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The term'soil' has different meanings in different scientific fields. To an agricultural scientist, it means 'the loose material on the earth's crust consisting of disintegrated rock with an admixture of organic matter, which supports plant life' to a civil engineer, it means, the loose unconsolidated inorganic material on the earth's crust produced by the disintegration of rocks overlying hard rock with or without organic matter. Soil may remain at the place of its origin or it may
The term'soil' has different meanings in different scientific fields. To an agricultural scientist, it means 'the loose material on the earth's crust consisting of disintegrated rock with an admixture of organic matter, which supports plant life' to a civil engineer, it means, the loose unconsolidated inorganic material on the earth's crust produced by the disintegration of rocks overlying hard rock with or without organic matter. Soil may remain at the place of its origin or it may
The term'soil' has different meanings in different scientific fields. To an agricultural scientist, it means 'the loose material on the earth's crust consisting of disintegrated rock with an admixture of organic matter, which supports plant life' to a civil engineer, it means, the loose unconsolidated inorganic material on the earth's crust produced by the disintegration of rocks overlying hard rock with or without organic matter. Soil may remain at the place of its origin or it may
Assessment of Soil Stabilization Using Fly Ash and Rice Husk Ash
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INTRODUCTION The term soil has different meanings in different scientific fields. It has originated from the Latin word solum. To an agricultural scientist, it means the loose material on the earths crust consisting of disintegrated rock with an admixture of organic matter, which supports plant life. To a geologist, it is a mixture of organic matter, which has not been transported from the place of origin. But to a civil engineer the term soil means, the loose unconsolidated inorganic material on the earths crust produced by the disintegration or rocks overlying hard rock with or without organic matter. Foundations of all structures have to be placed on or in such soil, which is the primary reason for our interest as civil engineers in its engineering behavior. Soil may remain at the place of its origin or it may be transported by various natural agencies. It is said to be residual in the earlier situation and transported in the latter. 1.1 ORIGIN OF SOILS:- Soils are formed by weathering of rocks due to mechanical disintegration or chemical decomposition. When a rock surface gets exposed to atmosphere for an appreciable time, it disintegrates or decomposes into small particle and thus the soils are formed. Soil may be considered as an incidental material obtained from the geologic cycle which goes on continuously in nature. The geologic cycle consists of erosion, transportation, deposition and upheaval of soil. Exposed rocks are eroded and degraded by various physical and chemical processes. The products of erosion are picked up by agencies of transportation such as water and wind, and are carried to new locations where they are deposited. This shifting of the material disturbs the equilibrium of forces on the earth and causes large scale earth movements and upheavals. This process results in further exposure of rocks and the geologic cycle gets repeated. If the soil stays at the place of its formation just above the parent rock, it is known as residual soil or sedentary soil. When the soil has been deposited at a place of its origin, Assessment of Soil Stabilization Using Fly Ash and Rice Husk Ash
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it is called a transported soil. The engineering properties of residual soils vary considerably from the top layer to the bottom layer. Residual soils have a gradual transition from relatively fie material near the surface to large fragments of stones at greater depth. The residual soil formation is generally limited to a few meters. The engineering properties of transported soils ate entirely different from the properties of the rock at the place of deposition. Deposits of transported soils ate quite thick and ate usually uniform. Most of the soil deposits with which a geotechnical engineer has to deal ate transported soils.
Assessment of Soil Stabilization Using Fly Ash and Rice Husk Ash
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1.2 FORMATION OF SOIL :- Soil is formed by the process of wearing of rocks, that is disintegration and decomposition of rocks and minerals at or near the earths surface through the actions of natural or mechanical and chemical agents into smaller and smaller grains. The factors of wearing may be atmospheric, such as changes in temperature and pressure; erosion and transportation by wind, water and glaciers; chemical action such as crystal growth, oxidation, hydration, carbonation and leaching by water, especially rain water, with time. Obviously, soils formed by mechanical weathering (that is disintegration of rocks by the action of wind, water and glaciers) bear a simplicity in certain properties to the minerals in the parent rock. Since chemical changes which could destroy their identity does not take place. It is to be noted that 95% of the earths crust consists of igneous rocks and only the remaining 5% consists of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. However sedimentary rocks are present on 80% of the earths surface area. Feldspars are the abundantly present (60%) in igneous rocks. Amphiboles and pyroxenes, quartz and micas come next in that order. Rocks are altered more by the process or chemical weathering than by mechanical weathering. In chemical wearing some minerals disappear partially or fully, and new compounds are formed. The intensity of weathering depends upon the presence of water and temperature and dissolved materials found in water which cause the weathering of rocks. Chemical weathering has the maximum intensity in humid and tropical climates. Leaching is the process of where by water- soluble parts in the soil such as calcium carbonate are dissolved and washed out from the soil by rain fall or percolating subsurface water. Leaching soil, in which certain areas of Kerala abound, is formed by leaching. Harder minerals will be more resistant to the weathering action, for example, Quartz, present in igneous rocks. But, prolonged chemical action may affect even such as Assessment of Soil Stabilization Using Fly Ash and Rice Husk Ash
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clay minerals illite, kaolite, and montmorillonite. Clay mineralogy has grown into a very complicated and broad subject. 1.3 EXPANSIVE SOILS The stability and bearing power of the soil is considerably improved by soil stabilization through controlled compaction, proportioning and the addition of suitable admixtures. Swelling soil is not suitable for the construction work on account of its volumetric changes. It swells and shrinks excessively with change of water content. Such tendency of soil is due to the presence of fine clay particles which swell, when they come in contact with water, resulting in alternate swelling and shrinking of soil due to which differential settlement of structure takes place. Stabilization of black cotton soil has been done in this project work by using stone dust as admixture. 1.4 BLACK COTTON SOIL Expansive soils are soils or soft bedrock that increases in volume or expand as they get wet and shrink as they dry out. In India this Expansive soil is called black cotton soil. Colour of this oil reddish brown to black and this helps for cultivation of cotton, so is called black cotton swelling soil covers about 20% of the land area in India. They are also commonly known as bentonite, expansive, or Black Cotton soil. In India Black cotton soil also known as regurs are found in extensive regions of Deccan Trap. They have variable thickness and are underlain by sticky material locally known as Kali MittiIn terms of geotechnical Engineering, Black Cotton Soil is one which when associated with as engineering structure and in presence of water will show a tendency to swell or shrink causing the structure to experience moments which are largely unrelated to the direct effect of loading by the structure.
