* { Problems may be di cult.

Practice Exercise Set I

(1) Describe the sets whose points satisfy the following relations
(a) z + 1 = 2
(b) jz + 1j jz 1j < 2
(c) jz 2 1j = 1
z 1

(d) arg z + 1 = 3
z i

(2) Given three distinct complex numbers , , . Show that they are collinear i Im(

+ ) = 0.

z z
(3) Prove that if jz1 j = jz2j = jz3j, z1 , z2 , z3 distinct, then arg z3 z2 = 1 arg z2 .
z1
3
1 2
(4) For what complex value z will the following series converge
1 zn
1
z n
*(b)
(a)
1+z
n=0 1 + z 2n
n=0

(5) When can equality occur in the triangle inequality? That is under what conditions on z, w will jz+wj =
jz j + jwj?
(6) What is the boundary of the set fz: Rez and Im z are rational g?
(7) Establish the identity

n
k=1

k k

j k j2 k=1 j k j2
k=1

(This implies the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality

k=1

k k

k j
j k for
r
r
n
n
j k j2 k=1 j k j2 .)
k=1

1 k<j n

the case n = 2.

(8) Suppose 0 < a0 a1 : : : an . Prove that the polynomial P (z) = a0 z n + a1z n 1 + : : : + an has no
root in the unit disk jz j < 1. (Hint: Consider (1 z)P (z).)
*(9) Prove that if 11z 10 + 10iz 9 + 10iz 11 = 0, then jz j = 1.
Hint: Consider z 9 . ]
**(10) Let P (z) = z n + c1 z n 1 + : : : + cn with c1 , : : :, cn real. Suppose jP (i)j < 1. Prove that there is a root
p
x + iy of P (z) in the set (x2 + y2 + 1)2 4y2 < 1.

Practice Exercise Set II

(To receive a solution, you have to hand in some work.)

(1) (exercise #15, p.17) Show that

1
(a) f(z) = kz k is continuous in jz j < 1.
k=0
1
(b) g(z) = k2 1 z is continuous in the right half plane Re z > 0.
k=1 +
(2) Find nlim xn , where
!1
(a) xn = 1 + ( 1)n n2n 1 .
+
(b) xn = cos n4 .
(3) Find the radius of convergence of the following power series:
1 n!
(a)
z .
n1
=0
(b) (n + 2n )z n .
n=0

(4) Give an example of two power series an z n and bnz n with radii of convergence R1 and R2,
n=0
n=0
1
respectively, such that the power series n=0(an + bn)z n has a radius of convergence > R1 + R2.
1
(5) Explain why there is no power series f(z) = cnz n such that f(z) = 1 for z = 1 ; 1 ; 1 ; : : : and
2 3 4
n=0
f 0 (0) > 0.
1
1
1
1
1
(6) Does there exist a power series f(z) = n=0 cn z n such that f( n ) = n2 and f( n ) = n3 for n = 1, 2, 3,
: : :.
2
1
1
*(7) If f(z) = n=0 cnz n satis es f( n ) = n2n+ 1 , n = 1, 2, 3, : : :, compute the values of the derivatives
f (k) (0), k = 1, 2, 3, : : :.

Practice Exercise Set III

(To receive a solution, you have to hand in some work.)

(1) Show that there are no analytic function f = u + iv with u(x; y) = x2 + y2 .

(2) Suppose f is an entire function of the form f(x; y) = u(x) + iv(y). Show that f is a polynomial of
degree at most one.
*(3) What is the range of ez if we take z to lie in the in nite strip j Imz j < 2 ? What are the images for
horizontal lines and vertical segments in j Imz j < 2 under the ez mapping?
**(4) Discuss if it is possible to de ne log(z 1) continuously on C n 1; 1]. Also discuss the possibility for
log z + 1 continuously de ned on C n 1; 1].
z 1
*(5) Let G be a region and G = fz: z 2 Gg is the mirror image of G across the x-axis. If f: G ! C is
analytic, show that f : G ! C de ned by f (z) = f(z) is analytic.
(6) If f = u + iv is analytic on some domain, given u(x; y) below, nd the possibilities of v(x; y).
(a) u(x; y) = x3 3xy2.
(b) u(x; y) = e y cos x.
(c) u(x; y) = log(x2 + y2 ).
y
(d) u(x; y) = (1 x)2 + y2 .
(7) Write z in polar coordinates. Then f(z) = u(z) + iv(z) = u(r; ) + iv(r; ). Establish the polar form of
the Cauchy-Riemann equations:
@u = 1 @v ;
@r r @

@v = 1 @u :
@r
r@

Practice Exercise Set IV

(To receive a solution, you have to hand in some work.)

(1) Find a conformal mapping from the open unit disk D = fz: jz j < 1g onto the following regions:
i

(a) the in nite strip 0 < Imz < 1

*(b) the upper semidisk jz j < 1; Imz > 0

-1

( Hint: Find a map from 1st quadrant onto the upper half semidisk. )
(c) the slit disk D n 0; 1)

( Hint: Use (b). )

*(d)

1 n 1; 1]

-1

( Hint: Find a map from C n ( 1; 0] to (C f1g n 1; 1].)

(2) Let a < b and T (z) = z ia . De ne L1 = fz: Imz = bg; L2 = fz: Imz = ag; L3 = fz: Re z = 0g.
z ib
Determine which of the regions A, B, C, D, E, F in Figure 1, are mapped by T onto the region U, V ,
W, X, Y , Z in Figure 2.
L3
A
B
C

ib D
ia

L1

0
L2

F
Figure 1

( Hint: Orient L3 by (1; ia; ib). )

W
V
1
Y
Z

X
Figure 2

(To receive a solution, you have to hand in some work.)

Practice Exercise Set V

(1) Suppose f(z) is analytic and jf(z) 1j < 1 in a region . Show that f (z) dz = 0 for every closed
C f(z)
curve C in , assuming f 0 is continuous.
(2) Compute

jzj=1

*(3) De ne

jz 1jjdz j, where the unit circle jz j = 1 is given the counterclockwise orientation.

f(z) dz =

clockwise), show that

(4) Find

C
Z

f(z) dz. If P(z) is a polynomial and C denotes the circle jz aj = R (counter-

P (z) dz = 2 iR2 P 0 (a).

1 dz, where C is a smooth curve from 1 to 1 not passing through the origin.
C z2

*(5) Show that if f is a continuous real-valued function and jf(z)j 1, then

( Hint: Consult the top half of p.45, and show that
Z

Z2
0

z dz, where C is the curve show below.

Z
Z
Z C zZ
Z
( Hint: = + + + )

(6) Evaluate the integral

C

C1

C2

C3

C4

2i
C4
i

C2
C1
-2

C3
-1

jzj=1

j sin tj dt. )

f(z) dz

4.

Practice Exercise Set VI

(To receive a solution, you have to hand in some work.)

