3. V . N . Yurenev and P. D. Lebedev (eds.), Heat Engineering Manual [in Russian], Voi.

2,
Energiya, Moscow (1976).
4. H. Struve, "Der Warmeubergang an einem verdampfenden Rieselfilm," VDI Forschungsheft,
534, 36 (1969).
5. V . S . Borovkov and F. G. Mairanovskii, Aerohydrodynamics of Ventilating and Air Condi-
tioning Systems [in Russian], Stroiizdat, Moscow (1978).
6. T. Kobler, Heat Transfer and Heat Exchangers [Russian translation], Goskhimizdat,
Leningrad (1961).
VAPOR CONDENSATION ON HORIZONTAL WIRE-PROFILED TUBES
V. G. Rifert and A. B. Golubev UDC 536.423.4
The effect of the profiling parameters and the nonisothermalitY of the walls on
the vapor condensation rate is analyzed for the case of a horizontal tube pro-
filed by means of a wire spiral.
The degree of intensification of the process of vapor condensation on profiled as com-
pared with smooth horizontal tubes depends to a large extent on the flooding by the conden-
sate of the lower surface of the tube [I] and, moreover, on the thermal conductivity and
thickness of the wall [ 2 ] . Our investigations [l] of the bottom flooding of horizontal
tubes showed that tubes with spiral wire fins have a much smal.ler bottom flooding a n g l e @ f
than do tubes profiled by deformation of the wall, for similar values of the We number which
in this case characterizes the ratio of the forces of surface tension drawing the condensate
to the base of the fins to the force of gravity.
In [3] an approximate theoretical solution of the problem was given for the case of
vapor condensation on a horizontal wire-profiled tube. In the present article certain
assumptions of [3] are refined and the effect of the profiling parameters and the physical
properties of the condensate on the vapor condensation enhancement is analyzed in detail.
The assumptions made in [3] for the purposes of a theoretical solution of the problem
of vapor condensation on a horizontal tube with spiral wire finning are analogous to t h e
Nusselt theory for the condensation o f stationary vapor on a vertical wall. Here we will
consider the case where We > 5 and over the entire perimeter of the tube, except for the
zone with the bottom layer, the condensate flows from the center between the wires under the
action of surface tension predominantly along the normal to the wires and, under the force
of gravity, drains along the wires to the bottom of the tube (Fig. I).
In order to refine the inequality We > 5 we will estimate the radius of curvature of the
film R, which enters into We, from the expression obtained in [4] by studying the geometry
of the liquid film forming the meniscus (near the wire):
R = l ~ 1 2 d . ( 1 )
From the solution of the differential equation for the growth of the stream width (see
below), over a broad interval of variation of the h e a t flux q and the tube diameter and for
various liquids ~2~-~ d/2. Taking 12 = d/2, we determine the pitch of the spiral S ensuring
W e ~ 5 :
S % 3 . 2 c l p g d . (2)
At d = 1.5 mm for water vapor and ammonia S~-~ 13 mm, for freons S ~ . 2 . 5 - 4 mm. For this
pitch and the tube diameters D > 16 m m encountered in practice the maximum inclination of
the spiral relative to the vertical for a uniform single-thread winding is =16 ~ Accordingly,
in the solution of the problem we can neglect~the inclination of the spiral and treat the
finning as annular (transverse). In [3] the following differential equation was obtained ~
for the flooding by the condensate of the interwire space in terms of the angular coordinate
for a tube with spiral wire fins at a wall temperature constant with respect to ~ and x:
Kiev Polytechnic Institute. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 37,
No. 3, pp. 433-438, March, 1984. Original article submitted December 9, 1982.
310 0022-0841/84/4603-0310508.50 O 1984 Plenum Publlshing Corporation
~
J g
~Lsm
F i g . I . P a t t e r n o f c o n d e n s a t e f l o w a l o n g a h o r i z o n t a l wi r e -
p r o f i l e d t u b e : I ) t u b e wa i l ; 2) wi r e ; 3) c o n d e n s a t e .
d~] BC (1 -- ~1) ~ "~ ~ 11 cot %
dcp ~1 :,5 fin ~fo ,75 8
The n u me r i c a l s o l u t i o n o f t h i s e q u a t i o n can be a p p r o x i ma t e d by t h e e x p r e s s i o n
= | , 376 ( BCH) ~
I n ( 3 ) and ( 4) ~1 ---- L/ l ; B = 28,5 ' ~AT " o,r5 (~v)o._~ C = D/ d ~ ~, H = q~/sinO,Taw.
