
[1,5].
Thermal load management [1]: The increase of power density
by technology compaction need for efficient heat dissipation.
Some strategies of thermal management are those of cooling
nature, liquid heat removal systems, smart thermostats, airflow
management, etc.
Product design [1]: From1982 to 2002, for twenty years, the
performance of processors has increased for 50% CAGR [1, 5],
although the performance increases per watt over the same period
were modest. The transition to multiple processor cores and the
improvement of dynamic frequency and energy scaling
technologies shows a promise for reducing energy use by servers
[1, 5]. The main goal of designing products for green development
is to design technologies such as servers that use energy in
proportion to the work performed.
Virtualization [1]: One of the major strategies for addressing and
developing business computing needs is virtualization. It first
appeared in 1960s by IBM with the aimto increase the utilization
efficiency of mainframes [1]. Virtualization is expanded into four
areas of Data center: server hardware and operating systems,
storage, networks, and application infrastructure. The server usage
in large data centers vary 5-10 percent of capacity while with
virtualization the server workloads reaches 50-85 percent where
they can manage more energy efficiently.
Cloud computing and cloud services [1]: Cloud computing as a
concept means a mixture of computing concepts that include a
large number of computers connected to Internet. It helps
developers to create, deploy, and run scalable services with high
performance and free the user fromlocation and infrastructure
concerns [1, 18]. The evolution of cloud computing has oriented
on service characteristics. These services cover utility computing,
software as a service (SaaS), Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) and
platformas a service (PaaS).

2.2 Sustainable IT
Sustainable IT is the second wave as an emergent solution that is
driving sustainability solutions beyond energy use and product
and services considerations. Sustainable IT is mainly focused on
the long-term solution to IT organizations, its customers and
society. Therefore, Sustainable IT is everything what an IT
organization could ask to ensure that IT services produce superior
values to conquer a strong market position and sustainability for
its services.
The first definition that describes perfectly Sustainability is the
one of Brundtland Commission in 1987 [20].
A development is sustainable if it meets the needs of
the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.
This description perfectly describes the Sustainability of a
development that the scientists and developers should take into a
consideration.
In order to achieve Sustainable IT, we should implement the
sustainable practices at every level of production [20].

Figure. 1: The factors driving change towards sustainable IT.
Adopted from[20].
Figure. 1 represents some of important factors and levels of
production that are driving toward Sustainable IT. All the
mentioned factors that have an impact to Sustainable IT are from
different fields of business and socio-political sciences.
Self-Interest-Image, Competition and Differentiation, although
they play an important role in business field, are somewhat
important to Sustainability too, because all business companies
want their self-interest-image to be highly ranked and sustainable
in the market [21].
For Economic Savings and Environmental Concerns it is well
known and most needed to shift to Sustainable IT as this is a
primary goal for both moving to Green and Sustainable IT.
Sociocultural and political influences are also major driving
factors to Sustainability. An example is the Earth Hour (last
Saturday of March in many countries) where almost all
skyscrapers, towers, high buildings (edifices), etc. switch off their
electrical power for an hour, another similar organizing of like
Earth Hour is the Earth Day where in 22 April of 1970,
around 20 millions of Americans took the streets, parks,
auditoriums to protest for a healthy and sustainable environment
in massive coast to coast rallies bearing [21]. These protests got a
political supporting from big political parties like Republicans and
Democrats [22]. As a result of these similar protests, an
organization is enforced to seriously review its business priorities
and methods in light of the environment.
Industry and external business are under pressure from
competitors, customers, community groups and regulators to
implement as soon as possible sustainable business practices.