*(1) The following curve C divides the plane into 4 regions. For each region, state the winding number of C
around points in that region. (Give answers by inspection, no computation needed.)
4
1

3
C

z Log(z 49 + 1)
(2) Find z!0 e (cos z 25 ) 1 .
lim
*(3) If the range of an entire function lies in the right half plane Re w > 0, show that the function is a
constant function.
( Hint: Compose a Mobius map. )
(4) Suppose a polynomial is bounded by 1 in the unit disk. Show that all its coe cients are bounded by 1.
(c.f. proof of Liouville's Theorem.)
(5) Find

jzj=1

sin z dz; Z sin z dz (counterclockwise orientation).

z
z2
jzj=1

y
v
**(6) (Optional) Let f(z) = u(z) + iv(z) (or f(x; y) = (u(x; y); v(x; y)))
be a one-to-one analytic function from the open unit disk D =
fz: jz j < 1g onto a domain G with nite area.
x
u
@u @u
D
G
(a) Show that Jf (x; y) def @x @y = jf 0 (z)j2 .
= @v @v
@x @y
Z
(b) For distinct nonnegative integers m, n, show z m z n dA = 0 (orthogonality relation), where dA =
D
r dr d = dx dy is the 1 di erential.
area
1
(c) Show that if f(z) = n=0 cnz n is the power series for f in D, then area of G = n=1 njcnj2.
f

Practice Exercise Set VII

(Solutions will be distributed in class.)

1
1
(1) Show that if f(z) is analytic in jz j 1, there must be some positive integer n such that f( n ) 6= n + 1 .
(2) Suppose that f is analytic in the annulus: 1 jz j 2, that jf j
jz j = 2. Prove that jf(z)j jz j2 throughout the annulus.

1 for jz j = 1 and that jf j

4 for

Z1
(3) Show that f(z) = sint 2t dt is entire function
0
*(a) by applying Morera's Theorem
(b) by obtaining a power series expansion for f.

(4) Show that if f(z) is continuous on the closed unit disk fz: jz j 1g, analytic on the open disk fz: jz j < 1g
and real-valued on the unit circle fz: jz j = 1g, then f(z) is a constant function.
( Hint: The disk is conformally equivalent to the upper half plane. Re ection. )
*(5) Let D = fz: jz j < 1g. If f: D ! D is analytic with at least two xed points, prove that f(z) z.
( Hint: May assume one of the xed point is 0 by composing with suitable Mobius transformations. )
*(6) Let f(z) be an entire function which is real on the real axis and imaginary on the imaginary axis, show
that f(z) is an odd function, i.e. f(z) f( z).
( Hint: Consider the coe cients of the power series of f(z) or make use the re ection property. )
**(7) If f is an entire function mapping the unit circle into the unit circle (i.e. jf(z)j = 1 for jz j = 1), then
f(z) = ei z n .
( Hint: f(z) has nitely many roots 1; : : :; n (repeated according to multiplicities) in the unit disk.
n
Recall 1z jz = 1 for jz j = 1. Use modulus theorems to show f(z) = ei 1z jz . )
j

j =1

Practice Exercise Set VIII

(To receive a solution, you have to hand in some work.)

(1) Suppose f is analytic on C n fa1; : : :; ang and is a simple closed curve \surrounding" a1 , : : :, an as
shown. For each aj , let Cj be a simple closed curve about aj inside .

Show that
Z
n Z
a1
a2 ...
f(z) dz =
f(z) dz,
an
C1 C
2

Cn

j =1 Cj

where the orientation of , C1 , : : :, Cn are as shown.

(2) Identify the isolated singularities of the following functions and classify each as removable singularity,
pole (and its order) or essential singularity: 2
2 1
e1=z
1
(b) cot z
(c) z 1
(d) z z .
(a) z 4 + z 2
sin
(3) Find the Laurent series of z 2 1 4 on (a) 0 < jz 2j < 4,
(b) 2 < jz j < 1.
Z
1
(4) Find
sin z dz (counterclockwise orientation) for r 6= 0, 1 , 21 , 31 , : : :.
jzj=r

(5) Suppose f is analytic on C n 0 and satis es jf(z)j

jz j + p1 . Prove f is constant.
jz j

(6) If f has a pole at 0, show that ef (z) cannot have a pole at 0.

(7) If f is analytic on R < jz j < 1, we say 1 is a removable singularity, pole of order k, essential singularity
of f(z) i 0 is a removable singularity, pole of order k, essential singularity of f( 1 ).
z
(i) Prove that an entire function with a pole at 1 is a polynomial.
(ii) Prove that an analytic function on C f1g except for isolated poles must be a rational function.

Practice Exercise Set IX

(To receive a solution, you have to hand in some work.)

(1) Prove that the image of the plane under a nonconstant entire mapping f is dense in the plane.
Hint: If f is not a polynomial, consider f( 1 ). ]
z
(2) Suppose that f is entire and that f(z) is real if and only if z is real. Use the Argument Principle to
show that f can have at most one root.
Hint: Let be the circle jz j = R, R large, what is n(f ; 0)? ]
(3) Is there an analytic function f on fz: jz j 1g which sends the unit circle with counterclockwise orientation into the unit circle with clockwise orientation?
*(4) If f is analytic on and inside a simple closed curve , and f is one-to-one on , then f is one-to-one
inside .
Hint: If f a simple closed curve? For w 62 f , let g(z) = f(z) w, what is n(g ; 0)? ]
(5) Show that if and 6= 0 are real, the equation z 2n + 2z 2n 1 + 2 = 0 has n 1 roots with positive
real parts if n is odd, and n roots with positive real parts if n is even.
(6) If a > e, show that the equation ez = az n has n solutions inside the unit circle.

Practice Exercise Set X

(1) Find
(2) Find
(3) Find
(4) Find

Z1
0

(To receive a solution, you have to hand in some work.)

dx
1 + xn , where n 2 is a positive integer. Hint: Use the contour 0

(6) Find

.]

Z1 2
sin x

2iz
dx. Hint: Integrate e z1 2iz around a large semi-circle. ]
2
x2

Z1
0

Z1
0

ln x
x2 + 1 dx. Hint: Use the contour

Z1
0

cos x2 dx and

Z =2
0

.]

Z1
0

Z1
0

x2

-r

-R

e x2 cos 2x dx. Hint: Use the contour

(You may need to know

(5) Find

Re 2i/n

-R+i

R+i

-R

and f(z) = e z2 . ]

dx = 2 .)

sin x2 dx. Hint: Use the contour

0

/4

.]
R

d .
1 + sin2

1 Z f(z) dz (clockwise orienta(7) Suppose f is analytic on r < jz j < 1, then we de ne Res (f; 1) = 2 i
jzj=R
tion).
oo

(The clockwise orientation relative to 0 is the counterclockwise orientation relative to

1
1.) Equivalently, if f(z) =
ak z k on r < jz j < 1, then Res (f; 1) = a 1.
k= 1

(a) If f is meromorphic on C with isolated poles at a1 ; : : :; an, show that Res (f; aj )+Res (f; 1) = 0
j =1
(i.e. the sum of all residues on C f1g is 0.)
1
(b) Show that Res (f; 1) = Res ( z12 f( z ); 0).
Z
1 dz.
(c) Find
sin( 1 )
jzj=1

