SLecture6 Maxima Minima Continued

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 6
Maxima/Minima (Contd.)
How Derivatives Affect the Shape of a Graph
S. Sivaji Ganesh
Mathematics Department
IIT Bombay
August 4, 2009
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 6 August 4, 2009 1 / 30
What does f
say about f ?
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
A function f is called increasing
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
A function f is called increasing on an interval I
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
A function f is called increasing on an interval I if
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
f (x
1
) < f (x
2
)
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
f (x
1
) < f (x
2
) whenever x
1
, x
2
are in I and
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
f (x
1
) < f (x
2
) whenever x
1
, x
2
are in I andx
1
< x
2
.
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
f (x
1
) < f (x
2
) whenever x
1
, x
2
are in I andx
1
< x
2
.
2
A function f is called decreasing
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
f (x
1
) < f (x
2
) whenever x
1
, x
2
are in I andx
1
< x
2
.
2
A function f is called decreasing on an interval I
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
f (x
1
) < f (x
2
) whenever x
1
, x
2
are in I andx
1
< x
2
.
2
A function f is called decreasing on an interval I if
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
f (x
1
) < f (x
2
) whenever x
1
, x
2
are in I andx
1
< x
2
.
2
f (x
1
) > f (x
2
)
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
f (x
1
) < f (x
2
) whenever x
1
, x
2
are in I andx
1
< x
2
.
2
f (x
1
) > f (x
2
) whenever x
1
, x
2
are in I and
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
f (x
1
) < f (x
2
) whenever x
1
, x
2
are in I andx
1
< x
2
.
2
f (x
1
) > f (x
2
) whenever x
1
, x
2
are in I andx
1
< x
2
.
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
f (x
1
) < f (x
2
) whenever x
1
, x
2
are in I andx
1
< x
2
.
2
f (x
1
) > f (x
2
) whenever x
1
, x
2
are in I andx
1
< x
2
.
Say True/False
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
f (x
1
) < f (x
2
) whenever x
1
, x
2
are in I andx
1
< x
2
.
2
f (x
1
) > f (x
2
) whenever x
1
, x
2
are in I andx
1
< x
2
.
Say True/False
1
If f is increasing on an interval, then
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
f (x
1
) < f (x
2
) whenever x
1
, x
2
are in I andx
1
< x
2
.
2
f (x
1
) > f (x
2
) whenever x
1
, x
2
are in I andx
1
< x
2
.
Say True/False
1
If f is increasing on an interval, then f
(x) > 0 on that interval.

What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
f (x
1
) < f (x
2
) whenever x
1
, x
2
are in I andx
1
< x
2
.
2
f (x
1
) > f (x
2
) whenever x
1
, x
2
are in I andx
1
< x
2
.
Say True/False
1

False.
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
f (x
1
) < f (x
2
) whenever x
1
, x
2
are in I andx
1
< x
2
.
2
f (x
1
) > f (x
2
) whenever x
1
, x
2
are in I andx
1
< x
2
.
Say True/False
1

False. Can we correct this statement and make it correct?
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
f (x
1
) < f (x
2
) whenever x
1
, x
2
are in I andx
1
< x
2
.
2
f (x
1
) > f (x
2
) whenever x
1
, x
2
are in I andx
1
< x
2
.
Say True/False
1

2
If f is decreasing on an interval, then
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
f (x
1
) < f (x
2
) whenever x
1
, x
2
are in I andx
1
< x
2
.
2
f (x
1
) > f (x
2
) whenever x
1
, x
2
are in I andx
1
< x
2
.
Say True/False
1

2
If f is decreasing on an interval, then f
(x) < 0 on that interval.

What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
f (x
1
) < f (x
2
) whenever x
1
, x
2
are in I andx
1
< x
2
.
2
f (x
1
) > f (x
2
) whenever x
1
, x
2
are in I andx
1
< x
2
.
Say True/False
1

2

Must be False.
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
f (x
1
) < f (x
2
) whenever x
1
, x
2
are in I andx
1
< x
2
.
2
f (x
1
) > f (x
2
) whenever x
1
, x
2
are in I andx
1
< x
2
.
Say True/False
1

2

Must be False. why?
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
f (x
1
) < f (x
2
) whenever x
1
, x
2
are in I andx
1
< x
2
.
2
f (x
1
) > f (x
2
) whenever x
1
, x
2
are in I andx
1
< x
2
.
Say True/False
1

2

Must be False. why? because the previous one is false!
What does f
say about f ?
What does f
say about f ?
Increasing/Decreasing test
What does f
say about f ?
If f
(x) > 0 on an interval, then

What does f
say about f ?
If f
(x) > 0 on an interval, then f is increasing on that interval.