- pD ~
(3)
(4)
In order to obtain the relation between the stream width 12 and the condensate flow rate
Gc, it is necessary to solve the equation of motion of the condensate film on the interval 12
under the action of gravity, written in Cartesian coordinates for various angles of inclina-
tion of the plane surface:
- 6~, + ~zw~ 1 =
~ ( ~ _ -' ~--g2 / - - p g sin % ( 5)
On the interval ~2 the condensate film has a constant curvature with radius R. The
boundary conditions for (5) are: ~,r = 0 at y = 0; 0w~/3y = 0 at y = 6. The numerical solu-
tion of (5), the results of which were compared with the experimental data in ~ ] , is approxi-
mated by the expression
l 9)0.75
6 e = 0,01 , p/ 2d "~5(gsin
~o,~ ' - - " ( 6)
In [2] the differential equation for the flooding by the condensate of the interfin
c h a n n e l was calculated up to ~ = ~ - - ~ L s m where ~f.sm is the angle embracing the b o t t o m layer
of the smooth tube. As our investigations showed [I], for profiled tubes ~f may considerably
exceed ~f.sm I n [l] an experimentally verified method of calculating ~f for profiled tubes
was proposed, based on the analogy between flooding and the capillary rise of a liquid in
vertical grooves [5]. In [l] a dependence is given for determining the rise Zx corresponding
to total flooding of the groove or Interwime space by condensate, on the assumption that the
volume of liquid raised above Z, is sufficient for total flooding of the groove to height Za.
The angle ~ L1 corresponding to Z, is equal, according to [|], to
8 ~ ]
~,fl = arcces 1 - - p g D ( 8 1 - - ~ d ) ]" ( 7)
Then the angle ~a (Fig. I) corresponding to the maximum rise of the condensate over the entire
width S can, assuming a linear distribution of liquid with respect to ~ from ~ f.sm, be esti-
mated as
~ = 2 ~ h ~ - - ~ , m . ( 8)
Then the mean heat transfer is given by
m
a p .= 2r ( 9)
311
! 3
Fig. 2.
!
i
$ 7 9
F i g . 2 .
sla~
~ _ . L r
o,,7
o , 5
o ,1 o
- - 3 ~ . ~
- - ' - - ~ \ .
o , ~ o , 8 ( ~ x ) / z
Fig. 3.
Intensification of vapor condensation due to wire
profiling: I - 3 ) curves calculated from (II) (I -- water
vapor at Ti = 3730K; 2 -- ammonia, Ti = 300~ 3 -- Freon-12,
T i = 3000K); 4) experimental data for water vapor.
Fig. 3. Variation of temperature head on the interval Z, of
condensate flow towards the base of the fins for the same
wall thickness 6 w at the base: I) Bi = 0.3; 2) 1.4; 3) wire
fins; 4) rectangular fins, height h = I mm.
To analyze the effect of the profiling parameters on the rate of vapor condensation on a
horizontal tube we find the ratio of ap to the heat transfer for a smooth tube asm, which can
be calculated from the Nusselt relation for a single tube:
- I 2 ? r o g ~~
"an f;.728 i v ATD ,; " (10)
In dimensionless form, using (4), (6), (9) and (I0) to calculate ap, the ratio ap/asm
can be written
\ i ) ) 0 . 2 5
% = 0. ! " ( Pr K) ~176176 " " ( _ _ ~ _ d sinO.rSqEO.s
(1
! )
~Zlm
Here
Wet = 6d/ pgl ~, ( 12)
and ~ = ~ - - ~ f whe r e ~f i s c a l c u l a t e d f r om ( 7) and ( 8 ) .
Relation (II) makes it possible to determine the heat transfer enhancement due solely to
the constricting effect of the wires without allowance for vapor condensation on the wire it-
self, which may occur if there is good contact between the wire and the surface. In this con-
nection it should be noted that (II) is valid only when the flow of the condensate film to
the wires under the action of surface forces is predominant, i.e.. when We = 2o/pgSR > I. In
this case the radius of curvature must be calculated from (I), with Z2 being found from (4).
