CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 COMPANY PROFILE
ITI Ltd. is Indias first Public Sector Unit (PSU), established in 1948. Since then,
it has contributed to !" of the #resent national teleco$ net%or& and has been a
#ioneerin' (enture in the field of teleco$$unications. )ith state*of*the*art
$anufacturin' facilities s#read across si+ locations and a countr,%ide net%or& of
$ar&etin'-ser(ice outlets, the co$#an, offers a co$#lete ran'e of teleco$ #roducts and
total solutions co(erin' S%itchin', Trans$ission, .ccess and Subscriber Pre$ises
e/ui#$ent.
ITI Ltd. offers an entire ran'e of teleco$ e/ui#$ent co(erin' in the %hole
s#ectru$ of s%itchin' (lar'e, $ediu$ and s$all s%itches, caterin' to rural and urban
needs), Trans$ission (di'ital $icro%a(e, fiber o#tic and S.T012 #roducts), .ccess
#roducts and Subscriber Pre$ises e/ui#$ent. The #roduct and ser(ices of ITI ha(e
established a trac& record for de#endabilit, in (arious #riorit, sectors li&e Teleco$,
3efence, 4ail%a,s, Po%er, 1il, etc. 3esi'ned es#eciall, for $ost ru''ed tro#ical
a##lications, the, ha(e booted the Indian rural econo$, and found read, acce#tance in
$an, de(elo#in' countries. The co$#an, offers the latest teleco$ solutions and
custo$i5ed su##ort to a (ariet, of businesses b, (irtue of its stron' in*house 4 6 3,
selected collaborations and strate'ic alliances %ith 'lobal leaders. The co$#an, has a
dedicated 7et%or& S,ste$s Unit for carr,in' out installation and co$$issionin' of
e/ui#$ent and for underta&in' turn&e, 8obs as %ell as #ro(idin' (alue*added ser(ices.
9esides $a8or #ro8ects in India, the 0o$#an, has successfull, e+ecuted 8obs o(erseas
too.
Presentl,, the 0o$#an, is consolidatin' its di(ersification into Infor$ation and
0o$$unication Technolo', (I0T) to hone its co$#etiti(e ed'e in the con(er'ence
$ar&et b, de#lo,in' its rich teleco$ e+#ertise and (ast infrastructure. 7et%or&
1
2ana'e$ent S,ste$s, :ncr,#tion and 7et%or&in' Solutions for Internet 0onnecti(it,
are so$e of the $a8or initiati(es ta&en b, the co$#an,.7e% IT initiati(e on in*house
de(elo#$ent of #roducts at its center for e+cellence in IT include Info*;ios&, Public ;e,
Infrastructure(P;I),S$art*connect )eb*based 0all 0entre, 0o$#uter Tele#hone
Inte'ration(0TI), IP*P.9<(Internet :+chan'e) 6 e*co$$erce #latfor$s.ITI is also
ha(in' the #otential to #ro(ide the inte'rated 9illin' Soft%are and 2editation S,ste$s.
The 0o$#an,s fora, into It business has alread, been re%arded %ith a share in the
net%or&in' se'$ent. ITI is e+ecutin' 9S7Ls #ilot #ro8ect for introducin' 2ana'ed
Leased Lines(2LL7) and =oice 1(er Internet Protocol(=1IP) in nine $a8or cities. ITI is
also e+ecutin' the nations first broadband net%or& IP2PLS (Internet Protocol*2ulti
Protocol Label s%itchin') based =P7 (=irtual Pri(ate 7et%or&) for 9S7L %hich is
nearin' co$#letion in ten $a8or cities. =P7 %ill facilitate the custo$ers of 9S7L to set
u# secure, reliable and cost*effecti(e inter*connecti(it, bet%een their (arious locations
and re$ote sites.
7e% IT initiati(e on in*house de(elo#$ent of #roducts at its center for e+cellence
in IT include Info&ios&s,Public ;e, Infrastructure(P;I),S$artconnect )eb*based 0all
0entre, 0o$#uter Tele#hone Inte'ration(0TI), IP*P.9<(Internet :+chan'e) 6 e*
co$$erce #latfor$s.
