01 ENB276 Column - I Single

Columns Columns -- II Columns Columns -- II
Queensland University of Technology

CRICOS No. 000213J
ENB276- Structural Engineering 1
ENB276 Structural Engineering 1
Recommended Text Recommended Text
Reinforced Concrete Basics 2E(2010) by
Foster, Kilpatrick & Warner, Pearson Education
AS3600:2009 (current BCA still references
AS3600:2001))
Others
Reinforced & Prestressed Concrete (2010) by Loo Reinforced & Prestressed Concrete (2010) by Loo
and Chowdhury, Cambridge University Press
Concrete Structures (1998) by Warner, Rangan, Hall Concrete Structures (1998) by Warner, Rangan, Hall
& Faulkes, Longman
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COLUMNS AND WALLS
Vertical compression members to support the Vertical compression members to support the
floor systems.
Transmit the vertical loads floor by floor to Transmit the vertical loads, floor by floor, to
the foundation.
A W ll i hi l b i h ll A Wall is a thin planar member with small
width compared to the its length.
Both may subjected to pure compression, or
compression with uniaxial or biaxial
bending.
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Loads applied to a column Loads applied to a column
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Column Stress Resultants Column Stress-Resultants
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Locations of M Locations of M
max
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Column Classification Column Classification Column Classification Column Classification

Short Column Slender Column
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Column Classification Column Classification Column Classification Column Classification
A column is classified as short if L
e
/r
for a braced column, less than or equal to the greater
f 25 d of 25 and
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|

*
2
*
1
1
15
'
38
M
M f
c
C
o
for an unbraced column less than or equal to 22
2001 : AS3600 for
N
N
M
M
or
u
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
0
*
*
2
*
1
6 . 0
1 1 60
L
e
= effective length
di f i f h l ' i
for an unbraced column, less than or equal to 22
where
r = Radius of gyration of the column's cross section
( ) ( ) ( ) 15 . 0 6 . 0 / for 6 . 0 / 5 . 2 25 . 2
* *
> =
uo uo C
N N N N o
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 15 . 0 6 . 0 / for 6 . 0 / 5 . 3 / 1
* *
< =
uo uo C
N N N N o
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Braced and Braced and Unbraced Unbraced Column Column II Braced and Braced and Unbraced Unbraced Column Column - - II
A column is considered
braced in a given plane
if th l t l t bilit t if the lateral stability to
the structure as a whole
is provided by walls or is provided by walls or
other suitable bracing to
resist all lateral forces in
A column is considered unbraced
that plane.
A column is considered unbraced
in a given plane where lateral
stability in that plane is provided y p p
by the column.
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Braced and Braced and Unbraced Unbraced Column Column II II Braced and Braced and Unbraced Unbraced Column Column - - II II
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Column Column DDesign esign Cretia Cretia Column Column DDesign esign Cretia Cretia
Find design axial force N* and design maximum moment M*
max
(factored for load combinations)
Column section and reinforcement are selected so that the Column section and reinforcement are selected so that the
design capacities M
u
and N
u
satisfy
**
Max u
M M > |
&
*
N N
u
> |
&
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D i f Sh t C l Design of Short Columns
N
bb
DD
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Design Parameters Design Parameters
A
s
: Area of Steel
f
c
: Concrete compressive strength
c
p g
f
sy
: Yield strength of the steel
Cover Cover
Tie Diameter
Spacing and Arrangement
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Behaviour and Load Capacity of Columns
affected by Lateral Reinforcements
Helical
Reinf.
Moderate
Spacing
Due to time
Closer
Spacing
Due to time
dependent
effects
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Squash load (Axial capacity) N Squash load (Axial capacity) N
u
85 . 0 72 . 0
1
s so
f A A f N + =
'
o
85 . 0 72 . 0
1
s so
sy s g c uo
f A A f N + =
1
o
yield stress of steel
cross sectional
'
1
003 . 0 0 . 1
c
f = o
area of concrete
concrete strength
total area of longitudinal reinforcement
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Plastic Centroid
A point on the cross section through which the applied load at failure
Plastic Centroid
A point on the cross section through which the applied load at failure
must be applied to ensure a uniform compressive strain.
dpc= Ag x fc x D/2 + A1 x fsy x d1 +A2 x fsy x d2
N
uo
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Example 1 (a) Example 1-(a)
Locate the Plastic Centroid of the following section
600 600
Design Parameters
fc = 25 MPa
14 / N20
250
100
14 / N20
R10 fitments
20 cover
150
Plastic
centroid
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Example 1 (b) Example 1-(b)
Calculate o
1
'
1
003 . 0 0 . 1
c
f = o
25 003 0 0 1
925 . 0
25 003 . 0 0 . 1
=
=
85 . 0 72 . 0
1
s so
But within the limits Thus o
1
=0.85
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Example 1-(c)
d
p
Cs1
p
Cs1
N
u0
Cs2
Cc1
Cc2
Cs3
Cc
Cc1 = 0.85x25x600x150 = 1912 kN
Cc2 = 0.85x25x100x150x2 = 638 kN
dc1 = 150/2 = 75 mm
dc2 = 150 + 100/2 = 200 mm
Cc2 0.85x25x100x150x2 638 kN
Cs1 = 5x310x500 = 775 kN
Cs2 = 5x310x500 = 775 kN
Cs3 = 4x310x500 = 620 kN
dc2 = 150 + 100/2 = 200 mm
ds1 = 20 + 10 + 20/2 = 40 mm
ds2 = 150 - (20 + 10 + 20/2) = 110 mm
ds3 = 250 - (20 + 10 + 20/2) = 210 mm
Total N
u0
= 4720 kN
ds3 250 (20 + 10 + 20/2) 210 mm
Taking moments about the top flange and noting that the
internal forces are equivalent to the external forces gives: q g
Cc1.dc1 + Cc2.dc2 + Cs1.ds1 + Cs2.ds2 + Cs3.ds3 = N
u0
.d
p
1912x75 + 638x200 + 775x40 + 775x110 + 620x210 = 4720 d
p
Hence d
p
= 109.2 mm
i.e. the plastic centroid is located 109 mm below the top of the Column.
Due to symmetry the plastic centroid is located 300 mm from left edge.
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Combined Bending and Axial Load Combined Bending and Axial Load

