Microstrip antenna

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In telecommunication </wiki/Telecommunication>, there are several types
of *microstrip </wiki/Microstrip> antennas </wiki/Antenna_(radio)>*
(also known as *printed antennas*) the most common of which is the
*microstrip patch antenna* or patch antenna </wiki/Patch_antenna>.
Contents
[hide <#>]
* 1 Patch antenna <#Patch_antenna>
* 2 Advantages <#Advantages>
* 3 Rectangular patch <#Rectangular_patch>
* 4 Specifications <#Specifications>
* 5 Other types <#Other_types>
* 6 References <#References>
* 7 External links <#External_links>
Patch antenna[edit
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A patch antenna is a narrowband, wide-beam </wiki/Light_beam> antenna
fabricated by etching the antenna element pattern in metal trace bonded
to an insulating dielectric </wiki/Dielectric> substrate, such as a
printed circuit board </wiki/Printed_circuit_board>, with a continuous
metal layer bonded to the opposite side of the substrate which forms a
ground plane </wiki/Ground_plane>. Common microstrip antenna shapes are
square, rectangular, circular and elliptical, but any continuous shape
is possible. Some patch antennas do not use a dielectric substrate and
instead made of a metal patch mounted above a ground plane using
dielectric spacers; the resulting structure is less rugged but has a
wider bandwidth </wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)>. Because such
antennas have a very low profile, are mechanically rugged and can be
shaped to conform to the curving skin of a vehicle, they are often
mounted on the exterior of aircraft and spacecraft, or are incorporated
into mobile radio </wiki/Mobile_radio> communications devices.
Advantages[edit
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Microstrip antennas are relatively inexpensive to manufacture and design
because of the simple 2-dimensional physical geometry. They are usually
employed at UHF </wiki/UHF> and higher frequencies because the size of
the antenna is directly tied to the wavelength </wiki/Wavelength> at the
resonant frequency </wiki/Resonance>. A single patch antenna provides a
maximum directive gain of around 6-9 dBi </wiki/Decibel>. It is
relatively easy to print an array of patches on a single (large)
substrate using lithographic techniques. Patch arrays can provide much
higher gains than a single patch at little additional cost; matching and
phase adjustment can be performed with printed microstrip feed
structures, again in the same operations that form the radiating
patches. The ability to create high gain arrays in a low-profile antenna
is one reason that patch arrays are common on airplanes and in other
military applications.
Such an array of patch antennas is an easy way to make a phased array
</wiki/Phased_array> of antennas with dynamic beamforming ability.^[1]
<#cite_note-1>
An advantage inherent to patch antennas is the ability to have
polarization </wiki/Polarization_(waves)> diversity. Patch antennas can
easily be designed to have vertical, horizontal, right hand circular
(RHCP) or left hand circular (LHCP) polarizations, using multiple feed
points, or a single feedpoint with asymmetric patch structures.^[2]
<#cite_note-2> This unique property allows patch antennas to be used in
many types of communications links that may have varied requirements.
Rectangular patch[edit
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The most commonly employed microstrip antenna is a rectangular patch.
The rectangular patch antenna is approximately a one-half wavelength
long section of rectangular microstrip </wiki/Microstrip> transmission
line. When air is the antenna substrate, the length of the rectangular
microstrip antenna is approximately one-half of a free-space wavelength
</wiki/Wavelength>. As the antenna is loaded with a dielectric as its
substrate, the length of the antenna decreases as the relative
dielectric constant </wiki/Dielectric_constant> of the substrate
increases. The resonant length of the antenna is slightly shorter
because of the extended electric "fringing fields" which increase the
electrical length of the antenna slightly. An early model of the
microstrip antenna is a section of microstrip transmission line with
equivalent loads on either end to represent the radiation loss.
Specifications[edit
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The dielectric loading of a microstrip antenna affects both its
radiation pattern and impedance bandwidth. As the dielectric constant of
the substrate increases, the antenna bandwidth decreases which increases
the Q factor </wiki/Q_factor> of the antenna and therefore decreases the
impedance bandwidth. This relationship did not immediately follow when
using the transmission line model of the antenna, but is apparent when
using the cavity model which was introduced in the late 1970s by Lo et
al.^[3] <#cite_note-3> The radiation from a rectangular microstrip
antenna may be understood as a pair of equivalent slots. These slots act
as an array and have the highest directivity when the antenna has an air
dielectric and decreases as the antenna is loaded by material with
increasing relative dielectric constant.
