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mE FIELD .ARTILLERY 5<200L
t'URT .SILL, OKL.AH01:A
THESI S
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hb .
THE 75-11:. PACK HO',7ITZER, l! I AS A L.A1IDI!TG
GUN 'J ITH n.!ALL EXPEDI TIONARY WRCES
By
J .H. Sti11r.an
1st Lieut., U.S.l:.C.
Battery Officers' Co-J rse,
1932- 1933
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THE 15-1!M. PACK HOIVITZER, M I .AS A LANDING GUN
WITH SMALL EXPEDITIONARY FORCE3
The above subject is limited in this thesis to cover the
transportation ot the 15-mn. Pack Howitzer, 1l I trom ship to shore and
its in1tial fire missions thereafter without discussing its transporta-
tlon inland. as a beachhead is strer,gthened. 'rhe sUbjeot weapon is a.u
improved model developed .from the '15-mn. Pack Howitzer, T I and M1932
E 2 carr1age. Thechanges are in minor details of oonstruction am.
equipnent that have proved desirable after being tested.
A brief discussion or the Paok Howitzer should clar1f~ the
following pages. Theweapon 1s &n essentiall~ compa,otand sturdy one.
I.t 1s roughly ti ve feet long by three feet wide by three teet high w.hen
in the travelling position. Its weight in ~is position 1s 1389 pounds,
and 120 pounds less in the firing position. It is designed to be dis-
mantled into ten component parts the maviest ot whioh 11 235.5 po-.mds,
ani the 11g&4test (the panoramio telescoIe) 10.5 pounds. The original
1dea or this construotion was to allON the pieoe to be transported in
paCk lends. This is an excellent arrangenJ 'nt for stow1ng in a small
boat and for carrying ashore from a boat, as I shall bring out later.
The ~ition for this pieoe is of two types, shell (13.5 pounds) and
shrapnel (15.96 pounds) .*
The ships available to transport expeditionar~ foroes or the
Armyani Mar1neCorps are Naval or Military 'l'ransparts, battleships or
oruisers. Other ships ot the Navy kre not SUited ror the carryillg of
troops beyond the sh1ps comp1ement. Theabove types of ships m~ybe,
and. have been in the plst, supplemented by oommercial ships. An enmple
of thl. was the transport of ]tortion of the Th1rd ljr1gade at Llarir:es
to China on the President Grant in A~il 1927. These comnercial 8h1~
are natura113 not equl:p~d tor troop aarr31ng or landing. but CWl be
Notes on the 75-mm. Pack Hawitzer Materiel M~. :page7.
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put in the class ot tramports for tm purpose of this thesis. The
snnll boats a.vailable for effecting landi.ngs frommilItary transports
or ~aval vessels are woodenmotor launches from 24 feet in length to 50
feet in length. The majority of small boats at present sr8 the 50 foot
type, ani are the only oms ot sufficient size to pro;Ferly land &n ex-
ped1tionary force. They are sturdy open boats of avera.ge speed With
a capaoi ty or 120 men fully equipped for landIng expeditions Viemay
assume t.hat similar boats would be plaoed aboard oommercial vessels prIor
to their being used to transport expedi tionary forces.
Captain Robert Renderson, U. 3. Navy. has dis cussed the worth or
rather worthlessm ss of the present type of Navy small boats referred to
above.--. This paper is based upon the fact that haVing nothing better to
deal with we must cOllsider these boats. It is only fair nonetheless to
consider hONthe :PackHowitzer would function for landing pu.rposes if a
new tHe of boat nowunder consideration by the Navy and Marine Corps
were adopted. This new type is still in the experimentals tages in our
services. A similar boa.t first aPl'8ued at Gallipoli during the World
War and was sponsored by the Brl ti sh Forces there. This boat was known
as a "Beetle Boat" because of its spoon bOW.squire stern and two booms
used for raising a r~p or lower~ng the same; all of these features giVing
the boat the general appearauce ota beetle. This boat was of a somewhat
larger size than could be carried on the type..of troop transports I have
meI)tioned, but is noteworth~ because it was the forerunner of a new tYI;e
of laming boat.
our Navy developed a specie of "Beetle Boat" to be used for .
laDding expeditionary forces in 1923. Built along the gemral lines of
our standard 50 toot Navy motor launch preViously referred to it carried
120 men fully eqUipped tor a landixg expedi t1on and. had deck sp;1.cefor
Landing Force Manual, U. S. Navy.