According to (II), the tube diameter affects the ratio up/asm only through ~f (relation
(7)). For small-dlameter tubes and vapor whose condensate has a large value of ~, the effect
of profiling will be only slight. Figure 2 presents the results of calculating ap/asm from
(II) as a function of S/d for the condensation of HiO at Ti = 3730K, Nlls and F- 12 at T i =
3000K, AT = IOK and D = 16"10 -3 m. By virtue of (II) the variation of Ti over a broad in-
terval has little effect on ap/asm. As AT increases, the ratio ap/asm falls, to a greater
degree than for a smooth tube.
For liquids with different surf_ace tensions, as a result of the different values of ~f,
at the same S and d the maximum of ap/asm is reached at different values of S/d. The smaller
o, the smaller the value of S/d at which the maximum enhancement is reached. Figure 2 also
gives the experimental data on the condensation of almost stationary water vapor on a single
brass tube with various finning pitches at d = 1.5 m m and T i = 3730K. In the experiments
the mean wall temperature was measured by means of a copper resistance thermometer lald in
the wall along the spiral. Clearly, the agreement between the experimental and the theo-
retical data is qulte satisfactory.
312
It is legitimate to calculate Up from these relations when Tw = const for all ~ and the
tube generator (with respect to x).
The variation of AT with respect to x is found by solving the heat conduction equation
for the wall:
a2Tw + ~ 7 ~ = 6, ( 13)
a~ 2 ax~
where y is reckoned from the inner surface of the tube.
The boundary conditions are
x = O, x = l , a T w = o ; ( 14)
ax
( OTw~ ~" AT.
y = 0 , Tw=Tw. o; y = Bw ~\ T, ) =-
6---~-
( 15)
The t h i c k n e s s o f t h e c o n d e n s a t e f i l m on t h e i n t e r v a l 11, whe r e t h e c o n d e n s a t e f l o ws
t o wa r d t h e wi r e , i s d e t e r mi n e d b y a n a l o g y wi t h [ 2] f r o m t h e r e l a t i o n
= [ 4 ~ A T x , ]o.~5.
6x ] pr [dP/dxl j (16)
As a r e s u l t o f t h e n u me r i c a l s o l u t i o n o f ( 13) we o b t a i n e d t he t e mp e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n
wi t h r e s p e c t t o x:
AT ( ~ 1 o . osTm
= - - 9 (17)
Here AT = T i -- To is the temperature drop at x : l, which is given beforehand in the solu-
tion. From (|7) we find the mean AT with respect to l:
A~ = Ar o ( 18)
1 + 0. 067 Bi
The v a l u e o f AT i s s u b s t i t u t e d i n e x p r e s s i o n ( ~) .
Ac c o r d i n g t o ( 1 8 ) , a t Bi < ! i t i s p o s s i b l e t o as s ume t h a t ~T = ATo, i . e . Tw = c o n s t
wi t h r e s p e c t t o x.
Compa r i ng ( 17) wi t h t h e e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h e v a r i a t i o n o f AT o v e r t h e h e i g h t o f t h e f i n s
f r o m [ 2 ] , we f i n d ( F i g . 3) t h a t f o r t h e s ame Bi t h e n o n t s o t h e r ma l i t y on f i n n e d s u r f a c e s i s
much g r e a t e r t h a n on a s u r f a c e p r o f i l e d wi t h wi r e . As shown i n [ 6, 7 ] , f o r wa t e r v a p o r c o n -
d e n s i n g on f i n n e d s t a i n l e s s s t e e l and t i t a n i u m t u b e s ( Bi >> | ) t h e r e i s no h e a t t r a n s f e r e n -
h a n c e me n t , wh e r e a s on wi r e - f i n n e d t u b e s e n h a n c e me n t o c c u r s [ 8 ] .