Solution to Practice Exercise Set I

(1) (a) The locus of all points z whose distances from the two points a = 1 and b = 1 having a xed
quotient = 2 is a circle with center on the line through a, b. On the real axis, z = 3, 1 satis es
3
5 =4 .
the equation. So the circle is z: z + 3 3
Alternatively, for z = x + iy, (x 1)2 + y2 = jz 1j2 = 4jz + 1j2 = 4 (x + 1)2 + y2 ].
5
Simplifying we get (x + 3 )2 + y2 = 16 .
9
(b) The locus of all points z whose distances from the two points a = 1 and b = 1 having a xed
di erence = 2 ( distance between a, b) is a branch of a hyperbola having a, b as foci. If =
distance between a, b (as is the case here), the branch degenerate to a ray (or an in nite slit). The
set is the whole complex plane minus all real numbers greater than or equal to 1.
p
p
Alternatively, for z = x+iy, (x +p 2 + y2 (x 1)2 + y2 = jz+1j jz 1j < 2 () (x+1)2 +
1)
p
p
y2 < 2 + (x 1)2 + y2 ]2 = 4 + 4 (x 1)2 + y2 + (x 1)2 + y2 () x 1 < (x 1)2 + y2 .
p
(x 1)2 + y2 . If x 1, then 0 (x 1)2 < (x 1)2 + y2 implies
If x < 1, then x 1 < 0
y 6= 0. So the set is x + iy: x < 1 or (x 1 and y 6= 0) .
(c) jz 2 1j = jz 1jjz + 1j. The locus of all points z whose distances from two points ar 1 and b = 1
=
having a xed product = 1 is a lemniscate with foci at a and b. (The case > ja 2 bj results
in two curves, each about a focus (and as ! 0, the two curves shrink toward the foci); the case
r
= ja 2 bj results in a gure-eight curve with double point at a + b .) The set is a lemniscate
2
with foci at 1 and 1 having a double point at 0.
45o
Alternatively, for z = r cis , (r2 cos 2 1)2 +(r2 sin2 )2 = jz 2 1j2 = 1.
Simplifying we get r = 0 or r2 = 2 cos 2 . The range of possible are
3
5 .
-21/2
2 1/2
4
4 or 4
4
- 45 o
z2
z1
(d) To interpret arg z3 z2 = arg z2 z3 , write z2 z3 = R cis ,
z3 z1
z1 z3

z2 z3 = arg R cis(
z1 z3 = r cis . Then arg z z
) =
is
r
1
3
z2 - z 3 z3
the angle 6 z1 z3 z2 (measured from the ray z3! counterclockwise to
z1

z1 - z 3
the ray z3!).
z2
O

The set is the open arc of the circle containing all points z such
that 6 iz1 = 60 .

-i

(2) The line through and is Im z

= 0. So , , collinear () Im
= 0 ()
+ j j2) = 0 () Im(
Im ( j )( j2 ) = Im(
) = 0.
2
j
j
For any complex z = x + iy, Im( z) = y = Imz. So Im(
) = Im( ) + Im(
)=
Im( + + ) = 0 is the condition.

(3)
z2
z1
O

(c.f. exercise 1(d)) This is just the complex way of expressing the geometry theorem
that 6 z1 z3 z2 = 1 6 z10z2 . (You should check also the case z1 , z2 . z3 are oriented
2
clockwise.)

z3

(4) (a) Let w = z , then we know 1 wn converges i jwj = z 0 < 1 ( () z is closer to 0 then
1+z
z ( 1)
n=0
1 ).
1 () Re z > 2
n
n
zn
(b) Case 1: (jz j = r < 1). 1 + z 2n 1 jzjjz j2n = 1 r r2n (because 1 jz 2nj j1 + z 2nj). Apply
n
n+1
n
n
1
ratio test to n=1 1 r r2n , we have nlim 1 r r2n+1 1 r r2n = r < 1. So 1 r r2n converges
!1
z n converges )
z n converges.
) 1 + z 2n
1 + z 2n
zn
j n
zn
Case 2: (jz j = 1). 1 + z 2n 1 +zjjz j2n = 1 (because j1 + z 2nj 1 + jz 2nj). So 1 + z 2n cannot
2
z n diverges.
converge to 0 as n ! 1. Hence 1 + z 2n
1
( w )n
1 , jwj < 1, so by case 1,
zn =
wn
Case 3: (jz j > 1). For w = z
= 1 + w2n
2n
1
1+z
1 + ( w )2n
converges.
z
(5) Equality holds i either z = 0. w = 0 or w is real.
(6) For any complex w, every neighborhood B(w; r) of w contains a point z0 with Re z0 and Imz0 rational
and also a point z1 not both Re z1 and Im z1 rational. So any complex w is in the boundary of the set.
Therefore. the boundary of the set is all complex numbers.
(7) L.H.S. = j 1 1 + 2 2 j2 = ( 1 1 + 2 2 )( 1 1 + 2 2) = j 1j2j 1j2 + 1 2 2 1 + 2 1 1 2 + j 2 j2j 2j2.
R.H.S. = (j 1j2 + j 2j2)(j 1 j2 + j 2j2 ) j 1 2 2 1j2 = j 1j2j 1j2 + j 1j2j 2 j2 + j 2j2j 1 j2 + j 2j2j 2 j2
( 1 2 2 1)( 1 2 2 1 ) = j 1j2j 1j2 + j 1j2 j 2j2 + j 2j2j 1 j2 + j 2j2j 2 j2 (j 1j2j 2 j2 1 2 2 1
2 1 1 2 + j 2j2 j 2j2).
Alternative solution for n 2 N, n 2 by Chow Chak-On.
j k j j k j2 = ( k j j k )( k j j k ) = j kj2 j j j2 k k j j j j k k + j j j2j k j2.
n n
n n
j k j j k j2 = j =1(j kj2j j j2 k k j j j j k k + j j j2j k j2).
j =1
k=1

k=1

n n
Since j =1j k j
k=1

j k j2

=
j k j j k j2 + 1 k<j n j k j
1 k=j n
=2
j k j j k j2
i k<j n

2
n
j j =
k k .
j =1
k=1
k=1
2
n
n
n
Therefore, 2
j k j j k j2 = 2 k=1 j k j2 k=1 j k j2 2 k=1 k k .
1 k<j n

and

n n
k k j j
k=1 j =1

k k

j k j
j k j2 +
1 j<k n

j k j2

both sides and rearranging terms we get the desired result.

Cancelling the factor of 2 on

(8) Suppose z is a root of P (z) and jz j < 1, then

0 = j(1 z)P(z)j = j a0 z n+1 + (a0 a1)z n + (a1
= jan a0z n+1 + (a1 a0)z n +
(*)
an ja0z n+1 + (a1 a0 )z n +
(**)
an a0jz jn+1 + (a1 a0 )jz jn +
(***)
> an a0 + (a1 a0) + + (an
a contradiction (where (*) j

a2 )z n 1 + + (an
+ (an an 1)z]j
+ (an an 1)z j
+ (an an 1)jz j]
an 1)] = 0;

an )z + anj

j j j j j, (**) j + j j j + j j, and (***) jz j < 1).

s

2
2
(9) Let z = x + iy, then jz j9 = jz 9j = 11 +10iz = 121 + 220y +2100y + 100x .
11z 10i
121x2 + 121y + 220y + 100
If jz j < 1, then x2 + y2 < 1 and 121 + 220y + 100y2 + 100x2 > 121x2 + 121y2 + 220y + 100, forcing
jz j9 > 1, a contradiction.
If jz j > 1, then x2 + y2 > 1 and 121 + 220y + 100y2 + 100x2 < 121x2 + 121y2 + 220y + 100, forcing
jz j9 < 1, a contradiction.

