Mechanics Research Communications 43 (2012) 3440

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Mechanics Research Communications
j our nal homepage: www. el sevi er . com/ l ocat e/ mechr escom
Axial vibration analysis of nanorods (carbon nanotubes) embedded in an elastic
medium using nonlocal elasticity
Metin Aydogdu

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Trakya University, 22180 Edirne, Turkey

a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 18 December 2011
Received in revised form 17 January 2012
Available online 14 February 2012
Keywords:
Nonlocal elastic rod model
Carbon nanotube
Axial vibration
Elastic medium
a b s t r a c t
The axial vibrationof single walledcarbonnanotube embeddedinanelastic mediumis studiedusingnon-
local elasticity theory. The nonlocal constitutive equations of Eringen are used in the formulations. The
effect of various parameters like stiffness of elastic medium, boundary conditions and nonlocal parame-
ters on the axial vibration of nanorods is discussed. It is obtained that, the axial vibration frequencies of
the embedded nanorods are highly over estimated by the classical continuum rod model which ignores
the effect of small length scale.
2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
In the last two decades, nano-scale engineering materials and
their technological applications have taken great interest after
invention of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by Iijima (1991). Previous
studies related with CNTs (Dai et al., 1996; Falvo et al., 1997; Kim
and Lieber, 1999; Kong et al., 2000; Bachtold et al., 2001; Dharap
et al., 2004) have shown that CNTs have good electrical properties
and high mechanical strength so they can be used for nanoelec-
tronics, nanodevices, nanosensors and nanocomposites.
Since, molecular dynamic simulations are restricted to small
scale systems and to short time intervals, continuum mechanics
models were generally preferred to investigate elastic response
of CNTs in the previous studies. Initially, the classical continuum
mechanics models were directly appliedto study bending, buckling
and vibration of CNTs. The classical EulerBernoulli, Timoshenko
and higher order shear deformation beam and shell models were
applied to study wave propagation, bending, buckling and vibra-
tion of CNTs (Ru, 2000; Yoon et al., 2005; Wang and Varadan, 2006;
Aydogdu, 2008a,b). After these applications of the classical con-
tinuum mechanics, its size independence was investigated. Sun
and Zhang (2003) studied the limitations of continuum models in
the nanometer length scale. They found that material properties
dependent on the length of plate structure. These results indi-
cate that discrete material structure at the nanoscale cannot be
homogenized into a continuum. At this point, the nonlocal elastic

Tel.: +90 284 2261217x3015; fax: +90 284 2126067.

E-mail addresses: metina@trakya.edu.tr, metaydogdu@gmail.com
continuum models were considered in the analysis of nanostruc-
tures.
The nonlocal elasticity was rst considered by Eringen
(1976,1983). He assumed that the stress at a reference point is
a functional of the strain eld at every point of the continuum.
Peddieson et al. (2003) have used nonlocal EulerBernoulli model
for static analysis of nano beams and they concluded that the non-
local mechanics can be useful at nano length scale. Sudak (2003)
applied the nonlocal elasticity for column buckling. Static analysis
of micro and nano structures was studied by Wang and Liew(2007)
using the nonlocal EulerBernoulli and Timoshenko beamtheories.
Wave propagation in CNTs is investigated by Wang (2005), Lu et al.
(2007), Narendar andGopalakrishnan(2010), andNarendar (2011).
Vibration of CNTs, nano beams and rods were also studied in the
previous studies using the nonlocal elasticity (Ece and Aydogdu,
2007; Aydogdu and Ece, 2007; Aydogdu, 2009a,b; Karaoglu and
Aydogdu, 2010; FilizandAydogdu, 2010; S ims ek, 2010; Demir et al.,
2010; Arash and Wang, 2012).
Thenonlocal continuummodels andmolecular dynamic simula-
tions were compared for wave propagation in SWCNTs and double
walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) (Hu et al., 2008). Good agree-
ment was observed between molecular dynamic simulations and
nonlocal continuum modeling. Recently three dimensional behav-
ior of CNT was investigated by some researchers (Yuzhou and Liew,
2008; Gupta and Batra, 2008; Silvestre, 2008).
An advantage of CNTs is that due to their high stiffness, they are
promising candidate as reinforced ber embedded in composites.
Recently, considerable attention has turned to mechanical behav-
ior of single walled and multiwalled carbon nanotubes embedded
in a polymer or metal matrix. Transverse vibration of carbon
0093-6413/$ see front matter 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.mechrescom.2012.02.001
M. Aydogdu / Mechanics Research Communications 43 (2012) 3440 35
nanotubes embedded in an elastic medium was investigated
by many researchers using the local and nonlocal continuum
models (Yoon et al., 2003; Aydogdu, 2008a,b; Murmu and Pradhan,
2009; Ke et al., 2009; Kiani, 2010; Ansari et al., 2011; Ansari and
Hemmatnezhad, 2011).
The axial vibration of carbon nanotubes with uniform and
nonuniform cross-sections was investigated using the nonlocal
continuum models (Aydogdu, 2009a,b; Danesh et al., 2012). To the
best of the author knowledge, the axial vibration of the nanorods
embedded inanelastic mediumwas not considered inthe previous
studies. So, the main objective of this study is to ll this gap in the
literature.
In this study, axial vibration of SWCNT embedded in an elas-
tic medium is studied using the nonlocal elasticity theory. The
effect of various parameters like stiffness of elastic medium, bound-
ary conditions, geometrical properties of nanotubes and nonlocal
parameters on the axial vibration of nanorods is investigated.
2. The nonlocal elasticity model for carbon nanotubes
Consider a SWCNT of length L and diameter d. The nonlocal
constitutive relations can be given as (Lu et al., 2007; Aydogdu,
2009a,b):
(1
2
)
kl
=
rr

