UNIT 2

1. What do you mean by the constants of an Overhead transmission line?

The constants of transmission line are resistance, inductance and capacitance which are
distributed through out the length of the line.
2. What is skin effect? On which factor it depends?
The tendency of ! to concentrate nearer to the surface of the conductor due to internal
inductance, it is known as skin effect.
"ffective area of the conductor is reduced and resistance is increased because of skin effect. #t
is not applicable to $!
%kin effect depends on the following fac&tors'
a( )ature of material
b( $iameter of conductor
c( *re+uency
d( %hape of wire, -ess for standard conductors than for solid conductors.
.. $raw the diagram of a double circuit three phase transmission line.
/. What is the necessity for a double line circuit
i( To transmit more power with a moderate additional cost
ii( To ensure continuity of supply incase of breakdown in one of the circuits due to fault.
iii( !ontinuity of supply cannot be maintained in single circuit if fault occurs.
0. What is meant by inductive interference?
i( The interference of power lines with neighboring communication lines is called inductive
interference.
ii( The interference occurs due to electro magnetic and electro static effects.
iii( The electro magnetic effects produce current distortion and electro static effects raises the
potential of the communication line as a whole.
&. $efine pro1imity effect and four facts on which it depends.
2i( This effect results in non, uniformity of current in a conductor cross section.
2ii( 3ro1imity effect affects the current distribution and results in an increase in resistance of the
conductor and decrease of self reactance.
$epends on' 2i( )ature of material 2ii( $iameter 2iii( *re+uency 2iv( %hape of wire.

4. What is meant by loop inductance of a line?
#t is the sum of the inductances of both the phase 2go conductor( and the neutral 2return(
conductor in a single phase system.
5. !alculate the loop inductance per km of a single phase circuit comprising two parallel conductors
1m apart and 1cm in diameter?
%olution'
$6 1m 6 177cm
86 7.0cm
-oop inductance per km6 17
,4
219/log
e
d:r( ;
6 22.1< 1 17
,4
;:m
#nductance per km 6 22.1<117
,4
1 1777
6 2.21< m;.
<. !alculate the capacitance per km of a pair of a parallel wires 0mm in dia. spaced uniformly 27cm
apart in air
%olution'
!onductor r6 7.20cm
%pacing of conductor d6 27cm
!apacitance of the line ! 6
r
d
e
log
7

*:m
6
20 . 7
27
log
17 50/ . 5
12
e
x x

1 1777
6 7.&.0117
,5
*:km
67.&.0117
,2
=*:km
17. What is %tandard conductor?
standard conductor has a central wire and one or more layers of conductors over the
central wire, each layer is twisted in the sense opposite to that of the layer below 2the outside layer
being always right handed( in order to increase the mechanical strength of the conductor.
11. What is >undled conductor?
When a transmission line has 2 or more sub conductors per phase in close pro1imity
compared to the spacing between the phases, it is said to be bundled conductor. bundled
conductor consists of 2, . or / sub conductors. >undled conductors are used for high voltage lines
particularly /77k? and above.
12. Write the e1pression for loop inductance per km of single phase transmission line
#nductance of one conductor 6 -
a
6 21 17
,4
log
e
d:r@ ;:m
Therefore loop inductance per km 6 2-
a
6 21 2 1 17
,4
log
e
d:r@ 1 1777 ;:km
Where r@ 6 7.4455r 2applicable only solid round conductor(
r 6 radius of the conductor.
1.. What is transposition? Why is it done?
2i( When the conductors of . phase transmission line is not e+ual distant from each other,
2unsymmetrically spaced( the flu1 linkages and hence inductances of various phases are
different which causes une+ual voltage drops in the . phases and une+ual power transfer
between the phases.
2ii( #t is done to make the voltage drops in each phase e+ual.
1/. What is barrel in transposition of conductors?
One complete cycle of transposition is called barrel
10. %tate the advantages of bundled conductors
2i( 8educe the corona loss
2ii( Ainimise the inductive interference with communication lines.
2iii( 8educe circuit inductance which in turn improves stability margin and decreases the
voltage drop. This gives rise to increase in the circuit capacity and boost up the operating
voltage.
1&. What is the effect of bundled conductors on transmission inductance?
2i( >undled conductor reduces the transmission inductance.
2ii( The lower inductance leads to greater transmission capacity
14. Write the e1pression for the capacitance of a three phase line with unsymmetrical spacing and
transposed.
!
n
6 capacitance to neutral in three phase line with unsymmetrical spacing and transposed
!
n
6
r
d d d
e
.
7
. 2 1
log
2
+ +