(10) (We rst observe that (x2 + y2 + 1) 4y2 = x2 + y2 + 1 + 2y x2 + y2 + 1 2y = ji (x+ iy)jji

(x iy)j.) Suppose the roots of P (z) are r1, r2 , : : :, rn. Because the coe cients are real, complex
roots occur in conjugate pairs if any. Since 1 > jP (i)j = ji r1jji r2j : : : ji rn j. For a real root r,
p
ji rj = 1 + r2 1. So P (z) must have complex roots.
Now jP(i)j = real roots ji rj complex roots in pairs ji rjji rj . So there must be a pair of complex roots
p
r = x+iy and r = x iy such that ji rjji rj < 1. By the observation above, (x2 + y2 + 1)2 4y2 < 1
as desired.

Solution to Practice Exercise Set II

(1) (a) For xed z0 with jz0 j <, there is a disk B(0; R) containing z0 (R < 1). It su ces to show f is
continuous on B(0; R).
1
1
For z 2 B(0; R), jz j < R < 1, kz k kRk = Mk . Now Mk = kRk
k=0
k=0
p
converges by the root test since klim k kRk = R < 1. So by Weierstrass M-test,
!1
z
1 k
0
kz converges uniformly on B(0; R) to a continuous function f(z). Since z0 is
k=0
arbitrary, f(z) is continuous on jz j < 1.
1
1 1
converges,
(b) For x = Re z > 0, k2 1 z = p 2 1 2 2 k12 = Mk . Since Mk =
+
k=1
k=1 k2
(k + x) + y
1 1
converges uniformly to a continuous function on Re z > 0.
k=1 k2 + z
(2) (a) If n is odd, xn = 1 n2n 1 ! 1 as n ! 1. If n is even, xn = 1 + n2n 1 ! 3 as n ! 1.
+
+
So nlim xn = 3.
!1
)
(p
p
p p
2 ; 0; 2 ; 1; 2 ; 0; 2 ; 1; 0; : : : = lim 1; 1; 1; : : : = 1.
(b) nlim xn = lim 2
!1
2
2
2
k
(3) (a) ak = 1 if k = n! , lim pjak j = lim 1; 1; 0; 0; 0; 1; : : : = 1, R = 1 = 1.
0 if k 6= n! k!1
1
1
1r
1.
p
=
=
(b) R =
lim n n + 2n lim p2n n n + 1 2
n
n!1
n!1
2n

(4)

1 n
1 n
z has radius of convergence R1 = 1,
z has radius of convergence R2 = 1.
n=0
n=0
1
1
n

However

n=0

(1 1)z =

n=0

0 has radius of convergence 1 > R1 + R2.

1
(5) The center of the power series is at 0. Since nlim n = 0, f(z) 1 + 0z + 0z 2 + : : :. Then f 0 (z) 0. So
!1
f 0 (0) 6> 0.
1
(6) The center of the power series is at 0. Observe that f(z) = 0 + 0z + z 2 + 0z 3 + : : : for z = n , n = 1, 2,
1
1
1
3, : : :. Since nlim n = 0, f(z) z 2 . Similarly, f( n ) = n3 forces f(z) 0 + 0z + 0z 2 z 3 + 0z 4 + : : :.
!1
However z 2 6 z 3 , so no such f(z).
1
1 , then f(z) = z 2 = 1 for z = 1 , n = 1, 2, 3, : : :. Now lim 1 = 0. So f(z) =
(7) Set z = n
1
n!1 n
1 + z2
n
z2 + 1
1
1
cn z n must be the power series of 1 + z 2 about the center 0.
n=0
1
1
1
1
Since n=0 wn = 1 1 w for jwj < 1, 1 + z 2 = 1 (1 z 2 ) = n=0( z 2 )n = n=0( 1)n z 2n , then f (k) (0) =
if k is odd
k!ck = 0 1)k=2 k! if k is even .
(

Solution to Practice Exercise Set III

(1) @v = @u = 2y ) v = 2xy + C1(y) 9

>
=
@x
@y
) not possible.
@v = @u = 2x ) v = 2xy + C (x)
>
;
2
@y @x
@v
(2) Observe that @u is a function of x and @v is a fucntion of y. Then @u = @y must be a constant. Then
@x
@y
@x
u(x) = ax + b, v(y) = ay + c, f(z) = az + (b + ic).

(3) If j Imz j < 2 , then z = x + iy ( 2 < y < 2 ) and ez = ex (cos y + i sin y). So Re ez = ez cos y > 0.
Conversely, if Re w > 0, then w = r cis with 2 < < 2 and w = ez , where z = ln r + i is the
in nite strip. Therefore, the range of ez for j Imz j < 2 is the right half plane Re w > 0.
z
w
w = ez
A horizontal line in j Imz j < 2 has equation Imz = c with
i/ 2
z
x+ic = ex (cos c +
2 < c < 2 . Its image is the set e = e
i sin c) where 1 < x < 1, i.e. the semicircle with the origin
as center and radius ec .
i/ 2
(4)

-3

-1

It's not possible to de ne log(z 1) continuously on Cn 1; 1] because arg(z 1)

on the circle, say jz j = 3, cannot be made continuous. (If arg(3 1) is de ned,
then going around jz j = 3 once and returning to z = 3 would force rede nition
of arg(3 1).)
1
Yes, it is possible to de ne log z + 1 continuously on C n 1; 1] as
z
z + 1 = ln z + 1 + i Arg z + 1 . The only possible
follows: de ne log z 1
z 1
z 1
z + 1 is negative or 0 (where
place where this can be discontinuous is when z 1
1
Arg w is discontinuous). However z + 1 0 () 1 z 1. This segment
z
is removed!