Turn&e, Pro8ect $ana'e$ent and Total Teleco$-IT solutions ha(e enriched the
co$#an,s #ortfolio. The $ost si'nificant of the$ are the state*of*the*art secure
co$$unication 7et%or& for 3efence and the 0I=I017 #ro8ect based on secure satellite
co$$unication net%or& for the $inistr, of >o$e .ffairs. These ha(e been %on a'ainst
stiff co$#etition and the i$#le$entation of the sa$e is in #ro'ress. The co$#an, has
been short*listed for e+ecution of other $a8or contracts for state 'o(ern$ent net%or&s
and other cor#orate clients. The co$#an, is buildin' u# a full, secure .T2*based
net%or&, %hich 8ustifies ITIs stren'th in :ncr,#tion and total solutions.ITI is the lar'est
su##lier of s%itchin' e/ui#$ent as %ell as S3> fiber o#tic ter$inals b, the su##l, of
3)32 e/ui#$ent to the countr,s teleco$ net%or&. This for$s the bac&bone of the
countr,s first national o#tical net%or& as its $a8or co$#onent, thus #ro(idin' enor$ous
band%idth to subscribers.
2
The 0o$#an, has ta&en ra#id strides in #ro(idin' ?lobal S,ste$ for 2obile
co$$unication, ?S2 (0ellular 2obile Infrastructure) for 9S7L and 2T7L@s first
#hase and e+#ansion roll out #lan for A.B la&h lines subscribers in 2u$bai and 3elhi, ITI
has recei(ed the second #hase order for A. la&h lines. The entire )est Cone of India
(2aharashtra, ?u8arat, 2adh,a Pradesh, and 0hhattis'arh) %ould be e/ui##ed and
net%or&ed b, ITI for cellular $obile ser(ices to one $illion ne% subscribers %ho %ill
also be the beneficiaries of lar'e $e$or, DA;bs SI2 cards $anufactured b, ITI
incor#oratin' the latest technolo',. ITI is in the ad(anced sta'es of buildin' the ?S2
7et%or& at Ehar&hand circle, ;ol&ata, 0oi$batore, 3elhi and 2u$bai. ITI is also
focusin' on )LL(032.) to $eet the =PT #ro'ra$ of the 'o(ern$ent for rural as %ell
as urban areas. 9oth these technolo'ies %ould #ro(ide a #latfor$ for $i'ration to
internet access and are in line %ith 9S7Ls a$bitions e+#ansion #ro'ra$.
Secure co$$unications is the co$#an,Fs forte %ith a #ro(en record of
en'ineerin' strate'ic co$$unication net%or&s for IndiaFs 3efence forces. :+tensi(e in*
house 463 %or& is de(oted to%ards s#eciali5ed areas of :ncr,#tion, 72S, IT and
.ccess #roducts to #ro(ide co$#lete custo$i5ed solutions to (arious custo$ers.
1.2 ABOUT BANGALORE UNIT
Bangalore Unit is the first Plant of ITI Ltd. set u# in 1948. It houses state*of*the*
art infrastructure ca#able of $anufacturin' a (ast ran'e of teleco$ #roducts for ci(ilian
and defence a##lications. The, include di'ital s%itches (lar'e, $ediu$, s$all), 3i'ital
2icro%a(e e/ui#$ent, o#tic fibere/ui#$ents, S.T012 e/ui#$ent, access #roducts, and
ter$inale/ui#$ents.The $ain 463 center and the 2icroelectronics di(ision are housed
in this #lant. The $odern facilities a(ailable are =LSI lab, h,brid 2icro 0ircuits
Lab,Surface 2ount Technolo',, 0o$#onent .##ro(al and =endor :(aluation 0enter,
P092anufacturin' Plant,:lectro#latin' and Po%der coatin' facilities ca#able of in*
house fabrication, full, fled'ed tool roo$. 1ther su##ort facilities include :2IShielded
3
0ha$ber, :lectrical Test Lab, 2echanical Test Lab, 0he$ical Test Lab and
:n(iron$ental Testin' Gacilit,.
1.2.1 Boar O! Dire"tor#
Shri;.L.3hin'raH 0hair$an and 2ana'in' 3irector
Shri 4 ; .'ar%alH 3irector (2ar&etin')
Shri ;.;. ?u#taH 3irector(Production)
Shri 4a(i ;handel%alH 3irector (Ginance)
Shri 7.;. Sri(asta(aH 3irector
S$t.4achana0houdhar,H 0o$#an, Secretar,
Prof.2. 9ala&rishnanH Inde#endent 3irector
Shri T.S. 7ara,anasa$,H Inde#endent 3irector
3r. S.;. 0haudhur,H Inde#endent 3irector
4
1.$ OB%ECTI&E'
I To obser(e and anal,5e functions and o#erations #erfor$ed b, the(arious
3e#art$ents in the 0o$#an,.