kl
+2G
kl
(1)
where
kl
is the nonlocal stress tensor,
kl
is the strain tensor, and
Gare the Lame constants, =(e
0
a)
2
is called the nonlocal parameter,
a is an internal characteristic length and e
0
is a constant. Choice
of e
0
a (in dimension of length) is crucial to ensure the validity
of nonlocal models. This parameter was determined by match-
ing the dispersion curves based on the atomic models (Eringen,
1983). For a specic material, the corresponding nonlocal parame-
ter can be estimated by tting the results of atomic lattice dynamic
and experiment. A conservative estimate of the scale coefcient
e
0
a <2.0nm for a SWCNT was proposed (Wang and Wang, 2007).
In this study, 0(e
0
a)
2
2 is chosen in order to investigate nonlo-
cality effects. In the following sections parameter is used instead
of (e
0
a)
2
.
For the axial vibration of uniform CNT, Eq. (1) can be written in
the following one dimensional form:

1

2
x
2

xx
= E (2)
where E is the modulus of elasticity. The equation of motion for the
axial vibration can be obtained as
N
x
+f = m

2
u
t
2
(3)
where u(x, y) is the axial displacement, m is the mass per unit
length, f is the distributed axial force acting on the rod and N is
the axial force per unit length dened by
N =

xx
dA (4)
where A is the cross-sectional area of the CNT and
xx
is the local
stress component in the x direction. Integrating Eq. (2) with respect
to area gives the following relation:
N

2
N
x
2
= N
L
(5)
where N=

xx
dA and N
L
denote axial force per unit length for
the nonlocal elasticity and local elasticity respectively. Using Eqs.
(3)(5) the following equation of motion for free axial vibration of
nanorod can be found in terms of displacement:
EA

2
u
x
2
+f

2
f
x
2
=

1

2
x
2

2
u
t
2
(6)
Eq. (6) is the consistent fundamental equation of the nonlocal rod
model for the axial vibration of CNT. This equation is reduced to the
equation of the classical rod model if the nonlocal parameter is
identically zero.
2.1. Governing equations for SWCNTs embedded in an elastic
medium
In order to increase the strength of composites, CNTs are com-
monly embeddedinanelastic medium, andthe surrounding elastic
mediumhas strong effect on mechanical behavior of CNTs. To ana-
lyze axial vibration of embedded CNTs, a model is proposed in the
present study. Now, consider a typical SWCNT embedded in an
elastic medium (Fig. 1).
In this study, axial force due to elastic mediumis assumed in the
following form:
f = ku (7)
where k is the stiffness of the elastic medium. Inserting Eq. (7)
into Eq. (6) leads to following equation of motion for a nanorod
embedded in elastic medium.
EA

2
u
x
2
ku +k

2
u
x
2
=

1

2
x
2

2
u
t
2
(8)
whenk =0, Eq. (8) is reducedto the nonlocal rodequationof motion
without anelastic medium. Tostudytheaxial vibrationof ananorod
embedded in an elastic medium Eq. (8) should be solved for given
boundary conditions. Assuming harmonic vibration, u(x,t) can be
written in the following form:
u(x, t) = U(x)e
jt
(9)
where is the circular frequency and j
2
=1. Introducing Eq. (9)
into Eq. (8) gives following dimensionless equation of motion
d
2
U
dx
2
+
2
U = 0 (10)
where related coefcients are dened as

2
=

2

K
1 (/L
2
)
2
+(/L
2
)

K
, (11a)