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Ar my War College Lectures 1925-1926. Pages 7-21 "Embarkation,
Disembarkation and Laniing Operations"_
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a 15-mn. gun o~speoial design. This t~pe was used on tn, :N~v~
Culebra Maneuvers ot 1924 with moderate success. In 1929 the Nav~
started developing, "and has since kept improving a "Beetle Boat"
known as the "Model A". It is a 50 foot boat With 1m Qrmored deck
covering the entire pasaeLger and pay load part ot the deck, which in
the standard Navy 50 foot motor launch is onl~ protecte~ by tl:e lOR
wooden sides of the boat. It has steel doors in tis bowWhich may be
thrown open to ei ther side, and through mioh the troops of a landing
force would eftect a landing once the bowwas on the beach. None of
the present stanlard ty;pes of' field gun in our service excepting the
75-mn. Pack Howitzer l!I could be passed in o~out through this open-
ing in the bOR~,Because ot its narrow wJ .dth (38 inches) Pack
HOW1 tzer could be passed in or out' either assembled or a piece at a
time.
The "Beetle Boat"t 'Model At is very exr-ensive in production
as the slSc1al anncr used costs a dollar a pound, and 5,000 pounds are
required'~ boat. TheNavy has, made no announcement as to the ado:ption
I
of such boats in the near future, 'but the tact that they have been used
,in every major l:andlng operation on e1ther a large or small scale, since
their appearance at Gallipoll would remer the type ot sp'cial interest
to landing farces. There is no d~ubt ;that an armored boat of the
general ".Beetle" type Will restrict the size ot a laniing gun that ttlS3
be carried on it. or rather in it. Onthe other hand it does not seem
};a"obabletlJ at one Will bo conatruo ted or would. be practioable with an
opening ot lesa than tbree feet bJ tbree teet \\hIch woa.ld ofter free
passage t o t he Pack Howi t zer .
This discussion or boats has seemed mcessar1 to the writer
to Indicate the adoption of the Pack Havltzer to the present standllord
type, am also to tbe most probable tn>e we may expeot in the near
tu.ture. It a fla t decled bargelike boat Wi th a landirg rsmp were
to be expected to appear for geLeral use in our services almost any
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li!jlt field [;Un could be easily transported ashore. Sucha boat has
not been disoussed by the TIavyexcept for th.ehea.vier oalibres, which
are beyond the scope of this thesis. Fromthis fact the Pack Howitzer
has the a.dvantage or adaptabill ty to bOats over other types of light
field guns nOwvstandard in our service.
Several types of light ca.is~on or arJ :unition oart have been
experirr.ented wi th by the U.S. rarine Corps for the an:unition supply
of the Pa?k HO.i~i tzer wi th landin3' parties. none has been adopted as
a standard as yet. The tYI:es have been lir:;ht box bodies of the sim-
plest construction placed upon a two wheeled chassis with a
,.,., ,.
.. shaped
tONingbar for ren to pull on. The type used by Batter~7 "An, 1st
Battalion, Tenth l,"arines. on the joint HlrNs.iianr.:cneuvers in 1932was
of the above desi:;n with a woodenbody. Thro..rvnover the side of a
s~al l bOat (e~ty) it oould be easily dragged ashore end loaded there.
It Viasloaded with 24 1.0ur.dsin 6 boxes and weic1ledrou.;hly 700 rounds,
thE' a.r:.r:.unition0O!!J 'rlsin~6::0 pounds of the load. /
There are four impOr tant phases to the transpor tntion 0f ,J
landin~ ~uns fron a ship to their initial firing positions ashore.
They are, in ordE'r of occurrence; fro~ the ship t o srall boats in the
v:ater; froi., there to th!' beach; frcn the benched boats to the shore;
and fror.1the shore to their initial firing positions. T"nedifficulty
of perfor:r.:ing any of these Operati ons varie s wi th Vies. ther condi tions,
type of beach, etc. ~llis paper oonsiders the type of ship and sn.all
boat preViously referred to as they are the only type available to
our servioes at present, and will consider the ~ore unfavorable type
of sea, shore and beachhead. The above fbur phases are, because of
their nature, each sOin:portant that :failure to accorr:plish a.nyone
results in failure to achieve the set task, i.e. the establishing of
the landing gun in its initial firing position ashore. I shall deal
with the phases in the order g1ven above.