What does f
say about f ?
If f

If f
(x) < 0 on an interval, then

What does f
say about f ?
If f

If f
(x) < 0 on an interval, then f is decreasing on that interval.

What does f
say about f ?
If f

If f

Proof Let x
1
, x
2
be any two points in the interval
What does f
say about f ?
If f

If f

Proof Let x
1
, x
2
be any two points in the interval with x
1
< x
2
.
What does f
say about f ?
If f

If f

Proof Let x
1
, x
2
1
< x
2
. By MVT,
What does f
say about f ?
If f

If f

Proof Let x
1
, x
2
1
< x
2
. By MVT,
there is a point c in (x
1
, x
2
)
What does f
say about f ?
If f

If f

Proof Let x
1
, x
2
1
< x
2
. By MVT,
1
, x
2
) such that
What does f
say about f ?
If f

If f

Proof Let x
1
, x
2
1
< x
2
. By MVT,
1
, x
2
) such that
f (x
2
) f (x
1
) = f
(c)(x
2
x
1
).
What does f
say about f ?
If f

If f

Proof Let x
1
, x
2
1
< x
2
. By MVT,
1
, x
2
) such that
f (x
2
) f (x
1
) = f
(c)(x
2
x
1
).
The above two statements now follow.
What does f
say about f ?
If f

If f

Proof Let x
1
, x
2
1
< x
2
. By MVT,
1
, x
2
) such that
f (x
2
) f (x
1
) = f
(c)(x
2
x
1
).
Exercise Find where the function f (x) = 3x
4
4x
3
12x
2
+ 5 is
increasing and
What does f
say about f ?
If f

If f

Proof Let x
1
, x
2
1
< x
2
. By MVT,
1
, x
2
) such that
f (x
2
) f (x
1
) = f
(c)(x
2
x
1
).
Exercise Find where the function f (x) = 3x
4
4x
3
12x
2
+ 5 is
increasing and where it is decreasing.
Increasing/Decreasing
Graph of f (x) = 3x
4
4x
3
12x
2
+ 5
Graph of f (x) = 3x
4
4x
3
12x
2
+ 5
Graph of f (x) = 3x
4
4x
3
12x
2
+ 5
Note that
Graph of f (x) = 3x
4
4x
3
12x
2
+ 5
Note that
f increases on (1, 0)
Graph of f (x) = 3x
4
4x
3
12x
2
+ 5
Note that
f increases on (1, 0) and decreases on (0, 2),
Graph of f (x) = 3x
4
4x
3
12x
2
+ 5
Note that
f increases on (1, 0) and decreases on (0, 2), thus f has a local
maximum at 0.
Graph of f (x) = 3x
4
4x
3
12x
2
+ 5
Note that
maximum at 0. Note that f
change sign from +ve to -ve at 0.

Graph of f (x) = 3x
4
4x
3
12x
2
+ 5
Note that

f decreases on (0, 2)
Graph of f (x) = 3x
4
4x
3
12x
2
+ 5
Note that

f decreases on (0, 2) and increases on (2, 3),
Graph of f (x) = 3x
4
4x
3
12x
2
+ 5
Note that

f decreases on (0, 2) and increases on (2, 3), thus f has a local
minimum at 2.
Graph of f (x) = 3x
4
4x
3
12x
2
+ 5
Note that

minimum at 2. Note that f
change sign from -ve to +ve at 2.

Graph of f (x) = 3x
4
4x
3
12x
2
+ 5
Note that

minimum at 2. Note that f
change sign from -ve to +ve at 2.