2.2.1 Sustainable IT Services
As IT is in transition fromproduct-oriented to service-oriented
sustainable IT services could redefine how value is built. The
development of service-oriented models such as service-oriented
architectures and cloud computing provides the foundation of
sustainable IT services that drive corporate strategy relatively than
just an usual technology component that are essential to design,
implement and provide innovative sustainable IT solutions.
Sustainable IT strategies are mainly focused to adjust social
responsibility of both the organization and its shareholders to
meet the social responsibility, environmental and economic
criteria for defining business sustainability success. This approach
to ITs social responsibility will change the requirements on how
the value is conceived to realize competitive benefits at the
corporate levels. Furthermore, to integrate these strategies to
social responsibility requirements, SITS have to focus on
strategies that spur innovation, redefine processes and create new
markets in IT organizations. To have a better synopsis about
Sustainable IT services, the authors in [1] and [23] have listed
several features that illustrate sustainable IT services.
Service sustainability. In order to have sustainable and reliable
IT services we must ensure that the service is running smoothly
and manage the performances of the service. Thus, security and
system recovery plans prevent the current version against any
failure [23].
Temporal sustainability. By maintaining IT services through
time, an organization has to set up and have a clear understanding
on its value and prevent pet projects that have no proper business
case. Its business case has to be strong and responsive to business
conditions, as it will benefit both the society and the business
itself [23].
Cost sustainability. Another feature that has high importance on
sustainable IT services, are also the operating costs. Choosing the
low-cost hardware and software offers lower power consumption
and worthy utilization of resources. A good example would be
virtualization [1].
Organizational sustainability. An important role to
organizational sustainability plays also the cost sustainability.
Being able to let your systemget old prematurely, this broad to
high replacement costs, while if the life cycle management is
designed for durability, you have the opportunity to change the
aged pieces independently, thus the replacement costs can be
hugely reduced [1]. Another aspect of organizational
sustainability is also that the organizational change is almost
unavoidable. Well managed and easy-to-use systems with good
training and documentation are quite easily to manage the changes
[23].
Environmental sustainability. As we have mentioned above, IT
plays also a negative role to environmental concerns. When
designing a sustainable IT service, scientist must have in mind
that system should meet the requirements provided by
environmental organizations to reduce the energy consummation
as much as it is possible [23].

3. Sustainable IT through Green Computing

In order to have Sustainable IT through Green Computing we
should look at both first and second wave (Green Computing and
Sustainable IT). Although many corporates have shifted or are in
the process of transition to Green Computing, still this is not
sufficient of providing efficient and sustainable IT strategies. A
sustainable strategy must be one that is complementary to both
business and environment [2].
To implement Sustainable IT through Green Computing we refer
to [2, 20] to five distinct stages. Through these stages IBM have
adapted its Sustainable IT framework [24]. Stages 1, 2 and 3
represent the first-wave product-oriented Green Computing while
Stages 4 and 5 represent the second-wave market focused
Sustainable IT [2, 20].
1. Reduce costs, waste and risks. Concerning the reduce
costs, reduce waste and risks, it is the main focus on
both Sustainable IT and Green Computing. In this paper
we have mentioned that is very urgent for the
datacenters to reduce the carbon footprint and energy
costs associated with computing operations.
Furthermore, to obey with regulations, manage risks,
develop standards and minimize environmental impacts.
2. Reuse, Refurbish and Recycle. Computers are
designed to be useful for much longer time than current
computers that are industry standard. Thus, giving less
demanding tasks to older computers would reduce the
needs for new computers. Re-tasking or refurbishing
can be done by replacing some old components or add
some new parts like new memory or bigger storage.
When the true life of the computers comes to an end,
they have to be recycled. For recycling old computers
The United Nations Environment Programas part of the
Global Partnership on Waste Management (GPWM) are
developing a project to address the disputes of e-waste.
The Figure. 2 is a the life cycle of a computer that put
follows the practices of Reuse, Refurbish and Recycle
in a sustainable way.


Figure. 2: A computer life cycle used in a sustainable way.
Adopted from[20].

3. Reengineer and redesign products and business
functions. The new product strategies of Sustainable IT
like greentech and Cleantech are the best strategies
that need to be implemented in the future in terms of
dematerialization, e-waste minimization and disposal.
Clean technology Cleantech addresses environmental
problems while greentech is an end-of-pipe clean
up technology [2, 5].
4. Transform the core business and integrate new
ideas. To build trust-based relationships and favorable
acuities which result in superior brand power is also by
engaging stakeholders. Furthermore, it aligns customer
social responsibility (CSR) with business goals to
stakeholder awareness of company determinations and
social commitment [2,5].
5. Develop new business models for disruptive
innovation and differentiation. In this stage, the most
important strategies are to develop Sustainable IT
platforms that adopts new market opportunities by
creating novel solutions that generates salaries and
profits, and, developing Sustainable IT services (SITS)
which are typically software as a service (SaaS) or
mobile based applications to ensure energy
conservation, supply chain and data center efficiency,
pollution management, business intelligence and
decision support systems.
4. Corporate sustainability programs and
sustainable IT strategies