The first phase ma,1 be accomplished in two general ways.
One Is by placing the weapon in tbe -boat in the chocks or falls
aboard sh1p, and then lowering the boat overslde. The second Is the
lower1ng or the boat overside Ilnd then loading it e1ther from a land-
ing stage or by ~s or a crane or system or bloclG and tackle to
the waterborne boat. As the latter case is 81ther impossible or at
le&st impractlcable wlthout d~ to the boat in rough weather, only
the far~r method will be considered here.
The Pack Har1tzer may be lifted in the travelling pos1tion
by the beat crane vb.ich 1s to lorer th9 boat, and lashed downbefore
the baa.t Is loosened !rom i ~s chocks or falls. Tm app-cxlmate dimen-
slons of tl:e piece in th1s pOS1tlon ~e 56 Inches by 38 wches by 32
1nches. It 1s contemplated here tmt two gtUlsam their crews wlll be
placed In one small boo. t for Imdlng purposes. The two dlsadvantages
to thls ~thod are tha. t a solid obJ ect or this weight is easill tossed
about 1n a rough seaway Wi th da~er of d&J :lageto boat and pasS8lgers,
ani the tact that the weaponmust be dlsmantled before be1ng' carried
ashore. The simpler and more efflcient lIethod is to dlsmantle the
piece prior to placing It in the boat, a.nd then lower1Dg tl:e boat over-
side 8lld br1nging it alongside the landing stage to receive the gun
crews.
This method is described here as It may be accomplished With
a faarteen mangun crew.
To disassemble for plaoing parts or piece In small boat.
1.- The commandsares (1)- Prepare to d1smantle.
(2) Dismmt1e.
2.- The gunner WlStrapa the cinch. No's. 9 &: 10 11ft ott
the rear trail am accesscries laying on top; the gunner lifting the
Slsnt.ani tool chests clear of the top slelgb at the same time and
plactng themin the boat. No's. 11&: 12.lay the rear trail to the
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left of the 1
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iece; tm'"lrap the Ii f'tingobars and handspike fromthe
r::anta; revlrap the xr.antaaround all other n.cces~oriest and carry these
Onthe rear trail to the boat \11 return tram the boat after dropping
their loads
.3.- ~To.1unlocks the top slei;h wi th the handspike. lTo's.
7& 8 carry the top sleigh to the boat and return.
4.- no's 11 & 12 slip the small lifting bar into the breech
ring eyebol t. At the salte tiffielTo. 2 slips a liftin3' bar throus'h the
.fOhVa,rdtube ring and turns the Howitzer till the eye is vertioal.
no. :3 then grasps the other end of the lif'tin3 ba.r and they slide the
.
tube forwa.rd, braoin~ their feet a~ainst the .uheels to hold the cradle
during the operation. lTo's. 11 & 12 then lift OJ ~tthe breech ring,
place it in the boat and return to the piece.
5.- No's. 4 &5 insert a liftin~ bar in the rear tUbering
and together wi th lIo' s. 2 & 3 they carry the tube to the boat and all
return. to the piece.
5.- No's. 7,8,9 &10 insert their lifting bars and carry the
botton sleigh and oradle assembled to the boat.
7.- 7Ihile No's. 2.& 3 support the front trail, no's. 1&: 6
removethe Wheels and axle. I~o'5. 1& 6 carry the wheels and axle to
the bOat. no' s. & 5 join 2 & :3 and they carry the front trail and to\'1-
ing bar to the boat.
8.- Iro's. 13 & 14 tow andplace the cai sson car t in boat
aided by lio's. 11& 12, and then load the designated amount of am:nunition
(boxed) in the' 'lx:>a t.
9.- TheChief' of Section reports his section aboard as soon
as the caisson cart and arrcmuni tion are in the boat. Hecarries, the
handspike VI i th hio.
10. - All Cnnnoneers assist in loadin
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~unition in the boat
Whenth"elr parts of the piece are 10aded.