How to catch local Minima/Maxima points using First Derivate?
We know, by Fermats theorem,
We know, by Fermats theorem, that
We know, by Fermats theorem, that if f has a local extremum at c,
then c must be a critical point.
then c must be a critical point. We also know that
then c must be a critical point. We also know that we may not have a
local extremum at every critical point.
Question: At what critical points we have a local extremum?
Question: At what critical points we have a local extremum? At what
critical points we do not have a local extremum?
Question: At what critical points we have a local extremum? At what
critical points we do not have a local extremum?
The next result answers these questions.
What does f
say about f ?
What does f
say about f ?
The First Derivative Test
What does f
say about f ?
Let f be a continuous function and
What does f
say about f ?
Let f be a continuous function and c be a critical point of f .
What does f
say about f ?
1
If f
changes sign from positive to negative at c,

What does f
say about f ?
1
If f
changes sign from positive to negative at c, then f has a local

maximum at c.
What does f
say about f ?
1
If f

maximum at c.
2
If f
changes sign from negative to positive at c,

What does f
say about f ?
1
If f

maximum at c.
2
If f
changes sign from negative to positive at c, then f has a local

minimum at c.
What does f
say about f ?
1
If f

maximum at c.
2
If f

minimum at c.
3
If f
does not change sign at c,

What does f
say about f ?
1
If f

maximum at c.
2
If f

minimum at c.
3
If f
does not change sign at c, then f has no local extremum at c.

What does f
say about f ?
1
If f

maximum at c.
2
If f

minimum at c.
3
If f

Proof follows from Increasing/Decreasing test.
What does f
say about f ?
1
If f

maximum at c.
2
If f

minimum at c.
3
If f

Remark/Questions:
What does f
say about f ?
1
If f

maximum at c.
2
If f

minimum at c.
3
If f

Remark/Questions:
1
Can we drop the hypothesis
What does f
say about f ?
1
If f

maximum at c.
2
If f

minimum at c.
3
If f

Remark/Questions:
1
Can we drop the hypothesis of continuity on f ?
What does f
say about f ?
1
If f

maximum at c.
2
If f

minimum at c.
3
If f

Remark/Questions:
1
Can we drop the hypothesis of continuity on f ? No.
What does f
say about f ?
1
If f

maximum at c.
2
If f

minimum at c.
3
If f

Remark/Questions:
1
2
We require f to be differentiable
What does f
say about f ?
1
If f

maximum at c.
2
If f

minimum at c.
3
If f

Remark/Questions:
1
2
We require f to be differentiable in an open interval containing c,
What does f
say about f ?
1
If f

maximum at c.
2
If f

minimum at c.
3
If f

Remark/Questions:
1
2
We require f to be differentiable in an open interval containing c,
and we do not insist on differentiability of f at c.
Graph of f (x) = 3x
4
4x
3
12x
2
+ 5,
Graph of f (x) = 3x
4
4x
3
12x
2
+ 5, critical points are
Graph of f (x) = 3x
4
4x
3
12x
2
+ 5, critical points are 1, 0, 2.
Graph of f (x) = 3x
4
4x
3
12x
2
Note that
Graph of f (x) = 3x
4
4x
3
12x
2
Note that
f
changes sign from +ve to -ve at 0.

Graph of f (x) = 3x
4
4x
3
12x
2
Note that
f
changes sign from +ve to -ve at 0. Note that f increases on

(1, 0)
Graph of f (x) = 3x
4
4x
3
12x
2
Note that
f

(1, 0) and decreases on (0, 2),
Graph of f (x) = 3x
4
4x
3
12x
2
Note that
f

(1, 0) and decreases on (0, 2), thus f has a local maximum at 0.
Graph of f (x) = 3x
4
4x
3
12x
2
Note that
f

f
changes sign from -ve to +ve at 2.