Intel. Intel is engaged in developing a broad and ongoing
sustainability strategy in order to consume fewer resources and
reduce wastes [25]. Intels Sustainability Program focuses on
producing energy efficient products and services. Theyve started
with their programsince 2004 and set up these goals:

Add capabilities to meter the data centers;
The use of virtual computers and servers;
Develop server and client refresh capabilities to
consolidate servers and implement more energy-
efficient client computers
Improve data-center design, efficiency,
virtualization, and asset utilization;
Develop dematerialization techniques and
collaboration technologies;
Reduce traveling
Engage industry, NGOs, and governmental
organizations (such as Energy Star, the
Environmental Protection Agency, Green Grid,
Climate Savers)

IBM [1, 2]. IBMs sustainability programstrategy is different
fromIntel. IBMs programfor Sustainable IT focuses on total
enterprise corporate sustainability perspective in order to create
opportunities for future developing solutions as sustainable
services. IBM is firstly focused to develop sustainability solutions
internally before commercializing them as market-based
solutions. Their sustainable IT initiatives address the increase of
supply-chain efficiency, energy conservation, and increase the use
of renewable energy. Furthermore, it include also reducing the
PFC (perfluorocompound) emissions, managing product end-of-
life, increase the use of preferable environmental substances and
materials. With this program, the aim of IBM is to increase
stakeholder awareness of company efforts and reinforce its social
commitment.
In 2008, IBM cut company-wide energy usage by 6.1 percent with
server consolidation and virtualization initiatives.

Hewlett-Packard [2]. The main focus of HP in developing
sustainability program strategy is on data-center efficiency, server
virtualization, energy efficiency cooling, cloud computing, and
server density. Moreover, it addresses the initiatives for printer
efficiency, virtual meeting systems, supply-chain efficiency,
power management, and energy efficient product design. HP has
shifted their sustainability programin every level of production
inside HP labs.

Swisscom. Swiss ICT companies are in the progress of
transitioning to sustainability. Swisscom as the biggest ICT
Company in Switzerland has already committed to sustainability.
Swisscomuses 100% renewable energy. Swisscoms computer
center consumes 30% less energy than conventional computer
centers.
Swisscoms program on sustainability is focuses on four strategic
priorities:
Sustainable living and working. Swisscomsupport
their customers in their efforts towards sustainable
living and working
Sustainable use of resources. Swisscomworks closely
with their suppliers to ensure the highest standards of
sustainability in terms of how we use natural resources.
Telecommunications for all. Swisscomis committed
to ensure that everyone in Switzerland can use digital
media securely and in a sustainable way.
Responsible employer. Swisscomis the most popular
employer in Switzerland and act in a socially
responsible manner.

5. Conclusion and Future Perspectives

This paper provides an introduction to Green Computing and
Sustainable IT in the area of Sustainability ICT. Furthermore, we
described the functions of green computing and sustainable IT in
the Environmental issues regarding the progress of ICT
sustainability. We have proposed a strategy to reach Sustainable
IT through Green Computing, which is followed by IBM too. In
this paper we have demonstrated every point that has to deal with
the sustainability of Enterprise-scale datacenters, its energy
efficiency and cost reduction. Moreover, this paper offered a
review of current work of both Green computing and Sustainable
IT and suggested some factors that should be a priority for the
datacenters to follow and implement the Sustainable IT
strategies. However, much work remains to be done by defining
the discipline of Sustainable IT. Future work should address the
relationship between customer, business and societal value and
how can such relation be performed and measured.
Sustainable IT will continue to be a major issue for IT
organizations as they direct the changing business requirements
that are increasingly reflecting a greater concern about ITs
environmental and social tasks [1].

6. Acknowledgments
Thanks to Dr. Michele Courant for showing me great tips in order
to create perfect scientific paper and encouraging me to write for
Green Computing and Sustainable IT.
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