@v
(5) f = u + iv is analytic on G () @u (x0; y0 ) = @v (x0 ; y0) and @u (x0 ; y0) = @x (x0; y0 ) for all (x0; y0 )
@x
@y
@y
in G and fx ; fy continuous on G.
For (a0 ; b0) in G ; f (a0 ; b0)f(a0 ; b0) = u(a0 ; b0) iv(a0 ; b0) = U(a0; b0) + iV (a0; b0). That is
the real part of f is U(a0; b0) = u(a0 ; b0) and the imaginary part of f is V (a0; b0) = v(a0 ; b0).]
Clearly, fx ; fy are continuous on G because fx ; fy are continuous on G.
Finally, we check Cauchy-Riemann equations for f : @U (a0 ; b0) = @u (a0 ; b0) = @v (a0 ; b0) =
@x
@x
@y
@V (a ; b ), @U (a ; b ) = @u (a ; b ) = @v (a ; b ) = @V (a ; b ). Therefore, f is analytic
@y 0 0 @y 0 0
@y 0 0
@x 0 0
@x 0 0
on G .
9
(6) (a) @v = @u = 6xy >
=
2
v(x;
@x
@y
) v(x; y) = 3x2 y + C31(y)C2 (x) ) v(x; y) = 3x2y y3 + C:
@v @u
y) = 3x y y +
2
2>
;
@y = @x = 3x 3y

(b) @v = @u = e
@x
@y
@v = @u = e
@y @x

9
y cos x >
=

v(x; = y x + C (y)
) v(x; y) = e y sin x + C1 (x) ) v(x; y) = e y sin x + C:
y) e sin
>
y sin x ;
2

9
(c) @v = @u = 2 2y 2 > v(x; y) = 2 arctan( y ) + C1(y) 9
=
y
@x
@y x + y = )
x
y ) + C (x) ; ) v(x; y) = 2 arctan( x ) + C:
@v = @u = 2x
>
v(x; y) = 2 arctan( x
;
2
@y @x x2 + y2
9

(d) @v = @u = y2 (1 x)2 > v(x; y) =

>
(1
@x
@y ((1 x)2 + y2 )2 = )
@v = @u = 2(1 x)
> v(x; y) =
>
(1
@y @x ((1 x)2 + y2 )2 ;
x 1 + C:
) v(x; y) = (1 x)2 + y2

x 1 + C (y)
x)2 + y2 1
x 1 + C (x)
x)2 + y2 2

@u
@v
@u
(7) x = r cos , y = r sin , @x = @v , @u = @x . @u = @x @x + @u @y = @u cos + @u sin .
@y @y
@r
@r @y @r @x
@y
1 @v = 1 @v @x + @v @y = 1 @u ( r sin ) + @u (r cos ) = @u cos + @u sin = @u .
r @ r @x @ @y @
r @y
@x
@x
@y
@r
@v = @v @x + @v @y = @v cos + @v sin .
@r @x @r @y @r @x
@y
1 @u = 1 @u @x + @u @y = 1 @v ( r sin ) @v (r cos ) = @v cos + @v sin = @v .
r@
r @x @ @y @
r @y
@x
@x
@y
@r

Solution to Practice Exercise Set IV

z 7! 1 Log z

z 7! i 1 + z
1 z

(1) (a)

1 z
T (z) = 1 Log i 1 + z
r

z 7! i 1 + z
1 z

(b)

T (z) =
(c)

i 1+z
1 z

T (z)=

i 1+z +i
1 z

p 1 z
i( 1+z ) i

" r

T (z) =
i 1+z
1 z
1 z 2
(d)
z 7! 1 + z

z
z 7! z + 1
1

p 1 z
i( 1+z )+i

z 7! z 2

i 1+z +i
1 z

#2

1
z 7! z

z 7! z 1

-1

z 7! 2z + 1

-1

-1

z 2 1 1 + 1 = z2 + 1 = 1 z + 1 .
T (z) = 2 1 + z
1
2z
2
z
(2) Observe that T(1) = 1, T(ia) = 0, T (ib) = 1. Orient L3 by (1; ia; ib). The right side of L3 is
D E F. The right side of T (L3 ) (with respect to (1; 0; 1)) is U V W . The part of L3 from 1 to
ia is mapped onto the segment from 1 to 0. So we have the correspondence F $ V , E $ U, D $ W,
C $ Y , B $ X, A $ Z.

Solution to Practice Exercise Set V

Observe that the range of f(z) is in the disk jw 1j < 1, which is contained in
the slit plane C n ( 1; 0) (Complex plane minus the negative real axis and 0).
Now Log w is analytic on the slit plane. So Log f(z) is de ned and analytic. Then
Z 0
f (z) dz = Z (Log f(z))0 dz = Log f(z(b)) Log f(z(a)) = 0 because C is closed
C f(z)
C
(i.e. z(a) = z(b)).

(1)
1

(2) The unit circle (counterclockwise direction) is given by z(t) = eit = cos t + i sin t (0
jdz j = jieit j dt = dt, so
Z

jzj=1

jz 1jjdz j =

Z2 q

(cos t 1)2 + sin2 t dt =

Z2

2 2 cos t dt = 2

Z2
0

2 ),

t
sin 2 dt = 8:

(3) Observe that (f(z) + g(z)) dz = f(z) dz + g(z) dz and

f(z) dz =
f(z) dz. So it sufC
C n
C
C
C
ces to consider the special case P(z) = z (the general case is obtained by using the linearity properties
above). C is given by z(t) = a + Reit, 0 t 2 , dz = iReit dt.
Z

P (z) dz =
=
=
=
=
Z2

(*) where we use the fact

Z
ZC

Z0

Z2

z n dz =

(a + Re it )niReit dt

(an + nan 1Re it +

+ Rn e int)iReit dt

nan 1iR2 dt
0
2 inan 1 R2
2 iR2 P 0(a):

8Z 2
>
>
<
int dt = Z0
e
> 2
>
:

()

(cos nt + i sin nt) dt = 0 if n 6= 0

1 dt = 2

if n = 0

Z
1 z= 1
(4) Since z12 has the antiderivative 1 in C n f0g, z12 dz = z z=1 = 2.
z
C

(5) Suppose
Z

jzj=1

jzj=1

f(z) dz =

f(z) dz = R =

Z2

Z2
0

f(eit )ieit dt = Rei . Then

f(eit )iei(t

) dt =

Re

Z2

0
Z2

Z 20
Z0 2
0

f(eit )( sin(t

f(eit ) sin(t

f(eit ) sin(t

j sin(t

) + i cos(t

) dt
) dt

)j dt =

Z2
0

j sin tj dt = 4.

)) dt

(6)

C1: z(t) = t, 2 t 1
C2: z(t) = eit , t from down to 0
C3: z(t) = t, 1 t 2
C4: z(t) = 2eit, 0 t

2i
C4
i

C2
C1
-2

C3
-1

Z 1

Z
z dz =
z dz = Z 0 eit ieit dt = i Z 0 e3it dt = e3it 0 = 2 .
1 dt = 1, z
z
e it
3
3
2
ZC1
Z2
Z C2
Z
Z
it
z dz = 1 dt = 1, z dz =
2e
2 3it
4
it
3it
z
z
2e it 2ie dt = 2i 0 e dt = 3 e 0 = 3 .
1
C4
0
ZC3
z dz = 1 + 2 + 1 4 = 4 .
3
3 3
Cz

Solution to Practice Exercise Set VI

(1)
a
a

n(C; a) = 1

n(C; a) = 1

n(C; a) = 1

2
3
4
(2) Log(w + 1) = w w + w w + : : : for w near 0.
2 3 4
98
49 z + : : :)
z Log(z 49 + 1) = z(z
2
For z near 0, cos z 25 1
z 50 + z 100 : : : =
2
24
z Log(z 49 + 1) ) = e 2.
Therefore, zlim exp( cos z 25 1
!0

2
4
cos w 1 = w + w
2! 4!
z 49 + : : :
1 2
1 + z 50 + : : : .
2 24

(4) Let f(z) = a0 + a1 z + : : : + an z n be a polynomial such that jz j

Z
f(z) dz 1 1 2 = 1.
jak j = k!f (k)(0) = 21 i
z k+1
2 |{z} |{z}
1 L
jzj=1

w6 + : : : for all w.
6!