To secure #ractical &no%led'e re'ardin' the Technical Ser(ice, 2aterials, >4 and
1#eration as#ects.
To stud, the or'anisational and de#art$ental structure for #ro#er %or&in' of a
co$#an,.
To stud, %or&in' #rocess and theor, of an or'anisation.
CHAPTER 2
TRAINING PROGRAM
1ur batch of D4 students of SB:0:, under%ent trainin' at ITI Li$ited, 9an'alore for
a #eriod of 8 da,s. )e %ere 'i(en trainin' in the follo%in' de#art$ents of the co$#an,H
'(it")ing A""e## Pro*"t# +'AP,.
5
Tele-)one# De!en"e Pro*"t# +TDP,.
In!or.ation Te")nolog/ +IT,.
Re#ear") an De0elo-.ent +R1D,.
9efore co$$ence$ent of the actual in*de#th trainin' #ro'ra$, %e %ere 'i(en a brief
o(er(ie% of the #roducts and ser(ices offered at ITI.
2.1 PRODUCT'
S)IT0>I7?H
109*A8D
IS37
:P.9<
IP*T.<
SSTP
3:7S: ).=:L:7?T> 3I=ISI17 2ULTIPL:<I7?(3)32) P413U0TSH
Unitrans C<)2 29!!
T4.7S2ISSI17H
Satellite, 1#tical, 2icro%a(e, =>G-U>G
941.39.73 :JUIP2:7TH
.3SL, )i2.<, ?*P17,:3) .S
6
0UST12:4 P4:2IS:S :JUIP2:7TH
IG)T, .3SL 2ode$, 0LI Phones
IT .73 017=:4?:70:H
:ducational :4P
S2PS Po%er Plant Indoor 6 1utdoor
.##lication s#ecific soft%are in (arious do$ains
7et%or& 2ana'e$ent S,ste$
3:G:70:H
Gield Tele#hones
2IS0:LL.7:1US P413U0TSH
S$art-SI2 0ards
Po%er Plants
9an&in' .uto$ation :/ui#$ent
7on*con(entional S,ste$
T)T*>P.
.2G Panel for 3? sets
)a(e L.7
7
Su#er(isor, 0ontrol 6 3ata .c/uisition
7et%or& 2ana'e$ent S,ste$
2.2 'ER&ICE'
2LL7* 2ana'ed Leased Line 7et%or&
SSTP* Stand .lone Si'nallin' Transfer Point 7et%or&
S,ste$s Inte'ration Teleco$
S,ste$s Inte'ration IT
Shared >ub =*S.T Ser(ices
0usto$er 0are Ser(ice
Installation 6 0o$$issionin' 2icro%a(e, 1#tical Gibre etc.
Pre*%arrant, 6 Post*)arrant, 2aintenance Ser(ices
Ser(ices for all Products-Pro8ects
:nter#rise businesses li&e 3ata 0enters etc.
8
)e %ere then di(ided into t%o batches of 1K students each and each batch %as
directed to different de#art$ents to under'o trainin' si$ultaneousl,.
2.$ '2ITCHING ACCE'' PRODUCT'
In the S.P de#art$ent, %e %ere fa$iliari5ed %ith the (arious technolo'ies used for
fi+ed line and re$ote co$$unications and also technolo'ies used to $anufacture the
hard%are re/uired in these de(ices.
2.$.1 R*ral A*to.ati" E3")ange +Ra3,
4.< is a di'ital stored #ro'ra$ control s%itchin' s,ste$ %ith u# to AB
ter$inations or #orts. It e$#lo,s a non*bloc&in' 4*%ire P02 s%itchin' net%or&. The
entire AB lines is di(ided into A fra$es %ith each fra$e bein' du#licated.4.< offers a
lo% in(est$ent tele#hone ser(ice in rural areas, ho%e(er far the, $a, be fro$ the
nearest cit,.
It can act as a ter$inal e+chan'e, an Inte'rated Local*cu$*Transit e+chan'e (ILT)
to a #urel, transit e+chan'e. .nd it can be #laced in the secondar, s%itchin' area as a
tertiar, centre, #ro(idin' connecti(it, a$on' 4.<s, T.<s and $anual trun& #ositions,
in addition to local subscribers..s an inde#endent e+chan'e, the ABP 4.< #ro(ides
$an*$achine interface foro#eration and $aintenance fro$ the e+chan'e. These functions
can be carried out either fro$the e+chan'e itself, or re$otel, throu'h 0entral 1#eration
and 2aintenance 0entres.