Assessment of Soil Stabilization Using Fly Ash and Rice Husk Ash
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Fig1.1 Black Cotton Soil These clays are characterized by 1. Having a particle size, below 2 micron. 2. A large specific surface area (SSA)and 3. A high Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC). 4. High liquid limit and plasticity index. Black cotton soils are one of the most prevalent causes of damage to buildings and construction. This in turn can be immense loss to a nations economy. The damages that can be result from construction on swelling soil can include. 1. Severe structural damage, 2. Cracked driveways, sidewalks and basement floors, 3. Heaving of roads and highway structures, 4. Condemnation of buildings, 5. Disruption of pipelines and sewer lines.
Assessment of Soil Stabilization Using Fly Ash and Rice Husk Ash
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1.5 DISTRIBUTION IN INDIA In India, an area about one-fifth is occupied by black cotton soil. The area covers mostly the Deccan Trap plateau, between 73 o 80 East longitude and 15 o to 24 o north latitude. Thus, most of soil in and around Mumbai, Madras, Gwalior, bundelkh and Khandwa, Indore, Nagpur and even some on the river banks is Black cotton. That means these soils are predominant in Deccan trap plateau region, 1.6 TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS:- Black cotton soils are generally reddish brown to black in colour and occur from 0.5m to 10m deep and have high compressibility. The generally observed characteristics of black cotton soils are recorded in table below:- S.No PROPERTY VALUE 1 Specific Gravity 2.69 2 Atterberg Limits Liquid Limit 44% Plastic Limit 20% Plastic Index 24% Shrinkage Limit 24.34% 3 Standard Proctor test Maximum Dry Density 1.4g/cc Optimum Moisture Content 16.28% 4 Grain Size Analysis Sand 25% Silt 30% Clay 45% 5 Shear Parameters Cohesion 0.6kg/cm 2
Angle of Internal Friction 11 0
6 Free Swell Index 75%
Assessment of Soil Stabilization Using Fly Ash and Rice Husk Ash
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1.7 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION Black cotton Soil are made of varying properties of clay minerals like Montmorillonite, Illite and Kaolinite, chemicals like iron oxide and calcium carbonate (in the form of canker nodules), and organic matter like humus. Montmorillonite is the predominant mineral of Black cotton soils. The swelling and shrinkage behavior of black cotton soil originate mainly from this mineral are hydrous silicates of aluminum and magnesium. They are made of sheets of silica (tetrahedral) and alumina (octahedral) stacked on above the other forming sheet like of flaky particle. Montmorillonite has a three-sheeted structure with expanding lattices. The structure carries negative charge, due to isomorphic substitution of some aluminum ions by magnesium ions and minerals become chemically active. Table 1.7 Chemical Composition of Black Cotton Soil S.No. Property Range 1. pH value >7(Alkaline) 2. Organic content 0.4 to 204% 3. CaCO 3 5 to 15% 4. SiO 2 50 to 55% 5. SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 3 to 5% 6. Montmorillinite mineral 30 to 50%
Problems associated with black cotton soil : Black Cotton soils are problematic for engineers everywhere in the world, and more so in tropical countries like India because of wide temperature variations and because of distinct dry and wet seasons, leading to wide variations in moisture content of soils. The following problems generally occur in black cotton soil. High compressibility Black Cotton soils are highly plastic and compressible, when they are saturated. Footing, resting on such soils under goes consolidation settlements of high magnitude. Assessment of Soil Stabilization Using Fly Ash and Rice Husk Ash
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Swelling A structure built in a dry season, when the natural water content is low shows differential movement as result of soils during subsequent wet season. This causes structures supported by such swelling soils to lift up and crack. Restriction on having developed swelling pressures making the structure suitable. Shrinkage A structure built at the end of the wet season when the natural water content is high shows settlement and shrinkage cracks during subsequent dry season. Effects of black cotton soil on structures Because of affinity of black cotton soil to the moisture, seasonal movement of moisture to the soil below the structure during wet and dry season respectively, creates a cumulative increase of moisture below the structure and produces a dome shaped heave at the central proportions of the structures thus leading to differential of level. Differential causes inclined cracks in structure flexible road pavements shows waviness and rigid pavement produces cracks. The pavement cracks in may even reach the de seated sub grade, which during subsequent wet season may be filled water and make the road unserviceable. Canals in the black cotton soil areas develop large transverse cracks, which during flooding open out, and cause heavy leakage and even failure of embankment. Cracks in any number do not really pose a threat to the safety of the structures, except when they are too wide or they continue to increase in width. Starting as hair cracks they go on widening. Season, the piers are still supported by friction with the soil. When it begins to rain, water enters deep into the soil through the cracks. After 5 to 10 large storms, the soil swells, lifting the house and piers. In the dry season, the groundwater table falls and the soil dries and contracts. As tension cracks grow around the pier, the skin friction is reduced and the effective stress of the soil increases (due to drying). When the building load exceeds the remaining skin friction or the effective stress of the soil increases to an all-time high, adhesion is broken by this straining, and the pier sinks.