Let f(z) be an entire function, whose range lies in the

right half plane. Let T (z) = z + 1 , then T f(z) is
z 1
entire and has range in the unit disk, i.e. jT f(z)j 1
for all z. By Liouville's theorem, T f(z) constant.
Therefore f T 1 T f constant.

(3)
f

n(C; a) = 0

1 ) jf(z)j

1. By corollary (1),

sin z
(5) Let f(z) sin z and g(z) = z if z 6= 0 , then by Cauchy's integral formula,
1
if z = 0
Z
sin z dz = Z f(z) dz = 2 if(0) = 0 and Z sin z dz = Z g(z) dz = 2 ig(0) = 2 i.
z
z 0
z2
z
jzj=1

jzj=1

@v
(6) (a) Jf (x; y) = @u @v @u @x = @u +
@x @y @y
@x
Cauchy-Riemann equations.
Z Z
ZZ
rei 2 1 rm eim rne
(b)
z m z n dA z==
D
0
0
ei(m n) 2
1
= i(m n)
= 0.
=0 m + n + 2
ZZ
ZZ
(c) area of G =
Jf (x; y) dx dy (a)
=
ZZ

D
1
mcm z m 1
m=1

jzj=1

@v
@x
in

jzj=1

@v
= f 0 (z) 2 because f 0 (z) = @u + i @x and by the
@x

r dr d =

f 0 (z) 2 dA =

Z2

ei(m n) d

ZZ

Z1

nc z n
n=1 n

1
nc z n 1 dA
n=1 n
Z ZD
1 2 2 2n 2
=
n jcnj jz j
+ m6=n mncm cn z m 1 z n 1 dA
m=n=1
D
Z Z1
1
1
1
(b) 1 2 2 2
= n=1 n jcnj
r2n 2r dr d = n=1 n2 jcnj22 2n = n=1 njcnj2.
0
0

rm+n+1 dr

dA

Solution to Practice Exercise Set VII

1
1
1
(1) Suppose f( n ) = n + 1 for all positive integer n. Since n has limit point 0, which is in z: jz j 1 ,
z
so the identity theorem implies f(z) = 1 1 = 1 + z . However, this is not analytic at z = 1, a
z +1
contradiction.
(2) De ne g(z) = f(z) for 1 jz j 2. Then g is continuous on 1 jz j 2 (which is closed and bounded)
z2
and analytic on 1 < jz j < 2. So the maximum modulus theorem implies that for 1 jz j 2,
jf(z)j = jg(z)j max jg(w)j = max jf(w)j = 1:
jz j2
jwj=1;2
jwj=1;2 jwj2
Z

(3) (a) Let

be the boundary of a rectangle. For a xed t; sin zt is entire, so sin zt = 0. Then

Z
Z Z1
sin zt dt dz = Z 1 Z sin zt dz dt = Z 1 1 Z sin zt dz dt = 0.
f(z) dz =
t
t
0
0
0 t
(Details: Since w!0 sin w = 1; sin w is bounded for jwj jz j. Suppose sin w M for jwj jz j.
lim w
w
w
sin zt M jz j for 0 < t 1 and Z Z 1 sin zt dt dz < 1. These imply f(z) is continuous
Then t
t
0
and interchange of integration is possible.)
n 2n+1
1
(b) sin zt = n=0 ( 1) (zt) . For a xed z0 ; 0 < t 1; tz0 lies in the closed disk B(0; jz0j). So
(2n + 1)!
2
1 ( 1)n z0 n+1 t2n
converges uniformly to sintz0 t as a function of t (power series converges unin=0 (2n + 1)!
formly in closed subdisks of domain of convergence). Then

f(z0 ) =

Z1
sin z0 t

dt =

Z1 1
(
0 n=0

2
2
2
1)n z0 n+1t2n dt = 1 ( 1)n z0 n+1 Z 1 t2n dt = 1 ( 1)n z0 n+1 :
(2n + 1)!
n=0 (2n + 1)! 0
n=0 (2n + 1)!(2n + 1)

(4) Since z: jz j 1 is closed and bounded, let M = jmax jf(z)j. Also let T(z) be a Mobius transformation
zj 1
mapping UHP = z: Imz 0 onto z: jz j 1 and R onto z: jz j = 1 (e.g. T(z) = z + i ). Then
z i
f T(z) is continuous on UHP, analytic on UHF = z: Imz > 0 and real-valued on R. By the Schwarz
re ection principle, f T(z) can be extended to an entire function.
So jf T (z)j M for all z, Liouville's theorem implies f T(z) is constant. Therefore, f(z) is a constant.
+w
(5) Let w1; w2 be two distinct xed points of f in D. Let T (z) = 1z+ w 1z , then T is one-to-one map from
1
D onto D. So there is z0 such that T(z0 ) = w2. The function T 1 f T (z) is an analytic function from
D onto D and T 1 f T (0) = 0 and T 1 f T(z0 ) = z0 . The equality case of Schwarz lemma implies
T 1 f T (z) ei z. Using T 1 f T (z0 ) = z0 , we get ei = 1. So T 1 f T (z) = z. Therefore,
f T(z) = T (z) for all z 2 D. Therefore f(w) w for all w 2 D.
(n)
1
(6) Since f(z) is entire, f(z) = n=0 an z n for all z, where an = f n!(0) . Since f(z) is real on the real
1
axis, Schwarz re ection principle and the identity theorem imply f(z) = f(z) for all z. So n=0 an z n =

a z n = n=0 anz n . By the uniqueness of power series, an = an for all n.

n=0 n

De ne g(z) = if(iz). Since f(z) is imaginary on the imaginary axis, g(z) is real on the real axis.
1
Now g(z) = n=0 in+1 anz n . By the above argument, we have in+1 an = in+1 an. If n is even, then
in+1 an = in+1 an . This implies an = an = an for even n. So an = 0 for all even n. Therefore
1
f(z) = a2k+1z 2k+1 is odd.
k=0

Alternatively,

f(z) = f(z) for all z and g(w) = g(w) for all w

) f(z) = f(z) for all z and if(iw) = if(iw) = if(iw) for all w
) f(z) = f(z) and f(z) = f( z) for all z (set z = iw)
) f(z) = f(z) = f( z) for all z
) f(u) = f( u) for all u (set u = z)

