Copyright2013MeruNetworks,Inc.Allrightsreserved.

UnderstandingtheIEEE
802.11acWiFiStandard
PreparingforthenextgenofWLAN

July2013

Author: RichardWatson
Contributors:DennisHuang,ManishRai

WHITEPAPER
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WHITEPAPER|UnderstandingtheIEEE802.11acWiFiStandard
Copyright2013MeruNetworks,Inc.Allrightsreserved.

TableofContents
Executivesummary.................................................................................................................................................................1
Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................1
MobilityEverywhere...........................................................................................................................................................1
BYODandBandwidthChallenges........................................................................................................................................1
TheNewStandard...............................................................................................................................................................2
Introductionto802.11ac........................................................................................................................................................2
InsideIEEE802.11ac...............................................................................................................................................................3
Status of802.11ac.................................................................................................................................................................4
Enterprise802.11acDeployment Considerations.................................................................................................................5
DeliveringonthePromiseof802.11ac...................................................................................................................................6
Summary.................................................................................................................................................................................6
Appendix.................................................................................................................................................................................7
IEEE802.11acisforconsumers,notenterprisenetworks..............................................................................................7
IEEE802.11acwillreplace802.11n..................................................................................................................................7
IEEE802.11acisforhighpowered,gigabitpersecondclientsonly...............................................................................7
IEEE802.11acwillrequirearipandreplace...................................................................................................................7

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Copyright2013MeruNetworks,Inc.Allrightsreserved.
Executivesummary
IEEE802.11ac,alsoknownasGigabitWiFi,isthelatestWiFistandardthatbuildsupon802.11nbyimprovingdata
rates,networkrobustness,reliability,andRFbandwidthutilizationefficiency.Thisevolutionarystandardwillbeableto
supplythewirelessdataratesandclientcapacitythataredemandedbytheincreasinglymobilebusinesscommunity.
Wirelessnetworkservicesareattheedgeoftodaysnetwork,and802.11acisdesignedtomeetthethroughput
requirementsofhighdefinitionvideoandwirelessvoiceapplications.802.11acwillprovidewirelessdataratesinexcess
of1Gbpsperradio,whichrivalstraditionalhardwiredspeeds.
Thiswhitepaperprovidesanoverviewofthisemergingstandard,debunkssomemyths,providesaviewonhowthe
technologywillbeintroduced,anddescribesitsimportanceintheenterprisenetwork.
Introduction
Mobility Everywhere
Oursocietyisbecomingmoremobileeveryday:approximately85%
ofAmericanshaveacellularphone,andIDChasprojectedthatby
2015therewillbe1.2billionmobileworkersusingsome470million
smartphones.
1

Itseemsthatineveryareaofourlives,theabilityto
communicateuntetheredisbecomingmoreimportant,andpeople
areusingmobiledevicestomakecalls,sendemail,andaccessthe
Internetandsocialnetworkingapplicationsonadailybasis.For
mostworkingadults,thephoneortablethasbecomean
indispensabletooltheycarryeverywhereincludingtowork.

ThepersonalmobiledevicehasbecomesuchapartofthelandscapethatwearenowseeingBYOD(bringyourown
device)asanincreasingtrendintheenterprise.Asaresult,inadditiontocarryingacorporatedevice,suchasalaptop,
manyemployeesarechoosingtobringtoworkoneormorepersonalmobiledevicestoconducttheirdailybusiness
taskswhilealsomanagingtheirpersonallives.Thisgrowingdemandforcorporationstoallowemployeestousetheir
personalmobiledevicesforworkrelatedtasksisoftenreferredtoastheconsumerizationofIT.ITmanagersarebeing
challengedwithnewnetworkdesignrequirementsbroughtaboutbythisphenomenon.
BYOD and Bandwidth Challenges
Asthenumberofmobileapplicationshasgrownalongwiththeincreaseduseofsmartphonesandtablets,therehas
beenameteoricriseinbandwidthdemand.Thisdemandisdriventoagreatextentbythepopularityofstreamingvideo
onAppleiPhonesandiPadsandothermobiledevices.Forcellularproviders,thisincreaseddemandhastaxedtheir
networkcapacity,catchingthemoffguard,andmanyhaveabandonedtheirallyoucaneatdataplans,implementing
metereddataplansinstead.ThisincreaseddemandismirroredinthecorporateBYODcontext,whereusersnowexpect
thatifitworksathome,whynotatwork?ThisnewworkplacedemandwillalsotaxaWiFinetworkinsupplying
sufficientbandwidth,especiallywithnewerandmorepowerfulmobiledevicescomingonthemarketeveryday.
Streamingvideo,databasesearches,filetransfers,andcloudbasedstorageareapplicationsthatplaceeverincreasing
demandsonanetworksabilitytoprovideconsistentbandwidth.Arecentreportcounsels:

1
IDC,20112015 Forecast
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Forcompaniesdeployingtabletswhetherprovisionedtoemployeesorpartofabringyourown
policyevaluateyourWiFiimplementation.Asmentionedearlier,Gartnerpredictsthat80percentof
corporateWiFinetworkswillbeobsoleteby2015
2
andcompaniesdeployingtabletswillneed300
percentmoreWiFicapacitytobeeffective.Thetimetoinvestisnow.

Someanalysts
3

projectthatinthenearfuture,theaverageenterpriseworkerwilltaketwoorthreemobiledevicesto
work,whileothersprojectasmanyassevendevicesby2016.
4
Alltheseconditionswillfurthercompoundthechallenge
ofprovidingadequateWiFibandwidth.

Prohibitingworkersfrombringingtheirpersonalmobiledevicestoworkisnotarealoption,andprovidingample
wirelessbandwidthforenterpriseusersisachallengewithexistingWiFistandards.So,howcanenterpriseIT
departmentsprovidesufficientbandwidthontheirwirelessnetworkswhilemaintainingthenecessarycontrol?
The New Standard
AnewadditiontotheIEEE802.11familyofstandards,IEEE802.11ac,hasbeendefinedwiththepromiseofdelivering
significantincreasesinbandwidthwhileimprovingtheoverallreliabilityofawirelessconnection.Theultimategoalof
thisstandardistoproduceasingleradiodesignwithwirelessdataratesinexcessof1Gbps.Aswithpreviousextensions
tothe802.11standard,802.11acaugmentsthestandardwithnewenhancementswhilecontinuingtosupportalllegacy
5GHz802.11devices.
Introductionto802.11ac
Likemanyexcitingnewtechnologies,802.11acisbeingadoptedfirstinthe
consumerspace.Wirelessmultimediastreamingistheinitialusecaseenvisioned
for802.11ac,andthespeedandqualityimprovementsof802.11acwillenable
multiplestreamsofhighdefinitionvideoonhomeWiFinetworks(HDTV,Bluray,
settop,etc.).Smartphonesbasedonthefirstgenerationchipsetsarealready
appearinginthemarket.Next,anewwaveoftabletswillleverage802.11acaspart
oftheirsupportforhigherdefinitionvideo.
Forthe enterprise, 802.11acrepresentsabetterwaytodeployWiFiinthe5GHz
band.Itisarichtechnologystandard,andtheimprovementsinradioperformance
itbringswillenablemoreefficientdeploymentinthe5GHzband,withaccesspoint
(AP)spacingcloselymatchingthatofa2.4GHzinfrastructure,andbettercoverage
forallclientsoperatingin5GHz.
As802.11acclientdevicescomeintotheenterprise,802.11acwillenableIT
departmentstobuildWiFiinfrastructuresthatmakemoreefficientuseofthe5
GHzband,creatinghighcapacityvoicesystemsandpoolsofmultimediastreaming.
EnterpriseWiFinetworkscanalsouse802.11actechnologytocreateVHTwireless
backhaullinksorwirelessbridges.