Graph of f (x) = 3x
4
4x
3
12x
2
Note that
f

f
changes sign from -ve to +ve at 2. Note that f decreases on

(0, 2)
Graph of f (x) = 3x
4
4x
3
12x
2
Note that
f

f

(0, 2) and increases on (2, 3),
Graph of f (x) = 3x
4
4x
3
12x
2
Note that
f

f

(0, 2) and increases on (2, 3), thus f has a local minimum at 2.
Graph of f (x) = 3x
4
4x
3
12x
2
Note that
f

f

(0, 2) and increases on (2, 3), thus f has a local minimum at 2.
The First Derivative Test Illustrated
2 is a critical point,
2 is a critical point, f
changes sign from

changes sign from +ve to -ve at 2.

changes sign from

changes sign from -ve to +ve at 1.

keeps
keeps +ve sign around x = 2.

keeps
keeps -ve sign around x = 2.

Observe
Observe how
Observe how f
changes its sign.

What does f
say about f ?
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
Let f be differentiable on an interval I,
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
Let f be differentiable on an interval I, and
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
Let f be differentiable on an interval I, and c I.
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
Denote by l
c
(x) := f (c) + f
(c)(x c),
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
Denote by l
c
(x) := f (c) + f
(c)(x c), the tangent line

What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
Denote by l
c
(x) := f (c) + f
(c)(x c), the tangent line at (c, f (c))

What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
Denote by l
c
(x) := f (c) + f

to the graph of f .
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
Denote by l
c
(x) := f (c) + f

to the graph of f .
2
If the graph of f
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
Denote by l
c
(x) := f (c) + f

to the graph of f .
2
If the graph of f lies above all of its tangents
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
Denote by l
c
(x) := f (c) + f

to the graph of f .
2
If the graph of f lies above all of its tangents on an interval I,
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
Denote by l
c
(x) := f (c) + f

to the graph of f .
2
If the graph of f lies above all of its tangents on an interval I, then
it is called concave upward (CU) on I.
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
Denote by l
c
(x) := f (c) + f

to the graph of f .
2
it is called concave upward (CU) on I. That is,
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
Denote by l
c
(x) := f (c) + f

to the graph of f .
2
f (x) > l
c
(x)
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
Denote by l
c
(x) := f (c) + f

to the graph of f .
2
f (x) > l
c
(x) for all x I \ {c}
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
Denote by l
c
(x) := f (c) + f

to the graph of f .
2
f (x) > l
c
(x) for all x I \ {c} and for all c I.
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
Denote by l
c
(x) := f (c) + f

to the graph of f .
2
f (x) > l
c
3
If the graph of f
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
Denote by l
c
(x) := f (c) + f

to the graph of f .
2
f (x) > l
c
3
If the graph of f lies below all of its tangents
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
Denote by l
c
(x) := f (c) + f

to the graph of f .
2
f (x) > l
c
3
If the graph of f lies below all of its tangents on an interval I,
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
Denote by l
c
(x) := f (c) + f

to the graph of f .
2
f (x) > l
c
3
If the graph of f lies below all of its tangents on an interval I, then it
is called concave downward (CD) on I.
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
Denote by l
c
(x) := f (c) + f

to the graph of f .
2
f (x) > l
c
3
is called concave downward (CD) on I. That is,
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
Denote by l
c
(x) := f (c) + f

to the graph of f .
2
f (x) > l
c
3
f (x) < l
c
(x)
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
Denote by l
c
(x) := f (c) + f

to the graph of f .
2
f (x) > l
c
3
f (x) < l
c
(x) for all x I \ {c}
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
1
Denote by l
c
(x) := f (c) + f