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Thepassage of the small boat from shipside to shore is one
that comerns the transport of the landing gun in a single ratter, but
that is a very important one. '!VIa faotors concern the safety and speed
of a small boat in the water; one is the condition of the sea, the
other the weight and nature or the load. Assuming-the weight to be
proper So 10ad Irsy well be dangerous because of its tendency to be thrown
'abo~t in a rou:;h sea. Its individual weit:;ht zr.ayfit the lOad require-
Ir.ents, but its movin5weif;ht would result in injury to passengers, and
possibly the staving in Of the si aes of the boat. ThehapIJ iest ending
to be hoped for in this event would be that the boa.t could makethe
shore at any pOint in any tirne at all in order to save the passengers
and what part of the load as r.:i
5
ht be saved. Theprobable outcome in
a bad sea ,,'~ouldbe the sinking of the ooat. A lal'ger field gun than the
Pack Hovl1tzar would, through its greater weight, tend to CauselLOre
daILage, and be harder of control if bems thrown around than the small,
COlr:pacthowi tzer. Even though lashed downit would req Uire a complicated
systa: Of lashing, and have a greater chance of break
in
3 loose. The
Pack Howitzer itself, exoept under good weather conli tions would be a
for~idable bulk to be loosened in a tossing boat. It is neither desir-
able nor expedient that the above conti~~encies arise. ~o be a success,
a landing expedition ~ust adhere as strictly as possible to ti~s and
places of landing and the bOat should be returned to the ship in sea-
worthy cOluition in order to ~aintain liaison and ferry supplies to
troops ashore.
Ther.-ethodprevioasly referred to of breaking the PaCkHonit-
zer into its co~onent parts prior to leavi~~ the ship obviates the
danger outlined above, and further eliminates the necessity of dis-
n:a.ntling the piece enroute to t.~eshore or on the beach prior to Ull-
loadin-~. T'lleheaviest part Of the disasserr.bled Pack HOWitzer being
235 pounds it r::.a.ybe held in the bottom of the boat by the rre~bers of
the gun oreYIVii thout lashin:;s or danger to themor the bOat. 1"nis
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J ?oint is iItJ ?ortant inasmuch as their are no speoial attachn:ents for
seouring heavy weights on the sltall boats whioh would be available to.
landing e~ed1tions. Referring to the opening .sentence of this J ?ara-
graph I pOint out that the. single way in which this phase COncerns the
transport of the landing gun is that thro ueh its Ownweis:ht and un-
weildlness it l:!J .yso darr.a:;ethe boat in \'v'hiab it is being oarried that
nei ther the gun r-or its ore\7will reach the beach.
Thebest feature of the Pack HO\vltzer as a landing gun is
that is ~ay be landed from a beaChed poat any place that ~en ~ay be land-
ed wi th no speoial gear except a few lengths of 1/2 inch standard n:anila
line. l!ormally this rr,anila line is not reqUired. t:en in the boat pass
the parts of the HeMi tzer overside to r:en in the water, (whoare part
of the gun's ore.v, and have oors ashore in the sarre boat) the latter
carryi~ themashore to the designated asse~bly J ?lace. This operation
is desoribed hEre as eooor:plished by the preViously rr.entioned 14 ra.n
gun crew.
..
Duties of the gun section in r.:akinga landing party:
1- TheChief of Seotion is the firs t l'!a.n ashore. He carries
the handspike With him; seleo~s the position for:assemblin~ the piece,
unless it has been designated by the Executiv~ Officer; and reports his
seotion ready by raising his hand.
Thegunner follows the Chief of Seotion oarryin~ the si~ t
and tool chests. He aids in assembling the piece.
3- Thenext ashore are Uo's. 1 to 10 inclusive . They jurrlP
over the side and carry parts ashore in the following order:
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(a) 1 &6 take the wheels and axle asse~bled.
(b) 2,3,4 &; 5 take the front trail, rockers, and toWingbar.
(0) 7, 8, 9 &; 10 take the botto~ sleighand oradle.
(d) 1 & 6 return and take the breech assembled. These
parts are passed to themby l~'s. 11 to 14 inclusive
.No's. 2 to 10 return to the boat as soon as they
have assembled their part of the piece.
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4- The next loads ar.d carriers are lia ted in ~!eir order ot .
going ashore:
(a) No's. 2,3,4, &6 ta~ t he tube.
(b) no's. 1 &8 take the top sle1gn.
(d) Eo's. 11 &12 take tbe caisson cart.
No's. 1 to 10 tnen stay with the piece until assembled
when they eIther tam tl~lr posts for servic1Dg the piece or mkJ 1tile
drags if' it is to be moved prior to fir1ng.