N
e

N
Failure
N
u
Loading
line
N
M = N*e
M = Ne
line
M
u
N
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Section Capacity Line
(Interaction Diagram)

N
Failure
Failure
line
D t
line
Does not
fail
M = Ne
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Selected Strain Distributions at Failure Selected Strain Distributions at Failure

N
0.003
Principal
compression
failure
N
0.003
B l d
failure
yield strain
Balanced
failure
Principal
M
0.003
Principal
tension
failure
> yield strain
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Variation for Columns
which are under-reinforced in pure bending
N
Principal
compression
N M
N
N
p
failure
N ,M
u u
N
u0.c
Balanced
failure
u
|N ,|M
u
N
u.bal
M
Principal
tension
failure
|
N
u0.t
0.6 0.8
failure
Variation for columns which are under-reinforced in pure bending
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Example Example 2 2 (a) (a) pp ( ) ( )
Determine the key points A,B,C,D and E on the section capacity line of
the column section shown in figure below for the case where there is
1200
2
f i f t i h f 1200 mm
2
of reinforcement in each face.
Bending takes place about the x- axis, f
c
=40 MPa and f
sy
=500 MPa
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Example Example 22 (b) (b)
As cross-section and reinforcement are symmetrical about x axis,
l ti t id li th t id l i
Example Example 2 2 (b) (b)
plastic centroid lies on the centroidal axis.
d = d
o
= 600-74 mm
=526 mm
p = As/(bd) = (2 x 1200)/(400x 600) = 0.01 p ( ) ( ) ( )
Calculation of the squash load N
uo
(Point A Cl 10.6.2.2)
=1.0-0.003 x 40=0.88
But 0.72<= <=0.85
N =0 85 x 40x 400 x 600 + 2x1200x500 = 9360 kN N
uo
=0.85 x 40x 400 x 600 + 2x1200x500 = 9360 kN
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Example Example 22 (c) (c)
Calculate the point for k
u
=1.0 (Point B Decompression Point Cl10.6.2.3)
d
n
= d = 526 mm, c
st
=0 and T=0
Example Example 2 2 (c) (c)
n
,
st
Calculate the rectangular stress block parameters
= 1.05-0.007 x 40= 0.77 & o
2
= 0.85
Concrete Compressive region
C
c
= 0.85 x 40x 400 x 0.77 x 526 = 5508 x1000 N
c
sc
= 0.003 x (526-74)/526 = 0.00258
o
sc
= 200 x1000 x 0.00258 = 515 MPa but > f
sy
= 500MPa
o
sc
= f
sy
= 500 MPa
Th C 500 1200 600 1000 N Then C
sc
= 500 x 1200 = 600 x 1000 N
N
u
= 5508 x 10
3
+600 x 10
3
-0 = 6108 kN
Taking moment about plastic centroid,
M = 5508 x 10
3
x(300 0 5 x 0 77 x 526) + 600 x 10
3
x (300 74) = 672kNm M
u
= 5508 x 10
3
x(300-0.5 x 0.77 x 526) + 600 x 10
3
x (300-74) = 672kNm
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Example Example 22 (d) (d)
Calculating the Balanced Point C (k
u
=k
ub
)
k = 0 545 so for k = k d = 0 545d = 287 mm
Example Example 2 2 (d) (d)
k
ub
= 0.545, so for k
u
= k
ub
, d
nb
= 0.545d = 287 mm
C
c
= 0.85 x 40 x 400 x 0.77 x 287 =3005 x 10
3
kN
c
sc
= 0.003 x (287-74)/287 = 0.00223 < c
sy
sc
= 200 x 10
3
x 0.00223 = 446 MPa
C
sc
= 446 x 1200 = 535 x 10
3
N
As strains are balanced, T = 500 x 1200 = 600 x 10
3
N
Summing the forces acting on the section, Su g t e o ces act g o t e sect o ,
N
u
= 3005 x 10
3
+ 535 x 10
3
600 x 10
3
= 2940 kN