It is ideal for rural a##lications since it #ro(ides i$$ediate basic tele#hone
connection %ith$ini$u$ infrastructure, thus $a&in' it ideal for rural a##lications. It is a
B!A $icro#rocessor based Stored Pro'ra$ 0ontrol :+chan'e %ith a $a+i$u$ of A1B
#orts for subscriber and trun& lines co$bined.
9
2.$.2 A""e## Net(or4 Ra3 +Anra3,
.74.< is based on the AB*#ort 4.< s%itch and is si$ilar in structure and
functionalit,..#art fro$ su##ortin' all the subscriber features of the ABP 4.<, the ABP
.7*4.< also su##orts so$e additional features such as conferencin', distincti(e rin'in'
and call %aitin', in con8unction %ith Local :+chan'e..lso, it contains and on*board
tester card. The ABP .7*4.< is a %orld*class cost*effecti(e co$$unication solution
for rural areas. It is a B8D!A 2icro#rocessor based SP0 %ith a $a+i$u$ of A48
subscriber lines.
2.$.$ OCB 25$
109 A8D is a 3i'ital S%itchin' S,ste$ %hich su##orts a (ariet, of
co$$unication needs li&e basic tele#hon,, IS37, interface to $obile co$$unication,
data co$$unication etc.The 109 A8D - 0S7 :+chan'e is a 2ultiser(ice S%itchin'
S,ste$ %hich ser(es as Local, T.<, Tande$, International ?ate%a, :+chan'eand
Ser(ice S%itchin' Point (SSP) fro$ 2obile 4adio and Intelli'ent 7et%or& (I7).109
A8D is the controller #art of the e+chan'e, %hich has a distributed architecture %ith
control station li&e 2ain 0ontrol Station (S20) consistin' of 0all Processin', 3ata 9ase,
0har'in', 2essa'e 3istribution 2ana'e$ent of connection etc. It su##orts both analo'
and di'ital subscribers. A! $illion lines can be handled si$ultaneousl,.
2.$.6 'r!a"e Mo*nting Te")nolog/ +'.t,
Surface $ount technolo', (S2T) is a $ethod for constructin' electronic circuits
in %hich the co$#onents (surface*$ounted co$#onents) are $ounted directl, onto the
surface of #rinted circuit boards (P09s). The S2T line at ITI consists of Screen
Printer,?lue 3is#enser,0hi# Shooter,Gine Placer and 4eflo% 1(en. The hi'h s#eed S2T
line is ca#able of #roducin' 4!!! co$#onents #er hour.
The #rocess is di(ided into the follo%in' ste#sH
10
L:;4.< Stencil Printers are used to #rint the solder #aste on the P09 #ads.
?lue dots are dis#ensed on the P09 bet%een solder #ads usin' LGU?I?L41
?lue 3is#enser.
S$all I0s and co$#onents are #laced on the P09 at solder #aste-'lue dot
locations usin' LGU?I0PB4A 0hi# Shooter. >o%e(er, there is a li$it to the si5e
of the co$#onents to be #laced usin' the chi# shooter. 0o$#onents as s$all as
1.$$ + !.K$$ and I0s as lar'e as $$ + $$ can be #laced usin' the
0hi# Shooter.
LGU?I IPD Gine Placer is used to #lace the fine*#itch I0s li&e JGPs, PL0s and
coils-rela,s at solder #aste locations.Gine #lace$ent $a,be done u#to !.$$
Pitch 6 .ccurac, of A $icrons.
LS>I73:7S>I .1I 1#tical Ins#ector is used for auto$atic ins#ection of
selected co$#onents on the P09.
4eflo% solderin' or 'lue curin' of co$#onents is #erfor$ed on the P09 usin'
the reflo% o(en before the co$#leted is unloaded usin' LGU?I P09
U7L1.3:4.
The total ca#acit, of the S2T line is 1! $illion co$#onents #er annu$.
2.$.7 2irele## Co..*ni"ation 1 'at"o.
In this section, %e fa$iliari5ed %ith the (arious hard%are used for %ireless and
satellite co$$unication. The hard%are is basicall, di(ided into A units* indoor unit (I3U)
and outdoor unit (13U). The I3U is $ostl, a radio $ode$ %hich can be used as a
$aster or sla(e. :ach I3U consists of :thernet #orts* A for 13U, 1 for IP #hone, 1 for
L0T, and 1 s#are #ort. The 13U is basicall, an antenna %ith lar'e surface area for
trans$ission and rece#tion of radio %a(es. 13U is #laced at a hi'h altitude le(el and is
'enerall, $ounted on to# of a tall #h,sical structure.