to the graph of f .
2
f (x) > l
c
3
f (x) < l
c
On the denition of CU and CD
Note that
Note that for each xed c,
Note that for each xed c, f (c) = l
c
(c)
c
(c) and hence we had
f (x) > (resp. <)l
c
(x)
c
f (x) > (resp. <)l
c
(x) for all x I \ {c} for CU (resp. CD) denition.
c
f (x) > (resp. <)l
c
1
Draw the graph of f on the interval I.
c
f (x) > (resp. <)l
c
1
2
Fix any c I.
c
f (x) > (resp. <)l
c
1
2
Fix any c I. Draw tangent line (x, l
c
(x)) for x I \ {c}.
c
f (x) > (resp. <)l
c
1
2
c
(x)) for x I \ {c}.
3
Do it for each c I.
c
f (x) > (resp. <)l
c
1
2
c
(x)) for x I \ {c}.
3
Do it for each c I.
4
Now have a look at this picture.
c
f (x) > (resp. <)l
c
1
2
c
(x)) for x I \ {c}.
3
Do it for each c I.
4
Then,
c
f (x) > (resp. <)l
c
1
2
c
(x)) for x I \ {c}.
3
Do it for each c I.
4
Then,
f is (CU) on I if
c
f (x) > (resp. <)l
c
1
2
c
(x)) for x I \ {c}.
3
Do it for each c I.
4
Then,
f is (CU) on I if graph of f lies above all those lines drawn in (2)
and (3) above.
c
f (x) > (resp. <)l
c
1
2
c
(x)) for x I \ {c}.
3
Do it for each c I.
4
Then,
and (3) above.
f is (CD) on I if
c
f (x) > (resp. <)l
c
1
2
c
(x)) for x I \ {c}.
3
Do it for each c I.
4
Then,
and (3) above.
f is (CD) on I if graph of f lies below all those lines drawn in (2)
and (3) above.
c
f (x) > (resp. <)l
c
1
2
c
(x)) for x I \ {c}.
3
Do it for each c I.
4
Then,
and (3) above.
and (3) above.
Caution: Some books call
c
f (x) > (resp. <)l
c
1
2
c
(x)) for x I \ {c}.
3
Do it for each c I.
4
Then,
and (3) above.
and (3) above.
Caution: Some books call concave upward as convex,
c
f (x) > (resp. <)l
c
1
2
c
(x)) for x I \ {c}.
3
Do it for each c I.
4
Then,
and (3) above.
and (3) above.
Caution: Some books call concave upward as convex, and
c
f (x) > (resp. <)l
c
1
2
c
(x)) for x I \ {c}.
3
Do it for each c I.
4
Then,
and (3) above.
and (3) above.
Caution: Some books call concave upward as convex, and concave
downward as concave.
c
f (x) > (resp. <)l
c
1
2
c
(x)) for x I \ {c}.
3
Do it for each c I.
4
Then,
and (3) above.
and (3) above.
downward as concave. We dened the concepts of CU and CD
c
f (x) > (resp. <)l
c
1
2
c
(x)) for x I \ {c}.
3
Do it for each c I.
4
Then,
and (3) above.
and (3) above.
downward as concave. We dened the concepts of CU and CD only
on an interval.
CU, CD Illustrated
CU, CD Illustrated
CU, CD Illustrated
CU, CD Illustrated
CU, CD Illustrated
CU, CD Illustrated
What does f
say about f ?
What does f
say about f ?
Concavity Test
What does f
say about f ?
Concavity Test
1
If f
(x) > 0 for all x in an interval I,

What does f
say about f ?
Concavity Test
1
If f
(x) > 0 for all x in an interval I, then the graph of f is concave

upward on I.
What does f
say about f ?
Concavity Test
1
If f

upward on I.
2
If f
(x) < 0 for all x in an interval I,

What does f
say about f ?
Concavity Test
1
If f

upward on I.
2
If f
(x) < 0 for all x in an interval I, then the graph of f is concave

downward on I.
What does f
say about f ?
Concavity Test
1
If f

upward on I.
2
If f

downward on I.
Proof is a consequence of MVT.
What does f
say about f ?
Concavity Test
1
If f

upward on I.
2
If f

downward on I.
Proof is a consequence of MVT. Let us prove (1), for instance.
What does f
say about f ?
Concavity Test
1
If f

upward on I.
2
If f

downward on I.
1
f
(x) > 0 for all x I

What does f
say about f ?
Concavity Test
1
If f

upward on I.
2
If f

downward on I.
1
f
(x) > 0 for all x I means

What does f
say about f ?
Concavity Test
1
If f

upward on I.
2
If f

downward on I.
1
f
(x) > 0 for all x I means f
is
What does f
say about f ?
Concavity Test
1
If f

upward on I.
2
If f

downward on I.
1
f
is increasing.
What does f
say about f ?
Concavity Test
1
If f