2
IT1TopWireless Issues That MayDerailYourMobileStrategy, Paul DeBeasi,11/10/2011
3
ForresterQ22011, USWorkforce Technology& EngagementOnlineSurvey,estimatedup to 3.2devices per user, and the
iPassMarch 2011report,TheiPass MobileWorkforce Report, estimated2.7devices per user would becomethe norm inthe enterprise.
4
Bringyourowndevicerequiresnewnetworkstrategies,ZKResearch,September2012

Supportfor802.11acisimplemented
withintheMeruMobileFLEX
architectureattheFLEXAccesslayer.
MobileFLEXisaframeworkfor
constructingoursolutionsinsupportof
RFservices,networkcontrol&
management,policyenforcement,and
mobileapplications.Therearefive
servicelayerswithintheMobileFLEX
architecture,eachsupporting
capabilitiesfocusedonmobilitywith
maximumdeploymentflexibility.
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Therewillbeagradualtransitionto802.11acintheenterprise,andbecausethe802.11actechnologyisimplementedat
thechiplevel,hardwarereplacementwillberequired.However,802.11nwillnotbedisplacedby802.11ac.Thetwo
standardswillcoexistinenterprisewirelessnetworkstocontinuetosupportlegacydevicesinthe2.4GHzband.Oneway
toview802.11acisasasupersetof802.11n,operatinginthe5GHzband.WiFiclientswith802.11actechnologywill
operateseamlesslyin802.11ninfrastructures,andwillperformaswellasthebest802.11nclientsat5GHz.Conversely,
802.11acinfrastructureswillsupport5GHz802.11nclientsatfullperformanceandwiththebestpossiblecoverage.
InsideIEEE802.11ac
802.11acisanamendmenttothe802.11standardthatdefinesenhancementsforveryhighthroughputforoperation
inbandsbelow6GHz.Becauseofthechannelbondinglimitations(40MHzwideandgreater)inthe2.4GHzband,this
802.11amendmentexplicitlyexcludesthe2.4GHzband.
Aprimarygoalforthe802.11acstandardistosupportasingleradiodesignwiththroughputgreaterthan1Gbpsand
multiradiodesignswiththroughputapproaching3.5Gbps.Asystemthatimplementsthedraft802.11acspecification
andenablessomeoftheoptionalfeatureswillbeabletoachievesinglestationthroughputofalmost3.47Gbpsand
systemthroughputofupto6.9Gbps.
Like802.11n,802.11acisaseriesofincrementalimprovementstomanyaspectsoftheexistingstandard.Whilemanyof
thenew802.11acfeaturesareaimedatincreasingthespeed,therearemanyotherbenefitsofthe802.11actechnology:
rangeisimproved,coverageismorerobust,thereismoreresistancetointerference,systemcapacityisimproved,and
streaminghasbeenfurtheroptimized.

Table1.FeatureEnhancementComparison:802.11n /802.11ac

IEEE802.11n IEEE802.11ac
FrequencyBand 2.4GHzand 5GHz 5GHzonly
Channel Widths 20, 40 MHz
20, 40, 80 MHz
(mandatory)
160MHz(optional)
Spatial Streams 1to 4
1to 8total
up to 4per client
MultiuserMIMO No Yes
Single Stream(1x1)
Maximum ClientData Rateperradio
150Mbps 450 Mbps
Three Stream(3x3)
Maximum ClientData Rateperradio
450 Mbps 1.3Gbps