Taking moment about plastic centroid g p
M
u
= 3005x 10
3
x (300 0.5 x 0.77 x 287) + 535 x 10
3
x (300-74)
+ 600 x 10
3
x (526 300)
= 826 kNm
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Example Example 22 (e) (e) Example Example 2 2 (e) (e)
Pure Bending (Point D)
For the point D N = 0 and depth of the natural axis d can be found by For the point D, N
u
= 0 and depth of the natural axis d
n
can be found by
iterating
until C
c
+ C
sc
-T = 0
d
n
(mm)
k
u
C
c
(kN) c
sc
o
sc
(MPa)
C
sc
(kN)
T (kN) C
c
+C
sc
-T
(kN)
100 0 190 1047 0 00078 156 187 600 +634 100 0.190 1047 0.00078 156 187 600 +634
74 0.140 775 0 0 0 600 +175
d
n
= 65 mm k
u
= k
uo
= 0.124
66 0.125 691 -0.00036 -73 -87 600 -4
Both the top & bot steel are in tension
M
uo
= 691 x 10
3
x (300 0.5 x 0.77 x 66) 87 x 10
3
x (300-74)
+ 600 x 10
3
x (526 300) mm = 306 kNm
Both the top & bot steel are in tension
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Example Example 22 (f) (f) Example Example 2 2 (f) (f)
C l l ti t i (P i t E) Calculating pure tension (Point E)
For point E , both top and bottom steel section are yielding and as For point E , both top and bottom steel section are yielding and as
the concrete is cracked and has no tensile capacity:
N
uo.t
= (1200 + 1200 ) x 500 N = 1200 kN
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Determination of Section Capacity Lines Determination of Section Capacity Lines
1. Calculate N
u0
, N
u0t
and locate the plastic centroid
2. Select a range of strain diagrams as defined by the
d th t th t l i k d d th f h depth to the neutral axis k
u
d
0
and then for each:
3. Calculate the corresponding forces in the concrete (C)
and the reinforcement (T) and the reinforcement (T)
4. Calculate the equivalent axial force and bending
moment M N moment M
u
, N
u
.
5. Calculate | and |M
u
, |N
u
.
6 Plot the points on the Section Capacity Lines 6. Plot the points on the Section Capacity Lines
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Example 3 (a) Example 3 (a)
From first principles, derive the Section Capacity Lines
(interaction diagram) for bending about the X-X axis of
the following column: the following column:
600
Design Parameters
1000
300
f
c
= 32 MPa
cover = 50 mm
R10 ties
10 / Y32
1000
X X
10 / Y32
(f
sy
= 400 MPa)
'
1
003 . 0 0 . 1
c
f = o
904 . 0 32 003 . 0 0 . 1
1
= = o
300
1 c
f
85 . 0 72 . 0
1
s so But within the limits Thus o
1
=0.85
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Example 3 (b) p ( )
Pure Axial Compression Load
N
u0
= 0.85f
c
bD + A
s
f
sy
= 0.85326001000 + 10800400 N
= 16 320 + 3 200 kN = 16,320 + 3,200 kN
N
u0
= 19,520 kN
| = 0.6 (refer AS3600 Table 2.2.2)
N 11 12 kN | N
u0
= 11,712 kN
acts through plastic centroid, d
p
below top.
The plastic centroid for a symmetrical section corresponds to the
elastic centroid.
Hence d
p
= 500.
p
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Example 3 (c)
Pure Axial Tension Load
N
u0t
= -A
s
f
sy
= 10800400 N = -10800400 N
= -3,200 kN
| ~ 0.8
| N
0t
= -2 560 kN | N
u0t
2,560 kN
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Example 3 (d) p ( )
Compression Force in Rectangular Stress Block