upward on I.
2
If f

downward on I.
1
f
is increasing.
2
How do we prove f is CU on I?
What does f
say about f ?
Concavity Test
1
If f

upward on I.
2
If f

downward on I.
1
f
is increasing.
2
How do we prove f is CU on I? we prove graph of f lies above
tangent line at any point.
What does f
say about f ?
Concavity Test
1
If f

upward on I.
2
If f

downward on I.
1
f
is increasing.
2
3
Let a I.
What does f
say about f ?
Concavity Test
1
If f

upward on I.
2
If f

downward on I.
1
f
is increasing.
2
3
Let a I. let x > a.
What does f
say about f ?
Concavity Test
1
If f

upward on I.
2
If f

downward on I.
1
f
is increasing.
2
3
Let a I. let x > a. Then f (x) f (a) = f
(c)(x a) for some

c [a, x]
What does f
say about f ?
Concavity Test
1
If f

upward on I.
2
If f

downward on I.
1
f
is increasing.
2
3
(c)(x a) for some

c [a, x] by MVT.
What does f
say about f ?
Concavity Test
1
If f

upward on I.
2
If f

downward on I.
1
f
is increasing.
2
3
(c)(x a) for some

c [a, x] by MVT.
4
f (x) f (a) = f
(c)(x a) > f
(a)(x a).
What does f
say about f ?
Concavity Test
1
If f

upward on I.
2
If f

downward on I.
1
f
is increasing.
2
3
(c)(x a) for some

c [a, x] by MVT.
4
f (x) f (a) = f
(c)(x a) > f
(a)(x a). QED+

5
repeat arguments in (3) and (4),
What does f
say about f ?
Concavity Test
1
If f

upward on I.
2
If f

downward on I.
1
f
is increasing.
2
3
(c)(x a) for some

c [a, x] by MVT.
4
f (x) f (a) = f
(c)(x a) > f
(a)(x a). QED+

5
repeat arguments in (3) and (4), for x < a.
What does f
say about f ?
Concavity Test
1
If f

upward on I.
2
If f

downward on I.
1
f
is increasing.
2
3
(c)(x a) for some

c [a, x] by MVT.
4
f (x) f (a) = f
(c)(x a) > f
(a)(x a). QED+

5
repeat arguments in (3) and (4), for x < a. QED
What does f
say about f ?
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
A point P on a curve y = f (x) is called an inection point if
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
A point P on a curve y = f (x) is called an inection point if f is
continuous there
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
continuous there and
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
continuous there and the curve changes from concave upward to
concave downward
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
concave downward or
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
concave downward or concave downward to concave upward at P.
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
Interpretation: If f (t ) is the distance travelled by the car, second
derivative is
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
derivative is its acceleration/deceleration.
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
derivative is its acceleration/deceleration. An inection point is the time
at which car changes from acceleration to deceleration or vice versa.
What does f
say about f ?
Denition
Question: If f
(c) = 0, then is it true that (c, f (c)) is an inection point?

What does f
say about f ?
Denition
Question: If f
(c) = 0, then is it true that (c, f (c)) is an inection point?

No.
What does f
say about f ?
What does f
say about f ?
What does f
say about f ?
Graph of f (x) = x
4
.
What does f
say about f ?
Graph of f (x) = x
4
. Is x = 0 an inection point?
What does f
say about f ?
What does f
say about f ?
Sketch a possible graph of a function f that satises the following
conditions:
What does f
say about f ?
conditions:
1
f
(x) > 0 on (, 1), f
(x) < 0 on (1, ).

2
f
(x) > 0 on (, 2) and (2, ), f
(x) < 0 on (2, 2)

3
lim
x
f (x) = 2, lim
x
f (x) = 0.
What does f
say about f ?
How to catch local Minima/Maxima points using Second Derivate?
Second Derivative Test
1
If f
(c) = 0 and f
(c) > 0,
1
If f
(c) = 0 and f
(c) > 0, then f has a local minimum at c.