I n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f t h e c o n d e n s a t i o n o f wa t e r v a p o r [ 4, 8] o n a b u n d l e c o n s i s t i n g o f
s e v e n r ows o f t u b e s a r r a n g e d v e r t i c a l l y and t h e t e s t i n g o f a h o r i z o n t a l - t u b e ammoni a c o n -
d e n s e r [9] c o n s i s t i n g o f 34 r ows o f t u b e s h a v e shown t h a t , as c o mp a r e d wi t h s moot h t u b e
b u n d l e s , t h e r e i s a mor e t h a n 1 . 5 - f o l d e n h a n c e me n t o f h e a t t r a n s f e r . Howe ve r , o b t a i n i n g a
t h e o r e t i c a l e x p r e s s i o n f o r t he mean h e a t - t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t o v e r a b u n d l e o f p r o f i l e d
t u b e s wi l l r e q u i r e a mor e d e t a i l e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
NOTATION
~, v, a, Cpy r, o, and 0, thermal conductivity, kinematic viscosity, thermal diffusi-
vity, heat capacity, heat of vaporization, surface tension and liquid density, respectively;
lw, thermal conductivity of the wall; S, distance between wires; 12, width of the condensate
stream along the wire; D, tube diameter; Rin, inside radius of the tube; d, diameter of the
wire; I = S/2; x, coordinate along the generator of the tube; y, coordinate normal to x; z,
coordinate in the direction of flow of the condensate along the wire; 6w, tube wall thick-
ness; 6x, thickness of the condensate film; 61, same at x = l; Ti, vapor condensation tem-
perature; Tw, wall te_mperature at the boundary with the condensate film; To, wall tempera-
ture ne_ar the wire; u, heat transfer from the vapor to the wall; Uis , same for an isothermal
wall; Uo, the heat transfer to the cooling medium; AT - T i --Tw; ATo = Ti -- To. Pr = ~ / a ;
K = r/cpAT; Ga = gDS/vm; We = 2O/PESR; We/ = u d / o g ~ ' ; Bi = ~ w / ~ w 6 / ; [dP/dx I = 2 o d / l ~ l ~ .
313
L I T E R A T U R E C I T E D
I. V . G . Rifert, P. A. B a r a b a s h , a n d A. B. Golubev, " D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f the p a r a m e t e r s o f
f l o o d i n g b y c o n d e n s a t e o f the s u r f a c e o f h o r i z o n t a l tubes," Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved.,
Energ., No. lO, 92-96 (1978).
2. V . A . K a r k h u a n d V. P. B o r o v k o v , " F i l m v a p o r c o n d e n s a t i o n o n h o r i z o n t a l s m a l l - f i n n e d
tubes," Inzh.-Fiz. Zh., 1 9 , No. 4, 6 1 7 - 6 2 4 (1970).
3. V . G . R i f e r t , P. A. B a r a b a s h , a n d A. B. G o l u b e v , "Rate of w a t e r v a p o r c o n d e n s a t i o n o n
h o r i z o n t a l w i r e - p r o f i l e d tubes," Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Energ., No. 7, 106-110
(1980).
4. V . G . R i f e r t a n d P. A. B a r a b a s h , " H y d r o d y n a m i c a n d h e a t - t r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f
v a p o r i z a t i o n i n a f i l m o n a v e r t i c a l surface w i t h w i r e i n t e n s i f i e r s . I. S t u d y o f f i l m
h y d r o d y n a m i c s , " Inzh.-Fiz. Zh., 2_88, No. 5, 905-906 (1975) (Manuscript f i l e d w i t h the
A l l - U n i o n I n s t i t u t e o f S c i e n t i f i c a n d T e c h n i c a l I n f o r m a t i o n , Reg. No. 50-75 Dep.).
5. B r e s s l e r a n d Vait, ' W e t t i n g o f a s u r f a c e b y means o f c a p i l l a r y g r o o v e s , " T e p l o p e r e d a c h a ,
Ser. C, No. 2, 132-139 (1970).
6. A . F . Mills, G. L. Hubbard, a n d R. K. Janes, " E x p e r i m e n t a l s t u d y of f i l m c o n d e n s a t i o n
o n h o r i z o n t a l g r o o v e d tubes," D e s a l i n a t i o n , 16, No. 2, 121-133 (1975).
7. O . O . M i l ' m a n a n d G. G. S h k l o v e r , " D e p e n d e n c e of the m e a n v a l u e s of the h e a t - t r a n s f e r
c o e f f i c i e n t s o n the m e t h o d o f a v e r a g i n g , " T e p l o e n e r g e t i k a , No. 4, 2 4 - 2 9 (1977).