0.003
Ast4 d4

T
4
0.85f'c
fs4
d4
Ast3
Ast4 d4
d3
4
C
T
3
fs3
d4
d3 Mu
Nu
dc
Ast1
Ast2 d2
d1
T
2
T
fs1
fs2
d2
d1 Ast1
Strain
d1
T
1
d1
Stresses Forces Internal forces
C 0 8 f b k d C = 0.85f
c
bk
u
d
1
= 1.05 - 0.007 32 = 0.826
d
1
= 1000 - cover - tie dia - |/2
= 1000 - 50 - 10 - 32/2 = 924mm
C = 0.85326000.826k
u
924 N
C = 12 456k kN
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C 12,456k
u
kN
Example 3 (e) p ( )
Tension Force in Typical Layer of Reinforcement - I
Reinforcement may be in tension or compression y p
It may be either elastic or yielded.
In general the tension force (+ve) in the i
th
layer T
i
is given by
T A T
i
= A
st.i
o
s.i
= A
st.i
c
s.i
E
s
but |T
i
| s A
st.i
f
sy
Applying similar triangles to strain diag: pp y g g g
c
s.i
= (0.003/k
u
d
1
)( d
i
-k
u
d
1
)
After noting that E
s
= 200,000 MPa
T 600((d k d )/(k d ))A b t T
i
= 600((d
i
-k
u
d
1
)/(k
u
d
1
))A
st.i
but
|T
i
| s 400A
st.i
(the yield force)
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Example 3 (f) p ( )
Tension Force in Typical Layer of Reinforcement - II
Tension Force T
11
A
st.1
= 3800 = 2,400 mm
2
d
1
= 924mm
T = 600 ((924 k 924) / (k 924)) x 2 400 T
1
= 600 ((924-k
u
924) / (k
u
924)) x 2,400
T
1
= 1,440 (1-k
u
)/k
u
kN provided
|T
1
| s 4002400 N = 960 kN
Tension Force T
2
A
st.2
= 2800 = 1,600 mm
2
d
2
= 1000 - 300 = 700
T = 600 ((700 k 924) / (k 924)) x 1 600 T
2
= 600 ((700-k
u
924) / (k
u
924)) x 1,600
T
2
= 960 (700-k
u
924) / (k
u
924) kN provided
|T
2
| s 4001600 N = 640 kN
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Example 3 (g) p (g)
Tension Force in Typical Layer of Reinforcement - III
Tension Force T
33
T
3
= 960 (300-k
u
924) / (k
u
924) kN provided
|T
3
| s 640kN (as for T
2
above)
Tension Force T
4
T
4
= 1440 (76-k
u
924) / (k
u
924) kN provided
|T | s 960 kN |T
4
| s 960 kN
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Example 3 (h) p ( )
Eq i alent A ial Force N Equivalent Axial Force N
u
Nu = C - sum of tension forces
= C - E(T
1
+ T
2
+ T
3
+ T
4
)
T
4
d4
dc
Nu = C - ET
i
C
T
3
d3 Mu
Nu
Equivalent Bending Moment M
u
T
2
d2
Taking moments about the comp. flange:
M
u
-N
u
d
p
= (T
1
d
1
+ T
2
d
2
+ T
3
d
3
+ T
4
d
4
)
- Cdc
T
1
d1
Forces Internal forces
M
u
= E(T
i
d
i
) - Ck
u
d
1
/2 + N
u
d
p
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Example 3 (i) p ( )
For k 1 0 For k
u
=1.0
C = 12,4561.0
= 12 456 kN
T
3
= 960(300-1.0924)/(1.0924)
= -648 kN provided 12,456 kN
T
1
= 1,440 (1-1.0)/1.0 = 0.0 kN
i.e. zero strain in this layer
648 kN provided
|T
3
| = 648 > 640 kN
T
3
= -640 kN (i.e. yielded in comp.)
T
2
= 960(700-1.0924)/(1.0924)
= -233 kN (i.e. comp.) provided
|T | = 233 s 640 kN
= -233 kN (i.e. comp.) provided
T
4
= 1,440(76-1.0924)/(1.0924)
= 1 321 kN provided |T
2
| = 233 s 640 kN
T
2
= -233 kN
= -1,321 kN provided
|T
4
| = 1,321 > 960 kN
T
4
= -960 kN (i.e. yielded in comp.)
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Example 3 (j) p (j)
N
u
= 12,456 - (0.0 + -233 + -640 + -960)
u
, ( )
N
u
= 14,289 kN
and M
u
= E(T
i
d
i
) - Ck
u
d
1
/2 + N
u
d
p
= (0.00.924 + -2330.700 + -6400.300 + -9600.076)