5- NO'a. 11, 12 &13 ma~ trips between the piece ashore and
the boat ca.u-ry1Dganmun1t1on pr.ssed to themby" No. 14 in the boat. The
load 1s one box Per mn slung in the sling p"ov1ded for that purpose.
6- Om box of amnunit10n 1s strapped to the piece prior to
moving.
1- No' 8. 11 to 14 continue un.l~d1ng ~i t10n till they have
a caisson cart load when they 1mned1ately J o1n their section. (uo's. 1
to 10 or part of themmay return to the beach to aid in br1nging up the
caisson oart after the piece hli&Sbeen placed 1n action.
A variation to this procedure would be when a boat oould not
be grounded on a beach wtere the bottom drOpped sharply away towards sew.,
ani the ooat could. be held into the shore at the bow, but lmn could not
walk on the DottomaroUDl tlle boat due to the depth or the water. In
this c,,"seone end of 1/2 1nChmanil"- lIne would be p1.ssed to men ashore
am the other secured to ~t or the PaCk Howitzer, the piU't thrcmn
overslde, and dragged ashore by melIbers of the crew laLded from the bow
where contact was established. The tUbe and breeoh ~e saved from serious
damage dur1ng this immersion in sea water by the tube and breech covers
Parts s~h as the sight and ammunition would have to be !BSSed ashore in
Figure 96, Page 90, Par. 31 1., page 98, Notes an the 15-mn. Pack
HOWitzer Materiel.
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order to prevent damagefrat:. seawater, but that would not noticeably
slow the establishr:.ent of the Hcx'/itzer ashore. This r.-ethodwas suc-
cessfully ernployedby Batter~1 ttAftl75-rm. Pack HONitzer), 1st Battalion,
Tenth rarines, durin0 the summerof 1931 at H.B., Quantico, Va., in
prel)aration for the jOint rraneU7ers off Hawaii in the sprin:; of 1932.
Ti~e of landing was slowed downconsiderably. but the pieces were asserr:bled
and ready for action in a reasonable time, andwere not effected by their
rou~ handling in being dragged over the bottom in sea water.
Z~eHo~itzer havi~~ been placed on the beach it still ~ust be ,~
reItoved to its ini tinl firinG' posi tion. It is reasonable to eX-fEctunder
unfavorable conii tions tha.t a steep slope or even cliff INill be the firs t
obstacle to overco~e to get the piece $vay fromthe beach. The liGht
weight of the PacleHoytitzer r:ak:es it poss ible for its 'ovmgUL crew to
manhandle it up a very 'ste'p slope. If the obstacle be too great it r:.ay
be carried up'a pieoe at a tire and asserebled at the top. Thenarrow
track, lighuless, lmvheight and compactness adapt the H~vitzer to
passage between trees, through n:udand sand or heavy undergrowth. It
is assumed that 'with a s::a11 expedi tionary force nO great distance need
be covered by a supporting weapon to its initial position; and this uis-
ta.nce can, with such a weapon, be rf.orerea.dily covered by manpChverthan
by 3ny system of draft or pack; keeping in Mindthat the weaponwould
have to wait near the pOint of landing for the motive pmver to be landed
prior to r:aking any progress inland.
This paper has cons1dered the -PackHow!tzer eoSiIJ gle weapon
for the purpose of plaoing i t on the beach in its initial firing. position.
T\vopieoes. their ca1ss~ns or carts and gun cr~/s rr.aybe easily carried
in the stand.ard 50 foot motor la.unchwith a. fair ar.-ountof srace for
atn1T.unitionleft over. Once ashore the pieces rr.aybe eI:-.ployedsingly,
in platoons or in batteries as desired. That is a tactical decision
and beyond the scope of thi s paper. ,
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The specifioations for the lYanufaatw'e of the 75-nrn. Pack
RONitzer 1.1 I are now in the possession of the Rock Island Arsenn,l,
and ~ignt ~asily be issued to others. ~ne weapon has been tested at
the Aberdeen Prov ing Ground, l:arylancl, and has provecl satisfactory
It is a sturdy piece of lijht artillery, built to tnke hard knocks,
and for that reason ideal for land"ing r~un PUX!J oses. I t is not the in-
tention of the writer to attempt to create the 1n;pressiol1 that the Pack
HO\'litzer \'laS designed as a landing gun. The l..:rL.... y developed this THeapon
for use as a. pack weapon, as the name implies. I t is merely a fOr-
tuitous circumstance that t r ~requireffients for a pack weapon cOincide
closely with those for n landing gun. It is rertinent here to recall
that i,n earliEr chapters the paint has been brou';ht out tha.t the HON-
itzer has actually been tested as a landing weapon, and that its
adaptabili ty and worth have been tried. This fact lifts the discussion
froI!~the realIr. of the theoretical to the plane Of actua.l facts.