8. V . G . R i f e r t , A. I. Butuzov, a n d G. G. L e o n t ' e v , " H e a t - t r a n s f e r e n h a n c e m e n t in the
v a c u u m c o n d e n s e r s of d i s t i l l a t i o n e q u i p m e n t , " S u d o s t r o e n i e , No. 7, 28-30 (1974).
9. V . G . R i f e r t , P. A. B a r a b a s h , and A. B. Golubev, " H e a t - t r a n s f e r e n h a n c e m e n t in con-
densers w i t h h o r i z o n t a l w i r e - f i n n e d tubes," K h o l o d i l ' n a y a Tekh., No. 4, 23-25 (1981).
H E A T A N D M A S S T R A N S F E R IN THE C O N D E N S A T I O N R E G I O N O F
V A P O R F I L T E R I N G IN A D I S P E R S E L A Y E R
V. L. G a n z h a a n d G. I. Z h u r a v s k i i LrDC 5 3 2 . 5 4 6 : 5 4 7 . 9 1 2
A c a l c u l a t i o n of the p r o c e s s o f w a t e r - v a p o r c o n d e n s a t i o n as it filters t h r o u g h a
disperse m e d i u m is given. R e l a t i o n s are o b t a i n e d for d e t e r m i n i n g the rate of
g r o w t h a n d the m a g n i t u d e o f the h e a t e d zone.
R e c e n t l y , there h a s b e e n g r o w i n g i n t e r e s t i n the i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f v a p o r c o n d e n s a t i o n in
the course o f f i l t r a t i o n i n d i s p e r s e media, in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h the p r o s p e c t s for the use of
vapor--thermal m e t h o d s o f i n t e n s i f y i n g p e t r o l e u m and gas e x t r a c t i o n . V a r i o u s e m p i r i c a l a n d
s e m i e m p i r i c a l r e l a t i o n s for the c a l c u l a t i o n o f the m a g n i t u d e a n d g r o w t h rate o f the h e a t e d
(vapor-treated) zone o f a p e t r o l e u m d e p o s i t i n the f o r m o f a d i s p e r s e s p h e r e h a v e b e e n
w i d e l y u s e d in p r a c t i c e .
I n the p r e s e n t w o r k , o n the basis o f p h y s i c a l a n d m a t h e m a t i c a l m o d e l s o f the v a p o r -
c o n d e n s a t i o n p r o c e s s i n a d i s p e r s e m e d i u m [l, 2], an a t t e m p t is m a d e to o b t a i n m o r e g e n e r a l
a n a l y t i c a l r e l a t i o n s for c a l c u l a t i n g the h e a t i n g dynamics of v a p o r - t r e a t e d p e t r o l e u m
deposits. The f o l l o w i n g a s s u m p t i o n s are made: that f i l t r a t i o n is o n e - d i m e n s i o n a l ; that the
c o n d e n s a t i o n r e g i o n is o f d e p t h AH; that grad T = 0 a n d grad P = 0 o v e r the w h o l e region;
h a t there are n o h e a t losses; that the v a p o r flow rate at the inlet to the layer is c o n s t a n t
a n d e q u a l to G v. Thus, the e n e r g y e q u a t i o n o f the s y s t e m [ 2 ] , w r i t t e n for the c o n d e n s a t i o n
zone, takes the f o r m
dr , (I)
[(1 - - ~) Pc~ + e a ~ -'.- eeVtov~[ TT" = f pr p - - [ e a v ~ , v + a~Of~r dP dz
w h e re
% = T \ OP : r * w= T
' \ ap J r
A. V. L y k o v I n s t i t u t e o f H e a t and Mass T r a n s f e r , A c a d e m y o f S c i e n c e s o f the B e l o r u s s i a n
SSR, Minsk. T r a n s l a t e d f r o m I n z h e n e r n o - F i z i c h e s k i i Z h u r n a l , Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 438-441,
M a r c h , 1983. O r i g i n a l a r t i c l e s u b m i t t e d D e c e m b e r I0, 1982.
314 0 0 2 2 - 0 8 4 1 / 8 4 / 4 6 0 3 - 0 3 1 4 5 0 8 . 5 0 9 1984 P l e n u m P u b l l e h l n g Corporation