The half-wave rectangular microstrip antenna has a virtual shorting
plane along its center. This may be replaced with a physical shorting
plane to create a quarter-wavelength microstrip antenna. This is
sometimes called a half-patch. The antenna only has a single radiation
edge (equivalent slot) which lowers the directivity/gain of the antenna.
The impedance bandwidth is slightly lower than a half-wavelength full
patch as the coupling between radiating edges has been eliminated.
Other types[edit
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Another type of patch antenna is the Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA)
common in cellular phones with built-in antennas.(The Planar Inverted-F
antenna (PIFA) is increasingly used in the mobile phone market. The
antenna is resonant at a quarter-wavelength (thus reducing the required
space needed on the phone), and also typically has good SAR properties.
This antenna resembles an inverted F, which explains the PIFA name. The
Planar Inverted-F Antenna is popular because it has a low profile and an
omnidirectional pattern. The PIFA is shown from a side view in Figure
4.^[/clarification needed </wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify>/] ) ^[4]
<#cite_note-4> These antennas are derived from a quarter-wave half-patch
antenna. The shorting plane of the half-patch is reduced in length which
decreases the resonance frequency.^[5] <#cite_note-5> Often PIFA
antennas have multiple branches to resonate at the various cellular
bands. On some phones, grounded parasitic elements are used to enhance
the radiation bandwidth characteristics.
The Folded Inverted Conformal Antenna
</wiki/Folded_Inverted_Conformal_Antenna> (FICA)^[6] <#cite_note-6> has
some advantages with respect to the PIFA, because it allows a better
volume reuse.
References[edit
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1. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-1>* "Welcome to antennas 101"
<http://europe.elecdesign.com/edeurope2/download.cfm?filename=edeurope63.pdf
>
by Louis E. Frenzel, "Electronic Design" 2008
2. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-2>* Bancroft, R. /Microstrip and Printed
Antenna Design/ Noble Publishing 2004, chapter 2-3
3. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-3>* Lo, Y.T., Solomon D. and Richards, W.F.
"Theory and Experiment on Microstrip Antennas," /IEEE Transactions
on Antennas and Propagation,/ AP-27, 1979 pp. 137-149.
4. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-4>* Taga, T. Tsunekawa, K. and Saski, A.,
"Antennas for Detachable Mobile Radio Units," /Review of the ECL,
NTT, Japan,/ Vol. 35, No.1, January 1987, pp. 59-65.
5. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-5>* Inverted-F Antenna (IFA)
<http://www.antenna-theory.com/antennas/aperture/ifa.php> at
antenna-theory.com
6. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-6>* Di Nallo, C.; Faraone, A., "Multiband
internal antenna for mobile phones," Electronics Letters , vol.41,
no.9, pp. 514-515, 28 April 2005
External links[edit
</w/index.php?title=Microstrip_antenna&action=edit&section=7>]
* Microstrip Antennas
<http://www.antenna-theory.com/antennas/patches/patch.php>
antenna-theory.com
* Microstrip Antenna Tutorial <http://www.emtalk.com/tut_1.htm> EM Talk
* Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator <http://www.emtalk.com/mpacalc.php>
* The basics of patch antenna
<http://www.orbanmicrowave.com/The_Basics_Of_Patch_Antennas.pdf>