11
The basic structure of a %ireless trans$ittin'-recei(in' station is as sho%n belo%H
Fig. 2.1. Ba#i" #tr*"t*re o! a (irele## tran#.itting8re"ei0ing #tation
2.6 TELEPHONE' 1 DEFENCE PRODUCT'
This de#art$ent deals %ith the asse$bl, and testin' of (arious tele#hones and
other co$$unication technolo'ies #ro(ided b, ITI Ltd. for ci(il and defence
a##lications. In this de#art$ent %e %ere tau'ht about the histor, and e(olution of
tele#hones and also its %or&in'.
12
2.6.1 Magneto Tele-)one#
2a'neto tele#hones %ere the first de(elo#ed tele#hones and it consists of a hand
'enerator to 'enerate a relati(el, hi'h (olta'e used for rin' the bells of other tele#hones
on the sa$e line and to alert the o#erator. >o%e(er, it could onl, be used for 1 to 1
co$$unication %ith a $a+i$u$ ran'e of about 4! &$.
2.6.2 Central Batter/ '/#te.
This ad(ance$ent $ade in tele#hon, enabled one*to*$an, co$$unication
throu'h s central e+chan'e. In this s,ste$ each tele#hone is 'i(en a se#arate nu$ber for
identification and connection bet%een #articular #hones %ere $ade b, an o#erator at the
e+chan'e. The $ain disad(anta'e of this s,ste$ %as the lac& of #ri(ac, for the users and
also that it %as ti$e consu$in'.
2.6.$ Rotar/ Dial
The rotar, dialis a $echanical de(ice that is used to rin' a #articular tele#hone
based on its nu$ber. The rotar, dial is desi'ned to send electrical #ulses (&no%n as #ulse
diallin'), corres#ondin' to the nu$ber dialled. Pulse diallin' used the $a&e*brea& s,ste$
%here each di'it 'enerated different $a&e and brea& #ulses. The dial s#eed is t,#icall,
1!#ulse #er second %ith a tolerance le(el of M!..
2.6.6 'tro(ger E3")ange
This is an earl, electro$echanical s%itchin' s,ste$ in(ented b, .l$on 9ro%n
Stro%'er. This is an auto$atic tele#hone e+chan'e %hich re$o(ed the influence of the
o#erator at the e+chan'e. It %as ho%e(er ti$e consu$in' and 'enerated a lot of %ear and
tear to the $echanical #arts in(ol(ed.
2.6.7 Ele"troni" Tele-)one +P*l#e Dialling,
13
The rotar, dial %as re#laced b, #ush button &e,#ads corres#ondin' to the di'its.
This s,ste$ also used #ulse $ode. :lectrical #ulses are 'enerated corres#ondin' to the
17*1GG action of the #ush button s%itches as the nu$ber is dialled.
2.6.9 D*al Tone M*lti Fre:*en"/ +DTMF,
3T2G is used for teleco$$unication si'nallin' o(er analo' tele#hone lines in
the (oice*fre/uenc, band bet%een tele#hone handsets and other co$$unications de(ices
and the s%itchin' centre.The (ersion of 3T2G that is used in #ush*button tele#hones for
tone diallin' is &no%n as To*");Tone.The 3T2G s,ste$ basicall, uses ei'ht different
fre/uenc, si'nals trans$itted in #airs to re#resent 1B different nu$bers, s,$bols and
lettersN ho%e(er the #resent da, #hones use onl, K different fre/uencies to re#resent 1A
#ush button s%itches. The %or&in' of 3T2G s,ste$ is as e+#lained belo%H
)hen ,ou #ress the buttons on the &e,#ad, a connection is $ade that 'enerates t%o tones
at the sa$e ti$e. . O4o%O tone and a O0olu$nO tone. These t%o tones identif, the &e,
,ou #ressed to the central e+chan'e.
Table. A.1. 3T2G &e,#ad fre/uencies
01 0A 0D
41 1 A D B9K>5
4A 4 B KK!>5
4D K 8 9 8A>5
44 P ! Q 941>5
1A!9>5 1DDB>5 14KK>5
14
)hen ,ou #ress the di'it 1 on the &e,#ad, ,ou 'enerate the tones 1A!9 >5 and B9K >5.
Pressin' the di'it A %ill 'enerate the tones 1DDB >5 and B9K >5.