Themajorenhancementsof802.11acareatthephysicallayer(PHY).Theyinclude:
1. Widerchannels.802.11nsupported20MHzand40MHzchannels.802.11achasmandatorysupportfor20,40,and
80MHzchannels,andoptionalsupportfor160MHzchannels.Doublingthechannelwidthdoublesthedatarate.
2. Improvedmodulation.802.11acsupportsthesameOFDMmodulationschemeas802.11nandadds256QAM,
whichwillenablemoredatacanbeencodedinthesamepacketsize.Morebitsperpacketmeanshigherdatarates.
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3. Increasednumberofspatialstreams.802.11ndefinedone,two,three,orfourspatialstreams.802.11acdefinesup
toeightspatialstreams,withamaximumoffourstreamsperclient.Eachadditionalspatialstreamincreasesthe
aggregatedatarate.Asinglestream802.11acclientoperatinginan80MHzchannelmayachievea450Mbpsraw
datarate.Athreestream802.11acclientwillbeabletooperateat1.3Gbps.
4. MultiuserMIMO(MUMIMO).MUMIMOwillallowsimultaneousdownstreamtransmissionofdifferentuser
streamsinthesamechannelatthesametime.An802.11acAPwillbeabletosimultaneouslytransmitpacketsto
twodifferentfourstreamclientsonthesamechannel.Evenbetter,an802.11acAPwillbeabletotransmitto
multiplesinglestreamclients,suchassmartphones,simultaneously.Totakeadvantageofthenew802.11acfeature
set,deploymentof802.11acclientswillberequired.Legacy802.11aand802.11n5GHzclientswillbesupported
withnoupgraderequired.
Notethatthisfeaturewillnotbesupportedinthefirstgeneration802.11acsilicon,anddependingupondesign
constraintsofsuccessivegenerations,deployingasubsequentgeneration802.11acproductwillrequirereplacing
thepreviousgeneration802.11acproduct.
5. Beamformingnowstandard.Beamformingisoptionalinthe802.11nstandard.Thereweremultiple
implementationschemes,butthefeaturewasneverwidelyadoptedduetovendorincompatibilities.802.11ac
specifiesastandardbeamformingimplementationthatwillfacilitateinteroperabilityandincreasetheeffective
rangeof802.11acbasedsystems.
Alloftheseimprovementshavebeendefinedtoensurebackwardscompatibilityandcoexistencewithprevious
generationsofthe802.11standard.TheMACprotocolimprovementsincludeupgradestotheRTS/CTSprotocolto
supportthemixofwideandnarrowchannelspossiblewith802.11ac.Frameaggregationhasbeenenhancedtoallow
largeraggregateframes,whichincreaseseffectivethroughputandbettersupportsstreaming.
Status of802.11ac
802.11ac isnotyetanapprovedinternationalstandard.Unlikepreviousgenerationsof802.11,however,thereisno
controversyconcerningthetechnicaldetailsofthecurrentdraftversion.Asaresult,WiFisiliconvendorshave
developedchipsetsbasedonthe802.11acdraftbeforeitisformallyratified,andtheyhavebroughtthesedraft
802.11acchipstomarket.
TheIEEE802.11processforformallyratifyingthenewstandardwilltakesometime,withfinalratificationexpectedthe
firsthalfof2014.Toconfirminteroperabilityandcertificationofadherencetothestandard,theWiFiAlliance(WFA)has
committedtohavingaWiFicertificationprogramfordraft802.11acproductsinthesecondhalfof2013.
WeexpectenterpriseclassWiFi802.11acproductstocometomarketinthesecondhalfof2013.The802.11ac
standardwillnotreplace802.11n,because802.11nisrequiredtosupportoperationsinthe2.4GHzband.Enterprise
wirelessLANinfrastructureswillthereforebedualband,includingboth802.11acand802.11ntechnologies.Thefirst
waveof802.11acchipswillbethreetimesfasterthanequivalent802.11nsolutions.Weexpectfirstgeneration
802.11acenterprisesolutionstosupportthefollowingkeyfeatures:

Threespatialstreamsthatwillsupportrawdataratesupto1.3Gbpsperradio
Supportfor20,40,and80MHzchannelschannelsuptotwotimeswiderthancurrent802.11nsolutions
ImprovedOFDM256QAM,ahighermodulationschemethatincreasesdatatransferefficiency,enablingupto
30%increaseinthedatarateof802.11ninthesamesizechannel
Beamformingforimprovedlinkreliability