(7) f(z) has nitely many roots 1; : : :; n (repeated according to multiplicities) in the open unit disk and
no roots on the unit circle since jf(z)j = 1 for jz j = 1 (otherwise the roots have a limit point in the
closed disk forcing f(z) 0). By the theorem following the orientation principle, 1z jz = 1 for
j
f(z) is analytic on D. (This is clear for z 6= ; : : :; because
jz j = 1. The function g(z) = n z j
1
n
j =1 1
jz
n z
f(z) = f (m) ( k ) 6= 0 (by l'H^pital's
j 6= 0. If
o
k is a root of multiplicity m, then zlimk (z
!
m!
j =1 1
jz
k )m
rule) and m of the k 's equal k so that zlimk g(z) exists and is nonzero, which is used to de ne g( k ).
!
It follows that g is analytic at k .) By the maximum modulus theorem, for jz j 1,

jg(z)j jmax jg(w)j = jmax

wj=1
wj=1

jf(w)j

w
j =1 1
n

jz

= jmax jf(w)j = 1:
wj=1

Since g has no root in D = z: jz j < 1 , the minimum modulus theorem implies, for jz j 1; jg(z)j
min jg(w)j = 1. Therefore jg(z)j = 1 for jz j 1. Then g(z) = ei because jg(z)j = 1. Hence
jwj=1
n
f(z) = ei j =1 1z jz by the identity theorem. Since f is entire, j = 0 (otherwise f is not de ned at
j
1 ). Therefore f(z) ei z n .
j

Solution to Practice Exercise Set VIII

Introducing n+1 cross-cuts as shown below and applying Cauchy's theorem

to the upper and lower simple closed curves, we get (after cancelling the
integrals over the cross-cuts)

(1)

a1

...
...

a2

0=

an

f(z) dz

n Z

j =1 Cj

f(z) dz:

The result follows.

(2) (a) Since 4 1 2 = 2 1
z + z z (z + i)(z i) , there are a pole of order 2 at 0, a pole of order 1 at i and i,
respectively. cos z
z
z
(b) Since cot z = sin z and zlim (z n ) cos z = 1; zlim (z n )2 cos z = 0, there is a pole of order 1
!n
!n
sin
sin
at n , where n is any integer.
1=z
(c) The isolated singularities are at 0 and 1. There is a pole of order 1 at 1. Since ze 1 doesn't have
a limit as z ! 0, so 0 is an essential singularity.
2
2 1
(d) The isolated singularities are at all integers. Since z!1 z z = 2 , zlim1 z z = 2 ,
lim sin 1
! sin
z 2 1 = n2 2 1 6= 0, there are removable singularities at 1 and 1, respeclim6 (z n ) sin z
z!n ;n= 1
tively, and pole of order 1 at all other integers.
1 (z 2)k
1
(3) (a) z 2 1 4 = 4(z 1 2)
= 4(z 1 2) (1 z 4 2 + ( z 4 2 )2 : : :) =
, where
k= 1 4k+2
(1 + z 4 2 )
z 2 < 1.
4
1 k 1
1 =
1
(b) z 2 4
= z12 (1 + z42 + 16 + : : :) = 4z 2k , where z42 < 1.
4
z
k=1
z 2(1 z42 )
1
1
1
1
1
(4) Suppose (n + 1) < r < n1 . Since sin z = 1 3!z 3 + 5!z 5 : : : for (n + 1) < jz j < n1 ,
z
Z
1
sin z dz = 2 a 1 = 2 i. (This is the same if 1 < r < 1.)
jzj=r

(5) Let f(z) =

k= 1

ak z k for C n 0 = z: 0 < jz j < 1 . For k = 0,

jak j 21
Therefore, f

jzj=r

jf(z)j
jz jk+1 jdz j

pr + p
1
rk

r = r + 1 ! 0 as r ! 1 if k > 0
1
as r ! 0 if k < 0
rk+ 2

a0.

(6) If f has a pole of order k at 0, then f(z) = az kk + az kk+1 + : : : = az kk (1 + aa k+1 + : : :) = a k g(z) for
1
zk
k
|
{z
}
=g(z)

k
0 < jz j < ", where g is analytic on jz j < "; g(0) = 1 and a k 6= 0. Let z = pta k with t a real variable,
f (z) = e+1 = +1 and lim ef (z) = e 1 = 0. So 0 is an essential singularity of ef (z) .
then t!0+ e
lim
t!0

k
(7) (i) f(z) entire ) f(z) = 1 ak z k . f( 1 ) has a pole of order N ) f( 1 ) = 0 ak . So f(z) = N ak z k
z
z k=N z
k=0
k=0
is a polynomial.
(ii) Since C 1 is closed and bounded, and the poles are isolated, there are only nitely many
poles. Let the finite poles be p1; : : :; pk and the respectiveorders be N1 ; : : :; Nk . Let P(z) =
(z p1 )N1 : : :(z pk )Nk f(z), then P is entire. Since 1 is either a removable singularity or a pole
of f(z), the same is true for P. If 1 is a removable singularity, then P is analytic at 1 and P (1)
is a complex number. This implies P is bounded on C, so by Liouville's theorem, P (z) P (1)
and f(z) = (z p )NP(:1) p )Nk is a rational function. If 1 is a pole, then by part (i), P(z)
1 1 : :(z
k
is a polynomial, then f(z) = (z p )N1P: (z) p )Nk is a rational function.
: :(z k
1

Solution to Practice Exercise Set IX

(1) Let g(z) = f( 1 ), then 0 is an isolated singularity of g. If it is removable, then f has a removable
z
singularity at 1 and f will be bounded, forcing it to be a constant. If 0 is a pole of g, then g(z) =
1
N
a z k near 0 and f(z) =
a z j . Since f is analytic at 0, a j = 0 for j < 0, then f is
k= N k
j= 1 j
a polynomial. By the fundamental theorem of algebra, the image of the plane under f is the whole
plane (hence the image is dense). If 0 is an essential singularity of g, then Casorati-Weierstrass theorem
implies the image of the plane under g (or f) is dense in the plane.

(2) Suppose f has more than one roots. Let R be so large that there are more than one roots inside , the
circle jz j = R. Since f(R); f( R) are the only real valued on f , the curve f(Rei ): 0 < <
and f(Rei ): < < 2 lie entirely on the upper or lower half plane. Then n(f ; 0) = 0 or 1.
Therefore, f can have at most one root by the Argument Principle, a contraction.
(Note f 6 0, so we may assume f(R) 6= 0 and f( R) 6= 0 by the identity theorem.)
(3) No, otherwise the Argument Principle implies f has poles inside the unit circle.
(4) Since f is one-to-one on ; f has no self-intersections, so it is a simple closed curve. For w 62 f ,
let g(z) = f(z) w, then n(g ; 0) = n(f ; w) = 1 or 0 depends whether w is inside or outside f .
If z0 is inside , then f(z0 ) is not on f
by the open mapping theorem. Now z0 is a root of
g(z) = f(z) f(z0 ), hence n(g ; 0) = 1. Then g has no other root. This implies f is one-to-one inside
.
(5)

iR

2
R
-iR
fo2

f o 2

Consider the contour on the left with R large. On 1 ; z(t) = Reit ; 2 t 2 ; f(z) =
z 2n + 2z 2n 1 + 2 z 2n, so 1 arg f(z) = 2n . On 2 ; z(t) = it, wher t decreases
from R to R.
If n is odd, f(it) = t2n2n 1 2 + i 2 t2n 1; f(iR)
+
1 + i0+ ; f( iR) 1 + i0 .
1
1
2 j j n ; f(0) = 2 ; f( ij j n ) = i 2 j j 2nn 1 .)
(Note f(ij j n ) = i
A sketch shows 2 arg f(z) = 2 . So f has (2n 2 2) = n 1 roots inside the
contour for R large, so f has n 1 roots with positive real parts.
If n is even, f(it) = t2n {z 2 i 2 t2n 1; f(iR) +1 i0+ ; f( iR) +1 i0 .
+ }
|
>0

A sketch shows 2 arg f(z) = 0. So f has 2n = n roots inside the contour for R
2
large, so f has n roots with positive real parts.
(6) Let f(z) = ez az n and g(z) = az n, then for jz j = 1; jf(z) + g(z)j = jez j = eRe z e1 < a = jaz nj =
jg(z)j < jf(z)j + jg(z)j. So by Rouche's theorem f(z) has n roots inside the unit circle (because g has
n roots inside the unit circle).