2
=
m
2
L
2
EA
,

K =
kL
2
EA
(11b)
where and

K are the non-dimensional frequency parameter and
stiffness parameter respectively. The general solutions of Eq. (10)
can be written in the following form:
U(x) = C
1
cos(x) +C
2
sin(x) (12)
where C
i
(i =1,2) are the undetermined coefcients. To determine
the frequency parameter and mode shapes of the nano rod bound-
ary conditions should be given. In this study, clamped-clamped
(C-C) andclamped-free(C-F) boundaryconditions arestudiedusing
following relations:
C : u = 0,
F : N = EA
u
x
+(e
0
a)
2
m

3
u
xt
2
= 0
(13)
36 M. Aydogdu / Mechanics Research Communications 43 (2012) 3440
Fig. 1. Nanorod embedded in an elastic medium.
2.2. Clamped-clamped boundary conditions
From Eq. (12) and (13) following equations can be obtained for
the C-C boundary condition.
C
1
= 0,
C
2
sin() = 0.
(14)
Using the second relation of Eq. (14), =n (n=1, 2, . . .) can be
obtained. Where n is the half wave number. Using Eq. (11a) follow-
ing frequency parameter can be found for C-C boundary condition:
=

(n)
2
+

K((/L
2
)(n)
2
+1)
(/L
2
)(n)
2
+1
, (15)
Eq. (15) shows the effects of nonlocal parameter and stiffness
parameter

K on the frequency parameter of the nanorod.
2.3. Clamped-Free boundary conditions
Using the similar steps given for C-C boundary conditions, the
following equations can be obtained.
C
1
= 0,
cos() = 0.
(16)
Using the second relation of Eq. (16), =(2n1)/2; (n=1, 2, . . .)
can be obtained. Where n is the half wave number. Using Eq. (11a)
following frequency parameter can be found for the C-F boundary
condition:
=

[(2n 1)/2]
2
+

K(/L
2
[(2n 1)/2]
2
+1)
/L
2
[(2n 1)/2]
2
+1
, (17)
3. Numerical results and discussion
In this section, the non-dimensional frequency parameters of
axially vibrating SWCNT embedded in an elastic medium are
studied parametrically for different nano-rod length, nonlocal
parameter, stiffness parameter and different boundary conditions.
In the remaining part of this study, following material and geomet-
rical properties are assumed for SWCNTs (Narendar, 2011; Arash
and Wang, 2012): t (thickness of the nanotube) =0.34nm and E
(Young modulus) =1.03TPa. The validity of the present result is
investigated in the next subsection.
3.1. Validation of present results
Theresults obtainedinthepresent studyarerst comparedwith
lattice dynamics results for longitudinal wave propagation in nano
rods without an elastic medium. For analyzing wave dispersion
characteristics harmonic type of wave solution can be written in
complex form as:
u(x, t) = Ue
jtjkwx
(18)
k
w
is the axial wave number. Inserting Eq. (18) into Eq. (8) gives
following dispersion relation:

2
k
2
w
+

E

2
k
2
w
= 0 (19)
The BornKarman model of Lattice dynamics (Narendar, 2011)
where the nearest neighbor interactions are accounted canbe writ-
ten as:
a
c
=
2sin(k
w
a)
2
(20)
where a is the distance between atoms and c
2
=E/. For
CarbonCarbon bond a =0.142nm (Narendar, 2011).
Choosing e
0
=0.39 provides a good approximation to lattice
Dynamics dispersion curve for the rst Brillouin-Zone (Eringen,
1976). The variation of axial wave number with wave frequency
is given in Fig. 2. It is seen fromFig. 2 that local model gives a linear
variation between wave number and frequency. A good agreement
is observed between Nonlocal rod theory and Lattice dynamics
results for rst Brillouin-Zone. The end of zone is /a =22.1210
9
(1/nm). According to this gure nonlocal elasticity should be con-
sidered especially for high frequencies.
As a second validation, the axial vibration of rods com-
pared with the analytical results obtained by Kumar and Sujith
Fig. 2. Variation of axial wave number with wave frequency (L: Local, NL: Nonlocal
and LD: Lattice Dynamics).
M. Aydogdu / Mechanics Research Communications 43 (2012) 3440 37
2 1 8 4 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Mode I
Mode II
Mode III
=1
nm
2
=0nm
2
=1
nm
2
=0 nm
2
=1nm
2
=0 nm
2
C-C
L=5 nm
r1=0.5 nm
N
o
n
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
a
l

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
2 1 8 4 0
0
2
4
6
8
10
Mode I
Mode II
Mode III
=1
nm
2
=0 nm
2
=1
nm
2
=0 nm
2
=1 nm
2
=0
nm
2
N
o
n
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
a
l