In the $anufacture of tele#hones, after the P09s are desi'ned usin' S2T, the
$ost i$#ortant ste#s are testin' of the trans$itter and recei(er sections and also the tone
testin'. Tone testin' is done for both lo% fre/uenc, and hi'h fre/uenc, si'nals
corres#ondin' to ro%s and colu$ns.
In the $anufacture of field tele#hones for defence a##lications, so$e s#ecial
considerations are $ade in ter$s of its #h,sical attributes. .9S #lastic is used for its
bod, due to its li'ht %ei'ht and hardness.Gield tele#hones can dra% #o%er fro$ their
o%n batter,, fro$ a tele#hone e+chan'e ((ia a central batter, &no%n as 09), or fro$ an
e+ternal #o%er source. So$e need no batter,, bein' sound*#o%ered tele#hones. ITI ltd.
$anufactures so$e of the finest field tele#hones bein' used b, the Indian defence forces.
T.*8D8 is one such field tele#hone %hich uses touch tone s,ste$.
Se(eral encr,#tor-decr,#tor s,ste$s are bein' used in the de(ices $anufactured
at ITI Ltd. to ensure #ri(ac, and secrec, of data in co$$unication s,ste$s.
I Orer(ire 'e"re"/ encr,#ts and 3ecr,#ts =oice calls bet%een o#erators on
4adio.
I MIL PCM 'e"re"/ is a ru''edi5edencr,#tor to encr,#t and decr,#t A 2b#s - :1
data of P02 Gor$at.
I ANANDA M< IIencr,#toris used to encr,#t and decr,#t A 2b#s - :1 data of
P02 Gor$at.
I 'TM 1 En"r/-tor encr,#ts-decr,#ts S3> for$atted data at bit rates of 12b#s.
I BEU IP is desi'ned and de(elo#ed b, ITI to encr,#t - decr,#t Internet Protocol
(IP) data at la,er A - la,er D of 1SI la,er.
I FA= En"r/-tor is ter$inal end Secrec, de(ice desi'ned to encr,#t - decr,#t =oice -
G.< - data.
15
2.7 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY +IT,
ITI has a se#arate de#art$ent to &ee# itself in trac& of the latest de(elo#$ent in the
field of IT, to #ro(ide IT solutions for ci(il and defence a##lications and also to $ana'e
the ser(ers used in the co$#an,.
)e %ere fa$iliarised %ith so$e of the technolo'ies de(elo#ed b, ITI Li$ited in the
field of 0o$#uter :n'ineerin' and also %ere tau'ht about the histor, and de(elo#$ent of
(arious co$#utin' hard%are and soft%are. )e %ere tau'ht about the de(elo#$ent of
1#eratin' S,ste$s fro$ 31S to )indo%s A.+, D.+ series to the latest )indo%s K or the
2.0 1S.
)e %ere sho%n different 4.2s, bein' used in $odern co$#uters for te$#orar,
stora'e location for %or&in' $odules, li&e S34.2, 334, 334A, 434.2 etc. )e
%ere also tau'ht ho% the #rocessors used in co$#uters ha(e e(ol(ed throu'h the a'es.
The, e+#lained about #rocessors li&e .23s ;B, ;K and 3uron #rocessors and Intels
D8B, Pentiu$ series to the $ore recent 3ual 0ore and 0oreA3uo #rocessors. .lso, the
ad(anta'es and features of o#en source 1S-soft%are %ere e+#lained to us. )e %ere also
sho%n ad e+#lained about the different hard%are used %ithin the $odern co$#uters.
. lecture on 9asic P0 $aintenance %as also 'i(en to us that e+#lained the basic
troubleshootin' #rocedures for our ho$e and office P0s.
2.7.1 'o!t(are De0elo-.ent
In this de#art$ent %e fa$iliarised %ith the Interacti(e =oice 4es#onse S,ste$
(I=4S).The Interacti(e =oice 4es#onse Ser(er (I=4S) allo%s users to select o#tions
fro$ #re*recorded (oice $enu #ro$#ts b, clic&in' di'its on a tele#hone &e,#ad.
ITI is $anufacturin' I=4S based on 0*31T technolo',. The hard%are basicall,
consists of 4 t,#es of cardsH
Po%er 0ardH #ro(ides *K=.
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Line 0ardsH Used in e+chan'e to connect to subscribers.
.d(anced S,ste$ 0ardsH A flash cards for storin' announce$ents in the
for$ of te+t.
0o$#act ter$inal 0ard (0T0)H Used to dial the custo$er. It recei(es calls
fro$ e+chan'e to s,ste$.