* Design of a Patch Antenna
<http://ijeee-apm.com/Uploads/Media/Journal/20140307134523_ijeee-v1i1-01.pdf
>
[hide <#>]
* v </wiki/Template:Antenna_types>
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Antenna </wiki/Antenna_(radio)> types
Isotropic </wiki/Isotropy>
* Isotropic radiator </wiki/Isotropic_radiator>
Omnidirectional </wiki/Omnidirectional_antenna>
* Batwing antenna </wiki/Batwing_antenna>
* Biconical antenna </wiki/Biconical_antenna>
* Cage aerial </wiki/Cage_aerial>
* Choke ring antenna </wiki/Choke_ring_antenna>
* Coaxial antenna </wiki/Coaxial_antenna>
* Crossed field antenna </wiki/Crossed_field_antenna>
* Dielectric Resonator Antenna </wiki/Dielectric_Resonator_Antenna>
* Discone antenna </wiki/Discone_antenna>
* Folded unipole antenna </wiki/Folded_unipole_antenna>
* Franklin antenna
</wiki/Charles_Samuel_Franklin#High-efficiency_Medium-wave_Transmitting_Ante
nna>
* Ground-plane antenna </wiki/Whip_antenna>
* Halo antenna </wiki/Halo_antenna>
* Helical antenna </wiki/Helical_antenna>
* J-pole antenna </wiki/J-pole_antenna>
* Mast radiator </wiki/Mast_radiator>
* Monopole antenna </wiki/Monopole_antenna>
* Random wire antenna </wiki/Random_wire_antenna>
* Rubber ducky antenna </wiki/Rubber_ducky_antenna>
* Turnstile antenna </wiki/Turnstile_antenna>
* T2FD Antenna </wiki/T2FD_Antenna>
* T-aerial </wiki/T-aerial>
* Umbrella antenna </wiki/Umbrella_antenna>
* Whip antenna </wiki/Whip_antenna>
Directional </wiki/Directional_antenna>
* Adcock antenna </wiki/Adcock_antenna>
* AS-2259 Antenna
</wiki/Near_Vertical_Incidence_Skywave#The_AS-2259_Antenna>
* AWX antenna </wiki/AWX_antenna>
* Beverage antenna </wiki/Beverage_antenna>
* Cantenna </wiki/Cantenna>
* Cassegrain antenna </wiki/Cassegrain_antenna>
* Collinear antenna array </wiki/Collinear_antenna_array>
* Conformal antenna </wiki/Conformal_antenna>
* Curtain array </wiki/Curtain_array>
* Dipole antenna </wiki/Dipole_antenna>
* Doublet Antenna </wiki/Doublet_Antenna>
* Folded Inverted Conformal Antenna
</wiki/Folded_Inverted_Conformal_Antenna>
* Fractal antenna </wiki/Fractal_antenna>
* G5RV Antenna </wiki/G5RV_Antenna>
* Gizmotchy </wiki/Gizmotchy>
* Helical antenna </wiki/Helical_antenna>
* Horizontal curtain </wiki/HRS_antenna>
* Horn antenna </wiki/Horn_antenna>
* HRS antenna </wiki/HRS_antenna>
* Inverted vee antenna </wiki/Inverted_vee_antenna>
* Log-periodic antenna </wiki/Log-periodic_antenna>
* Loop antenna </wiki/Loop_antenna>
* *Microstrip antenna*
* Offset dish antenna </wiki/Offset_dish_antenna>
* Patch antenna </wiki/Patch_antenna>
* Phased array </wiki/Phased_array>
* Parabolic antenna </wiki/Parabolic_antenna>
* Plasma antenna </wiki/Plasma_antenna>
* Quad antenna </wiki/Quad_antenna>
* Reflective array antenna </wiki/Reflective_array_antenna>
* Regenerative loop antenna </wiki/Regenerative_loop_antenna>
* Rhombic antenna </wiki/Rhombic_antenna>
* Sector antenna </wiki/Sector_antenna>
* Short backfire antenna </wiki/Short_backfire_antenna>
* Sloper antenna </wiki/Sloper_antenna>
* Slot antenna </wiki/Slot_antenna>
* Sterba antenna </wiki/Sterba_antenna>
* Vivaldi-antenna </wiki/Vivaldi-antenna>
* WokFi </wiki/WokFi>
* Yagi-Uda antenna </wiki/Yagi-Uda_antenna>
Application-specific
* ALLISS </wiki/ALLISS>
* Ground dipole </wiki/Ground_dipole>
* Evolved antenna </wiki/Evolved_antenna>
* Rectenna </wiki/Rectenna>
* Reference antenna </wiki/Reference_antenna>
* Wullenweber </wiki/Wullenweber>
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