*:m
d1, d2 and d. are spacing between the conductors
r 6 radius of the conductor
15. What is the effect of "arth on Transmission line capacitance?
The presence of ground increases the line capacitance by small amount as could be seen
from the following formula.
*or single 3hase !
ab
6 0 . 7
2
2
/
1
log

H
D
r
D
e

*:m
Where $ is distance between the conductors
; is the height of the conductor above the ground
>ecause of the presence of the ground r has been replaced by
0 . 7
2
2
/
1

+
H
D
r
1<. Write the e1pression for the inductance of a three phase with un,symmetrically spaced transposed
transmission line.
The #nductance of phase a is
-a6 2117
,4
-og
e
2
.
.1 2. 12
D D D + +
:rB( ;:m
Where rB6 7.4455r
$ is distance between the conductors
r is conductor radius.
27. %tate the advantage of double circuit line over single circuit line
Double circuit line
1( To transmit more power with a
moderate additional cost
2( To ensure continuity of supply
incase of breakdown in one of the
circuits due to fault.
Single circuit line
1( Only less power can be transmitted.
2( #ncase of breakdown no continuity of
supply
21. single phase line has two parallel conductors 2 meters apart. The diameter of each conductor is
1.2cm. !alculate the loop inductance per km of the line.
-oop inductance per km 6 2-
a
6 21 2 1 17
,4
log
e
d:r@ 1 1777 ;:km.
Where d 6 277cm, rB6 7.445517.&67./&45 cm
6 2 1 2 1 17
,4
log
e
277:7./&45 1 1777 ;:km
6 2./2m;
22. What are the advantages of ! %8 conductors?
1. Aore fle1ible during erection and service
2. Aore mechanical strength.
.. !ontinuity of supply even if one or two strands cut.
/. -esser corona loss compared to copper conductors
0. -esser weight and sag compared to copper conductors.
&. "conomical.
2.. Cive the minimum ground and phase to phase clearances re+uired for ..k?, &&k?, 117k? and
227k? lines.
..kv &&k? 117k? 227k? /77kv 4&0k?
Cround clearances in m 0.2 0.0 &.1 4 5./ 17.0
3h D 3h clearance in meters 2 2.0 ..0 & 11.0 1/
2/. What is fictious conductor radius?
r@ 6 r e
,1:/
6 7.4455r 2r is the radius of solid round conductor only(.The radius r@ is the radius of
the fictitious conductor which has no internal flu1, but has the same inductance as the actual conductor
with radius r.
20. $istinguish between CA$ and CA8.

%elf CA$ or CA8
1. #t is self geometrical mean distance or
geometrical mean radius
2. 8epresented by symbol $
s
.. *or solid conductor radius r, r@ 6
7.4455r where r@ is the fictious conductor
radius
Autual CA$
1. #t is mutual geometrical mean
distances from one conductor to the
other.
2. 8epresented by symbol $
m
.
.
,,,,
/. $epends upon siEe and shape of
the conductor and independent of
spacing between the conductors.
/. $epends only upon the spacing
between the conductor and
independent of siEe and shape of the
conductor.
2&. >riefly e1plain !%8 conductor.
!%8 means aluminium conductor steel reinforced. #t comprises hard drawn aluminium wires
stranded around the core of single or multiple strand galvaniEed steel wire. luminum provides the
necessary conductivity while steel provides the necessary mechanical strength. The steel strands are
galvaniEed with Einc. !%8 conductors are manufactured from above 0mm to over /7mm over all
diameters.
24. Cive some of conductor materials used in practice?
1. ;ard drawn copper, 2. luminium .. %teel cored luminium /. Calvanised steel 0.
!admium copper &.*ibre optics.
25. Write down the e1pression for capacitance of a single core cable.
!apacitance of single core cable ! 6
d
D
e
r
log
2
7

*:m
F
7
6 permittivity of free space
F
r
6 8elative permittivity 2$ielectric constant( of cable insulation .
$ 6 diameter of the inter sheath
d 6 diameter of the conductor.
2<. Write down the e1pressions for the inductance of single phase O; line.
#nductance of single phase O; line -

6 2 1 17
,4
log
e
d:r@ ;:m
d6 $istance between the conductor
r@ 6 fictious conductor radius
.7. -ist the different configuration of transmission line.
2. ?ertical configuration
.. *lat ;oriEontal configuration
/. G-H type configuration