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Futuregenerationsof802.11acsiliconwillsupportwiderchannels(160MHz),morespatialstreams(upto8),and
MultiuserMIMO(MUMIMO).Because802.11nrequirestheclientandtheAPtohavematchingspatialstreamsupport,
athreestream802.11nAPoperatesonlyatsinglestreamspeedswhencommunicatingwithsinglestreamclientsthe
lowestcommondenominator.MUMIMOrelaxesthisrequirementanddefinesamoreeffectivespectrummanagement
techniquetosupportsimultaneouscommunicationswithmultipledeviceswithamixofstreamconnecttypes.The
802.11acsystemhasthepotentialtooperateatmaximumcapacityandspectrumuseevenwhencommunicatingwitha
groupofsinglestreamclients.
Enterprise802.11acDeployment Considerations
Indecidingwhetherornottodeploy802.11ac,itwillbeimportantforITadministratorstounderstandthewireless
applicationrequirements.Initially,theremaybeonlyafewdevicescapableoffullysupportingfirstgeneration802.11ac
products,andanunderstandingofhowandwherethesedevicesmaybeusedwithinanetworkiscritical.First
generation802.11acAPproductswillhavetobematchedwithpeer802.11acclients.Thismeansthatathreestream,80
MHzchannelconnectioncanonlybesupportedbetweenmatchingAP/clientpairs.Themaximumbenefitfromthe
802.11acstandardcanbeensuredwhereverpeertopeerVHTapplicationscanbeidentified.Multimediaapplications
areobviouschoices,buttheremaybeotherapplicationsthatcanbenefitfrom11acsincreasedbandwidth.With
secondgeneration802.11acproducts,MUMIMOwillbesupported,expandingthedeploymentoptionsavailableto
networkplanners.NolongerwillitbearequirementthattheAPandtheclienthavetobematchedatthephysicallink
layermultipleclientscanbeservicedsimultaneously,whethertheyaresinglestreamormultistream.MUMIMOwill
helpmaximizethebandwidthutilizationofan802.11acdeployment.Mobileclientsthatsupport802.11acwillalsosee
incrementallyimprovedbatterylifeasabenefit.
Asuccessful802.11acdeploymentwillneedtoconsiderthefollowingitems:
1. Cost
a. Newaccesspointsmustbepurchased,alongwithmakingprovisionsforupgradingany
existingcontrollerfirmware.
b. Tomaximizetheincreaseindataraterealizedwith802.11ac,asecond1GbpsEthernetlink
mayneedtoberuntoanAPconfiguredtooperatetwo5GHzchannels.Thisresultsina2+
Gpbsaggregatedataratetothebackhaul.
c. Ensurethatthewiredinfrastructurecanproperlysupportthehigherdataratesdeployment
ofCAT6orCAT6acablingmayberequired.
2. Networkdesign
a. Planforsupporting2.4GHzdevicesforthenextfourtosevenyears.
b. Channelplanfor80MHzwidechannelstoreapthemaximumdataratebenefitpossible.
c. DeployinMerusVirtualCellmodetosimplifydeploymentandmanagement,andtogain
uniquefeaturebenefits.
d. Leveragecontextawarelayers(CALs)whereitmakessensetoisolateapplicationsto
enhancetheirsecurity,performance,andreliability.
Utilizingtheanticipated160MHzchannels,atbest,requirestheabilitytodealwithonlyasingleavailable
channel.InFebruaryof2013,theFCC
5
announcedproposinganadditional35%morespectrumforuseinthe
5GHzband.Thiswouldexpandtheavailabilityofwiderchannelsfordeploymentconsideration,butwillnot
becommerciallyavailableforseveralyearswhiletheproposalisapprovedbytheappropriatefederaland
stateagencies.