-12,4560.8261.00.924/2+14,2890.5 kNm
= (0 -162 9 -192 -72 96) -4 753 3 + 7 144 3 = (0 162.9 192 72.96) 4,753.3 + 7,144.3
M
u
= 1,963 kNm
Hence (M
u
,N
u
) = (1,963 kNm, 14,289 kN) is one point on the section
capacity lines (interaction diagram) for the column.
A similar procedure can be adopted for a range of values of k
u
to complete
the section capacity lines (interaction diagram) the section capacity lines (interaction diagram).
This can readily be achieved in a table.
Spreadsheets are useful.
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Section Capacity Lines - I
k
u
C T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
N
u
(assuming steel elastic) (after considering yield) ( g ) ( g y )
Tension 0 960 640 640 960 960 640 640 960 -3200
0 1 1246 12960 6313 2157 -256 960 640 640 -256 -739 0.1 1246 12960 6313 2157 -256 960 640 640 -256 -739
0.2 2491 5760 2676 598 -848 960 640 598 -848 1141
0.3 3737 3360 1464 79 -1045 960 640 79 -960 3018
0.4 4982 2160 858 -181 -1144 960 640 -181 -960 4523
0.5 6228 1440 495 -337 -1203 960 495 -337 -960 6070
Bal 0.6 7473 960 252 -441 -1243 960 252 -441 -960 7662 Bal 0.6 7473 960 252 441 1243 960 252 441 960 7662
0.7 8719 617 79 -515 -1271 617 79 -515 -960 9498
0.8 9965 360 -51 -570 -1292 360 -51 -570 -960 11186
0.9 11210 160 -152 -614 -1308 160 -152 -614 -960 12776
1.0 12456 0 -233 -648 -1322 0 -233 -640 -960 14289
Comp 16320 -960 -640 -640 -960 -960 -640 -640 -960 19520
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p
Section Capacity Lines II Section Capacity Lines - II
k
u
d
c
T
1
d
1
T
2
d
2
T
3
d
3
T
4
d
4
ET
i
d
i
Cd
c
N
u
d
p
M
u
Tension 0.000 887 448 192 73 1600 0 -1600 0
0.1 0.038 887 448 192 -19 1508 47.5 -369 1091
0 2 0 076 887 448 180 64 1450 190 1 570 1830 0.2 0.076 887 448 180 -64 1450 190.1 570 1830
0.3 0.114 887 448 24 -73 1286 427.8 1509 2367
0.4 0.153 887 448 -54 -73 1208 760.5 2262 2709
0.5 0.191 887 346 -101 -73 1059 1188.3 3035 2906
0.6 0.229 887 176 -132 -73 858 1711.2 3831 2978
0 7 0 267 570 55 -154 -73 398 2329 1 4749 2818 0.7 0.267 570 55 -154 -73 398 2329.1 4749 2818
0.8 0.305 333 -36 -171 -73 53 3042.1 5593 2604
0.9 0.343 148 -106 -184 -73 -216 3850.2 6388 2322
1.0 0.381 0 -163 -192 -73 -428 4753.3 7144 1963
Comp 0.000 -887 -448 -192 -73 -1600 0 1600 0
CRICOS No. 000213J
world real
R
Section Capacity Lines III Section Capacity Lines - III
20000
1 0
15000
20000
Mu, Nu
Mu.bal, Nu.bal
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
10000
N
)
0 3
0.5
0.4
0.6
5000
N

(
k
N
0.3
0.1
0.2
0
0 1000 2000 3000
-5000
0 1000 2000 3000
M (kNm)
ku as a beam ~ 0.12
CRICOS No. 000213J
world real
R
Interaction Diagram
20000 20000
Mu, Nu
Mub, Nub
phiMu, phiNu
Section Capacity
0.8
0.9
1.0
15000
p y
Lines IV
Application of the Reduction Factors
0 5
0.6
0.7
10000
N (kN)
0.3
0.5
0.4
5000
0.1
0.2
0
0 1000 2000 3000
-5000
M (kNm)
ku as a beam ~ 0.12
CRICOS No. 000213J
world real
R
Strength Reduction Factors g
(Extracted from AS3600 Table 2.2.2)
CRICOS No. 000213J
world real
R
Effective length Effective length LL
ee
L
e
=k L
u
CRICOS No. 000213J
world real
R

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