1
If f
(c) = 0 and f

2
If f
(c) = 0 and f
(c) < 0,
1
If f
(c) = 0 and f

2
If f
(c) = 0 and f
(c) < 0, then f has a local maximum at c.

1
If f
(c) = 0 and f

2
If f
(c) = 0 and f

Remark: The Second derivative test is silent if
1
If f
(c) = 0 and f

2
If f
(c) = 0 and f

Remark: The Second derivative test is silent if f
(c) = 0
1
If f
(c) = 0 and f

2
If f
(c) = 0 and f

Remark: The Second derivative test is silent if f
(c) = 0
Proof is a consequence of Concavity test.
Why Second Derivate Test could be true?
Lets prove:
Lets prove: If f
(c) = 0 and f
(c) > 0,
Lets prove: If f
(c) = 0 and f

Lets prove: If f
(c) = 0 and f

Proof: Recall
Theorem
Suppose f is differentiable at a.
Lets prove: If f
(c) = 0 and f

Proof: Recall
Theorem
Suppose f is differentiable at a. Then there exists a function such
that
Lets prove: If f
(c) = 0 and f

Proof: Recall
Theorem
that
f (x) = f (a) + (x a)f
(a) + (x a)(x),
Lets prove: If f
(c) = 0 and f

Proof: Recall
Theorem
that
f (x) = f (a) + (x a)f
(a) + (x a)(x),
and
lim
xa
(x) = 0.
Lets prove: If f
(c) = 0 and f

Proof: Recall
Theorem
that
f (x) = f (a) + (x a)f
(a) + (x a)(x),
and
lim
xa
(x) = 0.
A similar result is true:
Why Second Derivate Test could be true? (contd.)
Theorem
Suppose f is twice differentiable at a.
Theorem
Suppose f is twice differentiable at a. Then there exists a function
such that
Theorem
such that
f (x) = f (a) + (x a)f
(a) +
(x a)
2
2
f
(a) +
(x a)
2
2
(x),
Theorem
such that
f (x) = f (a) + (x a)f
(a) +
(x a)
2
2
f
(a) +
(x a)
2
2
(x),
and
lim
xa
(x) = 0.
Theorem
such that
f (x) = f (a) + (x a)f
(a) +
(x a)
2
2
f
(a) +
(x a)
2
2
(x),
and
lim
xa
(x) = 0.
Now, at the critical point c,
f (x) f (c) = (x c)f
(c) +
(x c)
2
2
f
(c) +
(x c)
2
2
(x)
f (x) f (c) = (x c)f
(c) +
(x c)
2
2
f
(c) +
(x c)
2
2
(x)
and
lim
xc
(x) = 0.
f (x) f (c) = (x c)f
(c) +
(x c)
2
2
f
(c) +
(x c)
2
2
(x)
and
lim
xc
(x) = 0.
The required conclusion follows by looking at the three terms on RHS
of the rst equation:
1
rst term is 0
f (x) f (c) = (x c)f
(c) +
(x c)
2
2
f
(c) +
(x c)
2
2
(x)
and
lim
xc
(x) = 0.
1
rst term is 0
2
The third term is negligible,
f (x) f (c) = (x c)f
(c) +
(x c)
2
2
f
(c) +
(x c)
2
2
(x)
and
lim
xc
(x) = 0.
1
rst term is 0
2
The third term is negligible, compared to the second term,
f (x) f (c) = (x c)f
(c) +
(x c)
2
2
f
(c) +
(x c)
2
2
(x)
and
lim
xc
(x) = 0.
1
rst term is 0
2
The third term is negligible, compared to the second term, when
we are near c.
f (x) f (c) = (x c)f
(c) +
(x c)
2
2
f
(c) +
(x c)
2
2
(x)
and
lim
xc
(x) = 0.
1
rst term is 0
2
we are near c.
3
Thus the sign of RHS is determined by that of
f (x) f (c) = (x c)f
(c) +
(x c)
2
2
f
(c) +
(x c)
2
2
(x)
and
lim
xc
(x) = 0.
1
rst term is 0
2
we are near c.
3
Thus the sign of RHS is determined by that of f
(c).
f (x) f (c) = (x c)f
(c) +
(x c)
2
2
f
(c) +
(x c)
2
2
(x)
and
lim
xc
(x) = 0.
1
rst term is 0
2
we are near c.
3
Thus the sign of RHS is determined by that of f
(c). QED
The Second Derivative Test Illustrated
(2) < 0
(2) < 0 and f has a local maximum at 2