5
http://www.fcc.gov/document/increasedspectrumavailableunlicenseddevices5ghzband
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DeliveringonthePromiseof802.11ac
IEEE802.11acopensupmanynewmarketopportunities,supportinganevergrowingarrayofbandwidthhungrymobile
applicationslaunchedfromanewgenerationofmobiledevices.Thewider802.11acchannels(80and160MHz)support
higherdatarates,butwhenimplemented,reducethenumberofavailablenonoverlappingchannels.Thisdoesntpose
aproblemforMerusAirTrafficControlarchitecture,whichhasbeenbuilttomitigatecochannelinterferenceon
singlechannelnetworksandcanfullyleverage802.11acshigherthroughputandcapacity.Leveragingthechannel
layeringfeaturecanmultiplythecapacityby2x.UniquetoMeruisitssupportofCALs,enablingapplicationservicesto
beassociatedwithaspecificRFlayertoprovidegreaterperformance,reliability,andmanageability.Whetheran
enterprisedeploysasinglechannelorlayeredchannelsolution,Merusarchitecturewillallowtheusercommunityto
utilizethemostbandwidthinthemostreliablewayfroman802.11acnetwork.
Summary
IEEE802.11acwilldeliververyhighthroughputforstreamingmultimediadevices,improvementsinrange,expanded
overallsystemcapacity,andnetworkresiliencetointerferenceboostingapplicationperformanceforanyenterprise
withahighdensityofmobiledevices.Fortunately,802.11actechnologycanbeeasilyintegratedintoanenterprises
existingWiFinetworkandwilladdthebandwidthtosupporttheinfluxofnewWiFidevicesandmultimediarichapps.
MeruNetworksisexcitedaboutourAP832solution,whichisimplementedasaFLEXAccesscomponentofour
MobileFLEXarchitectureandpartofMerusAirTrafficControl.Becauseofoursinglechannelarchitectureapproach,
MeruwillbeabletoleveragethenewstandardsfeaturestodeliverevenhighercapacitywirelessLANsolutionstobest
servetheexplosionofWiFiclientsmakingupthenewenterprise.

WHITEPAPER|UnderstandingtheIEEE802.11acWiFiStandard
7
Appendix
IEEE802.11ac MythsDebunked
IEEE 802.11ac is for consumers, not enterprise networks.
Whileitistruethat802.11acisinitiallytargetedatconsumerapplicationssuchashighdefinitionvideostreaming,
802.11acisimportantfortheenterpriseaswell.HighperformancemultimediatabletswillbethefirstWiFiclientsto
adopt802.11ac.Employeesarebringingthesepersonalmultimediadevicesintotheenterprise,andcompaniesneedto
addsecureguestaccessforthem,orintegratethemintothecorporatenetworkinasecurefashion.Thenewenterprise
wirelessLANinfrastructureneedstoprovidethecapacityandqualityofservicedemandedbythesedevices,and
802.11acwillenablebettercoverageinthe5GHzband,increasedcapacity,supportformoredevicesofalltypes,and
improvedreliabilityinharshenvironments.
IEEE 802.11ac will replace 802.11n.
No,thetwostandardscomplementeachother.802.11nwillnotgoaway,becauseitisneededtosupportthe2.4GHz
band.802.11acwillbeanupgradetothe5GHzportionoftheenterprisewirelessLAN,butmostenterpriseWiFi
systemswillneedtosupportbothstandardsformanyyearstocome.802.11accanbeinsertedbyreplacingexistingAPs
withdualradio(802.11nand802.11ac)APs,or802.11acproductscanbeinstalledasanetworkoverlay.Regardlessof
theoptionchosen,thereremainsaneedtosupportboth802.11nand802.11acserviceswithinthenetwork.
IEEE 802.11ac is for highpowered, gigabitpersecond clients only.
Alotoftheexcitementaboutthenew802.11acstandardisaboutbreakingthegigabitbarrierWiFisupportingsingle
stationthroughputgreaterthanagigabitpersecond.But802.11acismuchmorethanaspeedincrease,andthe
improvementsaretargetedatmanydifferentclassesofWiFidevices.802.11acwillbringsignificantbenefitsfornext
generation,singlestream,lowpowerWiFiclientssuchassmartphonesasinglestream802.11acsmartphonewillbe
abletotransmitthreetimesmoredatausingthesamepowerorlessthanan802.11nsmartphone.AndwirelessLAN
infrastructuresbasedon802.11acwillbeabletosupportmultiple802.11acdevicesatthesametimeinthesame
channel,makingmoreeffectiveuseofthepreciousspectrum.
IEEE 802.11ac will require a rip and replace.
Notnecessarily.Inmostimplementations,thenetworkcomponentssuchasthenetworkcontrollersandmanagement
applicationswilloperateinthesamemannerastheydointodaysnetworks.APsaretheonlycandidatesfor
replacementandwilldependsolelyuponasitesrequirements;802.11acmaybeintroducedasanoverlaytoanexisting
802.11nnetworkthatisretainedtosupport2.4GHzb/g/ndevices.
FormoreinformationaboutMeru, visitwww.merunetworks.com.

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