2.7.2 Intera"ti0e <io#4
.n Intera"ti0e 4io#4 is a co$#uter ter$inal featurin' s#eciali5ed hard%are and
soft%are desi'ned %ithin a #ublic e+hibit that #ro(ides access to infor$ation and
a##lications for co$$unication, co$$erce, entertain$ent, and education. .T2
$achines, Infor$ation ;ios&s at rail%a,s stations etc are e+a$#les. Touch screen
$onitors are 'enerall, used in these $achines.
2.6 RE'EARCH AND DE&ELOPMENT +R1D,
ITI Ltd. has an in*house 463 de#art$ent %hich for$s the core of al$ost all of the
#roducts $anufactured b, the co$#an,. It co$#rises of an e+clusi(e core 463 $anned
b, hi'hl, /ualified and talented en'ineers %ith IS1 9!!1 certification and re#resentation
in national and international le(el /ualit, standard #anels.
'tate; o!; t)e ;art e#ign ai#>
2odern facilities for co$#lete e/ui#$ent and s,ste$ e(aluation.
0o$#rehensi(e (endor e(aluation facilities.
.##ro(al and /ualification facilities to $atch international standards.
0usto$i5ed teleco$ and it solution e+#ertise.
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:+#ertise in ada#tin' technolo', or #roducts to the countr,s re/uire$ents.
The 463 facilit, houses a nu$ber of (ibrant and e+tensi(e research and #roduction
labs includin' 3SP lab, .ccess Products Lab, 0.3 lab, P09 #lant, )ireless
0o$$unication lab, L.7, Po%er Su##l, etc.
2.9.1 D'P La?
In the 3SP lab, %e %ere fa$iliarised %ith the latest encr,#tion-decr,#tion de(ice
belon'in' the T:S3 fa$il, that is bein' desi'ned and $anufactured at ITI Ltd.The
Ter$inal :nd Secrec, 3e(ice (T:S3) is used to encr,#t and decr,#t =oice, G.< and
data. The 3e(ice acce#ts G.< data fro$ either ?D G.<2achine or Su#er ?D G.<
2achine and the encr,#ted data is sent on A) PST7 line. T:S3 is basicall, a subscriber
end secrec, de(ice to facilitate encr,#tion and decr,#tion of =oice-3ata-Ga+ throu'h
PST7 as all IP net%or& to a(oid ta##in' of co$$unication lines.
<e/ !eat*re# o! t)e Ter.inal En 'e"re"/ De0i"e>
)hen s%itched to =oice encr,#tion it encr,#ts or decr,#ts analo' =oice data.
0an encr,#t and decr,#t di'ital data at 9.B ;b#s rate throu'h 4S ADA interface.
Uses Pro#rietar, al'orith$ and &e, 2ana'e$ent.
)or&s fro$ either AD!= .0 su##l, or fro$ *A4= 30 su##l,.
G.< :ncr,#tor is ter$inal end Secrec, de(ice desi'ned to encr,#t - decr,#t =oice -
G.< - data.
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2.9.2 A""e## Pro*"t# La?
In this lab, %e %ere tau'ht the features and functionin' of the Pro'ra$$able
Pri$ar, 2U<, 3:1!A1K4-.A. It is a #ri$ar, rate $ulti#le+er %ith 3ro#-Insert facilit,.
This e/ui#$ent $ulti#le+es D! analo' (=oice) and-or data channels to A!48 &b#s ITU*T
co$#atible ?.K!4 di'ital strea$ on send side and on recei(e side. It de$ulti#le+es ITU*T
co$#atible A!48 &b#s di'ital strea$ into D! analo' (=oice)- data channels. The
e/ui#$ent has four A!48 &b#s #orts (P1, PA, PD, P4) each for send and recei(e directions.
It is #ossible to dro#-insert bet%een an, channel fro$ A2b #orts. It has the facilit, of R
#art, conferencin' bet%een an, co$bination of #orts P1 or PA.
S.LI:7T G:.TU4:S 1G 3:1!A1KA-.AH
1) Su##orts follo%in' t,#es of interfacesH
a) &oi"e Inter!a"e# (8 #orts #er card)
i) A) (4 #orts)-4) (4 #orts) :62.
ii) A) subscriber, e+chan'e 6 hot line loo#.
b) Data Inter!a"e#>
Lo% S#eed (B #orts #er card)
3ata rateH 1A!!-A4!!-48!!-9B!!-19A!! b#s.