~ne Pack Houltzer having be~n placeci on the beach the
question arises as to what type of weapon would be suitable in the
sort of country a sr:a.ll expedi t10nary force vlould choose to attack.
They would not assault a fortification of any strength, a city or well
organized" beachhead as their lack Of strenzoth would doOl::.such an ef-
u
fort to disaster before it 'were begun. The non:al landing that_ r.ight
be expected would be in ru~ed, hilly country without roads or easy
passage for wheeled vehicles. ~ough this thesis is lireited to the
initial firing position of the Pack Howitzer I do not think it an:lss
to bring forth here the fact that a pack weapon or rmuntain gun is
ezactly the type of weapon that is SUitable to operate in such terrain.
I have fu"lelt on the r:obility of the weapon before. now I r:erely re-
iterate to ~ore firmly establish its possibilities in ~roffiising
territory.
* Page II, Ordnance Pat~hlet No. 492.
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Themission of a laDding force is to get the greatest
llUlIi)er of nen ani quantit~ of mteriel a.shore; th9 men in goOdmorale;
the mteriel read~ for imnec1Iate ection This is directl~ appliCable
to the subject weapon of tilis thesis. The snall sp&cetalt;en up b~the
howitzer allows grea.ter numbers of men to be transported from the ss.me
ship In the a~ number of boats in the sane time" The ..,bovedefini t1on
Of the mission of a landing force is ver~ conQisel~ and abl, put by a
competent authority on the subject. It 1s so simply stated ttlat its
truth 1s obVious to ~one familiar With military operations, IiLd is
in realit~ a restatement of one of the leading doctrines of peesant da~
Army, Navy and Marine Corps Schools for officers, that the force arr1 v-
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1ng firs t With the mest nen and guns has the advantage at an.v pa.rticul-.r /
I
spot. Admiral LI.~. T~lor, u. ~. li.* has sa1cl that the essentials \)
to a successful l andi ng are: (1) surprise, (2) rapldit~, (3) farce.
T:ba first is accomplished by the assigmoont of tine ani place whioh ue
tac tical deci sions not to be consldered here. The third is a natter of
numbers of menavailable to land, and also beyond the scope of this
:Paper. The second essential, rapidi ty, is ver~ muchaided by the use
of the Pack RONi tzer as I have endeavored to point out heretofore.
The four phases referred to earlier dovetail one into another.
Each phase mst function smoothly in order that the next phase can go
forward. The Pack Howitzer is rugged snd compact in design, light in
weight, and. c&pilble of being brOken into its several pa.rts by means of
snap locking devises...... These features tend to lend the weapon speed
of movement in transi t and. abi1i ty to stand hard knocks. The~otfer it
passage from ship to beach, and trom beach to a firing position wherever
Capt. Robt. Henderson,. U.S.N., Embarkation, Disembarkation, and
La.ndi~ Operations. Page 1, Ann~ War College Lectures 1925-1926
Landi~ of Troops fram Ships ArmyWar College Lectures 1925-1926.
* Uotes on the 15-mm. Pack Howitzer Materiel 12: I.
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:mencan make their way. T"ne howitzer re'luires no elaborate e.CJ .uip-
r.:ent for this IJ assage, nor special' n:otive p",ver, be;,'Ond1:.811 power
for short dist~ces, even over rugged country. The success of' an
expedi tionary forae is largely dependent on the time V/ithin which
its coq>onent parts oan be put ashore ready for action. Landing
guns ure an in:portant pox t Of any landing expeci1tion. The 75-ran.
Paak HOWi tzer 1: I can be gotten ashore rapidly onder untoward con-
di tions of sea and beach. If we consider the ships t ooats, tmd
land.inG' guns we have to deal with in ow. services today, the Pack
Howitzer stands 0ut as the weapon to achieve the mission wi th
sped and surety.
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