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
Stiffness k (N/m )x10
2 9
Stiffness k (N/m )x10
2 9
C-F
L= 10 nm
r1=0.5 nm
Fig. 3. Variation of non dimensional frequency parameter with stiffness k.
Fig. 4. Variation of non-dimensional frequency parameter ratio with stiffness parameter.
(1997) using local elasticity (Table 1) and analytical results found
by Aydogdu (2009a) using nonlocal elasticity (Table 2). Good
agreement is observed between two results. After verifying cor-
rectness of present study, the effects of various parameters on the
axial vibration of CNT embedded in an elastic medium are dis-
cussed.
Table 1
Comparison of the rst three non-dimensional frequency parameter of CNT without
an elastic medium obtained using classical elasticity theory.
Mode Kumar andSujith(1997) Present
CC CF CC CF
1 3.141 1.570 3.141 1.571
2 6.283 4.712 6.284 4.712
3 9.424 7.853 9.425 7.854
3.2. Variation of frequency of CNTs with elastic medium
Fig. 3 shows the variationof non-dimensional frequency param-
eter with the stiffness k for C-F and C-C boundary conditions.
L =10nm and r1=0.5nm are chosen. An increase in the frequency
parameter is observed when k >10
9
N/m
2.
This fact can be seen
Table 2
Comparison of rst three non-dimensional frequency parameter of CNT obtained
using nonlocal elasticity theory (=1nm
2
).
Mode Aydogdu (2009a) Present
CC CF CC CF
1 3.132 1.567 3.129 1.568
2 6.245 4.683 6.240 4.687
3 9.331 7.781 9.326 7.786
38 M. Aydogdu / Mechanics Research Communications 43 (2012) 3440
Fig. 5. Variation of non-dimensional frequency parameter ratio with length (k =10
11
N/m
2
).
fromEqs. (15) and (17) mathematically. The elastic mediumexerts
a compressive stress onthe nanorodandit increases stiffness of the
nano rod. With increasing mode number, the difference between
the local and nonlocal results increases due to the effect of small
lengthscale. Thewavelengthdecreases withincreasingmodenum-
ber. The nonlocal effects are more pronounced for higher modes.
After seeing the effect of elastic medium on the axial vibration
frequency of the nanotubes, in the remaining part of this study
results are given in terms of following ratio:
Frequency Ratio =
natural frequency using nonlocal theory
natural frequency using local theory
(21)
The variation of the frequency ratio with stiffness is given in Fig. 4
for =2. It is seen that with increasing stiffness the frequency ratio
decreases. This decrease is more pronounced for higher modes.
The difference between local and nonlocal formulation increases
with increasing mode number. The effect of nonlocal parame-
ter is more sensitive for C-C boundary condition. This can be
explained as C-C boundary conditions have more constraints than
C-F ones.
InFig. 5, the variationof frequency ratio withlengthof nanotube
is depicted. It is seen that with increasing length frequency ratio
converges tounity. This convergenceis morerapidfor C-F boundary
condition. The change of frequency ratio with radius of nanotube
(r1) is given in Fig. 6.The non-dimensional frequency parameter
ratioincreases slowlywithincreasingnanorodradius. This increase
is more pronounced for higher modes.
The variation of frequency ratio with nonlocal parameter is
presented in Fig. 7 for second and third modes. The results
obtained for k =10
9
N/m
2
and without an elastic medium are
identical. It is seen that with increasing stiffness the frequency
ratio decreases. As expected the difference between local and
1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
N
o
n
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
a
l

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r

r
a
t
i
o

(
N
L
/
L
)
r1(nm)
Mode I
Mode II
Mode III
C-C
L=5nm
K=10
11
=1
nm
2
1.2
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
Mode I
Mode II
Mode III
C-F
L=5nm
=1
nm
2
N
o
n
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
a
l

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r

R
a
t
i
o

(
N
L
/
L
)
r1(nm)
Fig. 6. Variation of non-dimensional frequency parameter ratio with radius r1.
M. Aydogdu / Mechanics Research Communications 43 (2012) 3440 39
Fig. 7. Variation of non-dimensional frequency parameter ratio with nonlocal parameter.
nonlocal solutions increase with increasing nonlocal parame-
ter.
4. Conclusion
Based on the local and nonlocal rod theories, an elastic rod
model is developed and applied to investigate the small-scale
effect on the axial vibrations of SWCNTs embedded in an elas-
tic medium. Explicit expressions are derived for frequencies of
clamped-clamped and clamped-free boundary conditions. It is
found that the axial vibration frequencies of SWCNT embedded in
an elastic mediumhighly over estimated by the classical rod model
because of ignoring the effect of small length scale.
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