Solution to Practice Exercise Set X

By residue theorem,

(1)

ZR Z

Re 2i/n
1

2
0

Z
2

dz (*)
1
1
Res
1 + z n = 2 i z=e i=n 1 + z n = 2 i n(e i=n )n 1 :

dz
2 ,
ML = Rn1 1 2 nR ! 0 as R ! +1.
n
n Z 1+z
1
2 ,
dz = Z R e2 i=n dx = e2 i=n Z R dx .
2 i=n , 0
On 2 , z = xe
n
+ n
0 1 + xn
0 1 + xn
2Z 11 z
1
dx = 2 i
2 i e i=n .
Letting R ! +1, (*) ) (1 e2 i=n ) 1 + xn
n(e i=n )n 1 = n
0
Z1
dx
2 i
Therefore,
1 + xn = n(e i=n e i=n ) = n sin .
0
n
On 1 , z = Rei , 0

(2)

2iz
2iz
e2iz = 1 + 2iz + (2iz) + , e z1 2iz = 2 4i z + . (At 0, e z1 2iz
2
2
2!
3
has a removable singularity, where we assign the value 2 to make it analytic.)
-R
R
Consider the contour shown.
By Cauchy's theorem,
CR

ZR

e2iz 1 2iz dz (*) 0: Z 0 e2iz 1 2iz dz x= z Z R e 2ix 1 + 2ix dx:

=
=
z2
z2
x2
R
0
CR

2iz
e 2 Im z + 1
2 . So Z e2iz 1 dz
2 R ! 0 as R ! +1. Then
On CR , e z 2 1
2
2
2
R
R Z
R2
CR z
Z
2iz 1 2iz
e
dz = 2 .
lim
dz = R!+1 2i
lim
R!+1 CR
z2
CR z
Z 1 2ix
2ix 2
e +e
dx + 2 = 0. Since e2ix + e 2ix 2 = 4 sin2 x, we
Taking R ! +1, (*) implies
x2
0
Z1 2
sin x dx = .
get
x2
2
0

(3)

CR

i 2 . Therefore,
(4)

Recall log z = ln jz j + i arg z, 0 arg z

and so log i = i 2 .
log z dz (*) 2 iRes logz = i 2 .
Cr
By residue theorem,
+ +
= z=i z 2 + 1
2
R
Cr
r
CR z 2 + 1
-r r
-R
R
Z
log z
j lnrj + r
j lnRj + R ! 0 as R ! +1.
log z
+
z 2 + 1 dz | 1 {zr2 } |{z} ! 0 as r ! 0 , z 2 + 1 dz
R2 1
Cr
L
M
Z r
logz dz = Z R lnx + i dx. Letting r ! 0+ , R ! +1, (*) ) 2Z 1 lnx dx+i Z 1 dx =
x2 + 1
R z2 + 1
r x2 + 1
0 x2 + 1
| 0 {z }
i

-R+i
3
-R

Z r

Z1
0
R+i

ZR

=2

ln x
x2 + 1 dx = 0.
Consider f(z) = e z2 . By Cauchy's theorem,
ZR

e z2 dz (*) 0:
=

e z2 dz

1; 3

e R2 +1 ! 0 as R ! +1.
| {z }
M

Letting R ! +1, (*) implies

p
(5)

, taking the real part, we get

So

/4

Z
1

eiz2 dz

ei 4

Z1
0

e x2 dx e

11
Z
0

x2

Consider f(z) = eiz2 .

1

Z 4
0

On 2 , z = xei 4 , 0

1 , z = Rei
4R2

e
x

e z2 dz =

Z1

Z R

2
e x 2ix+1 dx.

By the Cauchy's theorem,

ZR
0

4R2

R2 sin 2

Z
1

eiz dz (*) 0. On
=

=e
e
by Jordan's inequality.
4,
R d = 4R (1 e R2 ) ! 0 as R ! +1.
Z
ZR
Z1
iz2 dz =
x2 (ei 4 dx). Letting R ! +1, (*) )
eix2 dx
R, e
e
,0

2
sin x2 dx = 4 .

p0

2 , taking real and imaginary parts, we get

Z
d
i
dz
d
1Z 2
=4
=1
2
2
1 (z 1 )2 z
4
1 + sin
0 1 + sin
0
jzj=1 1 4
z
Z
Z
i
dz
dz
=4
Res 2
z 2 2z 1
z 2 + 2z 1 = 2 z=1 p2 z{z
|

jzj=1

Z
(7) (a) Res(f; 1) = 1
f(z) dz =
2 i

jzj=R

ZR

Z1
e x2 (cos 2x i sin 2x) dx = 0. Since
e x2 dx =

Z =2

jzj=1

e (x+i)2 dx =

cos 2x dx = 2e .
eiz2

Z1 2
x2 dx = 0. Since
e x2 dx =
0
p Z1
p

2
2 cos 4 = 4 ,

(6)

Z1

= 21p2

n
j =1

0
Z1
0

cos x2 dx =

iz
2z 1)(z 2 + 2z 1) dz
jzj=1
1
1
2z 1} z= Resp2 z 2 + 2z 1} = 2p2
1+
|
{z

(z 2

1
= 2p2

Res(f; aj ) (clockwise orientation), where the last equality fol-

lows from residue theorem.

(b) Suppose f(z) = + az kk + + az 1 + a0 + a1 z + on r < jz j < 1, then
1 f( 1 ) = 1 ( + a z k + + a z + a + a1 + ) on 0 < jz j < 1
k
1
0
z2 z
z2
r.
a 1 a0 a1 z
=
a kzk 2
2
3
z
1 f( 1 ); 0) = a = Res(f; 1). z z
So Res( z 2 z
1
1 , then Z f(z) dz = 2 i Res(f; 1) = 2 i Res( 1 f( 1 ); 0) (counterclockwise
(c) Let f(z) = 1
z2 z
sin( z )
jzj=1
2
1
1
orientation). Now z12 f( 1 ) =
= z13
= z13 (1 + z6 + ) =
3
2
z
z 2 (z z6 + )
1 z6 +
Z
1 1
1 dz = 2 i( 1 ) = i (counterclockwise orientation).
. So
z 3 6z
6
3
sin( 1 )
z Z
Z jzj=1
Z
1 dz =
1
1
(z + 6z + ) dz = 1 2 i = 3i ,
Alternatively,
1)
1 1 + dz =
6
jzj=1 sin( z
jzj=1 z 6z 3
jzj=1
where all orientations are counterclockwise and the last integrand converges uniformly on jz j = 1.