InterfaceH =.A4, <.A1
B4 ;b#s 3ata I-GH ?.K!D (8 #orts #er card)
2) 0onfor$s to rele(ant ITU*T standard.
3) ?UI based 72S facilit,.
4) :+tensi(e su#er(isor, functions.
5) 2eets en(iron$ental s#ecification of J2DDD*0ate'or, 9A.
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6) 0onferencin' facilit,.
7) .dd-dro# facilit,.
8) Lo% s#eed #oint to $ulti#oint connecti(it,.
9) 3u#licated #o%er su##l,.
2.9.$ 2irele##
>ere, %e %ere introduced to the (arious e/ui#$ents used for %ireless radio
co$$unications. )e %ere sho%n different ?S2-032. based #roducts such as 9ase
trans*recei(er station (9TS).
2.9.6 LAN
The L.7 connection to the entire co$#an, is $ana'ed here in the 463
de#art$ent usin' t%o ser(ers* a 2ain Ser(er and a Pro+, ser(er. The hi'h s#eed 9S7L
connection offers a s#eed of 1A;9#s.
2.9.7 PCB Plant
In this de#art$ent %e %ere tau'ht the different ste#s in(ol(ed in P09 fabrication.
P09 desi'nin' is done usin' the soft%are Cu&en 0adster. Sin'le and 2ulti la,er P09s
are bein' fabricated here. P09s u#to 4 la,ers can be $anufactured in the #lant here.
The #rocess in(ol(ed in the $anufacture of double sided P09s %as e+#lained to
us as follo%sH
0o##er 0lad is cut into desired thic&ness.
070 drillin'
0leanin'
Plated throu'h hole
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La$ination %ith la,out obtained fro$ the 0.3 de#art$ent
.li'n and :+#ose the 0ircuit
3e(elo#in'
:lectro 0o##er Platin'
Tin Platin'
Gil$ Stri##in'
:tchin' of 0u
Tin stri##in'
Solder 2as&in'
:+#ose and de(elo#in'
Solder coatin'
0ut to final si5e
9are 9oard testin'
Le'end 2ar&in'
2.9.9 Po(er '*--l/
.ll the 30 #o%er su##l, e/ui#$ents re/uired in the co$#an, is desi'ned and
$anufactured in the Po%er Su##l, de#art$ent %ithin the 463 facilit,. 3ifferent
e/ui#$ents$a,be o#eratin' at different 30 (olta'es such as =, 9= or 1A=, and these
re/uire$ents are $et %ith b, the #o%er su##l, de#art$ent.
The basic bloc& dia'ra$ of a 30 #o%er su##l, is as sho%n in fi'ureH
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Fig.2.2 DC -o(er #*--l/
The AD! = ac si'nal is first rectified to for$ unfiltered AD!= 30 si'nal %hich is
then #assed throu'h a s%itchin' circuit o#eratin' at a fre/uenc, of about 1!!*D!!;>5 to
for$ a s%itched $ode si'nal. This si'nal is then ste##ed do%n to the desired le(el usin'
a transfor$er before rectif,in' it a'ain. The 30 si'nal thus obtained is filtered and
re'ulated to for$ the out#ut.
CHAPTER $
CONCLU'ION
3urin' the 8 da, trainin' #ro'ra$$e at ITI Li$ited 9an'alore, %e ha(e 'ained
#ractical &no%led'e re'ardin' the Technical Ser(ice and Products offered b, the
0o$#an,. )e could stud, the o#erational as#ects and functionalit, of the different
de#art$ents of the 0o$#an,.
ITI Li$ited is a #ioneer in the field of Teleco$$unications offerin' co$#lete
ran'e of teleco$ #roducts and total solutions co(erin' the %hole s#ectru$ of S%itchin',
Trans$ission, .ccess and Subscriber Pre$ises e/ui#$ent. The co$#an, #roduces a %ide
ran'e of teleco$ and defence #roducts li&e $obile e+chan'es, tele#hones, field
tele#hones, encr,#tors etc. )e %ere 'i(en a first*hand insi'ht into the #rocess of
desi'nin' and #roduction of $an, of these e/ui#$ents ri'ht fro$ their P09 desi'n to the
use and functionin' of the final finished #roduct.
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This Industrial trainin' %as 'reatl, hel#ful to us in understandin' the functionin'
and %or&in' #rocess of a fir$ and also the use of resources and ser(ices in #roducin'
/ualit, #roducts. The &no%led'e 'ained durin' the trainin' #ro'ra$ is absolutel,
i$$ense and the e+#erience %as reall, satisf,in'.
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