(1) > 0
(1) > 0 and f has a local maximum at 1

(2) = 0
(2) = 0 and f does not have a local extremum at

2.
Problems
Problems
1
conditions:
Problems
1
conditions:
1
f
(0) = f
(2) = f
(4) = 0,
2
f
(x) > 0 on (, 0) and (2, 4),

3
f
(x) < 0 on (0, 2) and (4, ),

4
f
(x) > 0 on (1, 3),

5
f
(x) < 0 on (, 1) and (3, ).

2
Show that the function g(x) = x|x| has an inection point at (0, 0)
but g
(0) does not exist.

3
Prove that if (c, f (c)) is an inection point of the graph of f and
f
(c) exists in an open interval that contains c, then f
(c) = 0.
4
Show that tanx > x for 0 < x <

2
.

SLecture6 Maxima Minima Continued

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SLecture6 Maxima Minima Continued

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MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 6

(x) > 0 on that interval.

(x) > 0 on that interval.

(x) > 0 on that interval.

(x) > 0 on that interval.

(x) > 0 on that interval.

(x) < 0 on that interval.

(x) > 0 on that interval.

(x) < 0 on that interval.

(x) > 0 on that interval.

(x) < 0 on that interval.

(x) > 0 on that interval.

(x) < 0 on that interval.

(x) > 0 on an interval, then

(x) > 0 on an interval, then f is increasing on that interval.

(x) > 0 on an interval, then f is increasing on that interval.

(x) < 0 on an interval, then

(x) > 0 on an interval, then f is increasing on that interval.

(x) < 0 on an interval, then f is decreasing on that interval.

(x) > 0 on an interval, then f is increasing on that interval.

(x) < 0 on an interval, then f is decreasing on that interval.

(x) > 0 on an interval, then f is increasing on that interval.

(x) < 0 on an interval, then f is decreasing on that interval.

(x) > 0 on an interval, then f is increasing on that interval.

(x) < 0 on an interval, then f is decreasing on that interval.

(x) > 0 on an interval, then f is increasing on that interval.

(x) < 0 on an interval, then f is decreasing on that interval.

(x) > 0 on an interval, then f is increasing on that interval.

(x) < 0 on an interval, then f is decreasing on that interval.

(x) > 0 on an interval, then f is increasing on that interval.

(x) < 0 on an interval, then f is decreasing on that interval.

(x) > 0 on an interval, then f is increasing on that interval.

(x) < 0 on an interval, then f is decreasing on that interval.

(x) > 0 on an interval, then f is increasing on that interval.

(x) < 0 on an interval, then f is decreasing on that interval.

(x) > 0 on an interval, then f is increasing on that interval.

(x) < 0 on an interval, then f is decreasing on that interval.

change sign from +ve to -ve at 0.

change sign from +ve to -ve at 0.

change sign from +ve to -ve at 0.

change sign from +ve to -ve at 0.

change sign from +ve to -ve at 0.

change sign from -ve to +ve at 2.

change sign from +ve to -ve at 0.

change sign from -ve to +ve at 2.

changes sign from positive to negative at c,

changes sign from positive to negative at c, then f has a local

changes sign from positive to negative at c, then f has a local

changes sign from negative to positive at c,

changes sign from positive to negative at c, then f has a local

changes sign from negative to positive at c, then f has a local

changes sign from positive to negative at c, then f has a local

changes sign from negative to positive at c, then f has a local

does not change sign at c,

changes sign from positive to negative at c, then f has a local

changes sign from negative to positive at c, then f has a local

does not change sign at c, then f has no local extremum at c.

changes sign from positive to negative at c, then f has a local

changes sign from negative to positive at c, then f has a local

does not change sign at c, then f has no local extremum at c.

changes sign from positive to negative at c, then f has a local

changes sign from negative to positive at c, then f has a local

does not change sign at c, then f has no local extremum at c.