Indian Railways 2

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Narrow Gauge Train at Rajim,
Chhattisgarh
Indian gauge is the
predominantgauge used by Indian
Railways.
Technical details [edit]
Track and gauge [edit]
Indian railways uses four gauges, the 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge which is wider than
the 1,435 mm (4 ft 8
1
2
in) standard gauge; the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3
3
8
in)metre gauge; and two narrow
gauges, 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) and 610 mm (2 ft). Track sections are rated for speeds ranging from 75 to
160 km/h (47 to 99 mph).
The total length of track used by Indian Railways is about 115,000 km (71,000 mi) while the total route
length of the network is 65,000 km (40,000 mi).
[23]
About 23,541 km (14,628 mi) or 36% of the route-
kilometre was electrified as on 31 March 2013.
[4]
Broad gauge is the predominant gaugeused by Indian
Railways. Indian broad gauge1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in)is the most
widely used gauge in India with 105,000 km (65,000 mi) of track
length (91% of entire track length of all the gauges) and
56,000 km (35,000 mi) of route-kilometre (86% of entire route-
kilometre of all the gauges).
In some regions with less traffic, the metre gauge
(1,000 mm (3 ft 3
3
8
in)) is common, although the Unigauge
project is in progress to convert all tracks to broad gauge. The
metre gauge has about 8,000 km (5,000 mi) of track length (7%
of entire track length of all the gauges) and 7,000 km (4,300 mi)
of route-kilometre (10% of entire route-kilometre of all the
gauges).
The Narrow gauges are present on a few routes, lying in hilly
terrains and in some erstwhile private railways (on cost
considerations), which are usually difficult to convert to broad
gauge. Narrow gauges have 2,000 route-kilometre. The Kalka-
Shimla Railway, the Kangra Valley Railway and the Darjeeling
Himalayan Railway are three notable hill lines that use narrow
gauge, but the Nilgiri Mountain Railway is a metre gauge
track.
[24]
These four rail lines will not be converted under the
Unigauge project.
The share of broad gauge in the total route-kilometre has been steadily rising, increasing from 47%
(25,258 route-km) in 1951 to 86% in 2012 whereas the share of metre gauge has declined from 45%
(24,185 route-km) to 10% in the same period and the share of narrow gauges has decreased from 8%
to 3%. About 21,500 route-km of Indian railways is electrified.
Sleepers (ties) are made up of prestressed concrete, or steel or cast iron posts, though teak sleepers
are still in use on a few older lines. The prestressed concrete sleeper is in wide use today. Metal
sleepers were extensively used before the advent of concrete sleepers. Indian Railways divides the
country into four zones on the basis of the range of track temperature. The greatest temperature
Map of Indian Railways network with
population density
Bholu the official mascot of
Indian Railways
variations occur in Rajasthan.
Research and Development [edit]
In August 2013, Indian Railways entered into a partnership with
Indian Institute of Technology (Madras) to develop technology to
tap solar energy for lighting and air-conditioning in the coaches.
This would pave way for a significant reduction of fossil fuel
dependency for one of the world's largest railway network.
[25]
Recently it ingeniously developed and tested the Improved
Automated Fire Alarm System in Rajdhani Express Trains. This
System would now be applied to AC coaches of all regular
trains.
[26]
Mascot [edit]
Bholu or Bholu the guard elephant is themascot of Indian Railways.
The mascot, a cartoon of an elephant holding a signal lamp with green
light in one hand, was initially designed for Indian Railways' 150th year
commemoration events and was unveiled on 16 April 2002 in Bangalore.
Later in 2003, Indian Railways decided to permanently retain it as the
official mascot.
[27]
The icon was placed on the reverse of a
coin.
[28]
Bholu is presented as a train guard and he holds a signal lamp
with green light in one hand.
[29]
The green light is the symbol of
movement which assures trains and passengers to go ahead with safety
and without fear.
[30][31]
it is also the most universally accepted symbol of
train running and interaction with passengers. He not only denotes
stability but also represents the workforce of the Railways. He is with the
train passengers at all times, day and night, and, as train in-charge, is
responsible for the safety of a running train and the well-being of passengers. The green light in his
hand symbolises movement, the intention to go ahead with safety and positivism.
Railway links to adjacent countries [edit]
See also: Rail transport in India International links
Existing rail links:
Nepal Break-of-gauge Gauge conversion under uni-gauge project
Pakistan same Broad Gauge. Thar Express to Karachi and the more famousSamjhauta
Express international train from Lahore, Pakistan to Amritsar(Attari).
Bangladesh Same Broad Gauge. The Maitri Express between Dhaka andKolkata started in April
2008 using the Gede-Darsana route, in addition to a Freight Train service
from Singhabad and Petrapole in India to Rohanpur andBenapole in Bangladesh A second
passenger link between Agartala, India andAkhaura Upazila, Bangladesh was approved by the
Government of Bangladesh and India in September 2011.
[32]
Under construction / Proposed links:
Bhutan railways under construction Same gauge
Myanmar Manipur to Myanmar (under construction)
Vietnam On 9 April 2010, Former Union Minister of India, Shashi Tharoorannounced that the
central government is considering a rail link from Manipur to Vietnam via Myanmar.
[33]
Thailand possible if Burma Railway is rebuilt.
[34]
Types of passenger services [edit]
Trains are classified by their average speed.
[35]
A faster train has fewer stops ("halts") than a slower
one and usually caters to long-distance travel.
Rank Train Description
1 Duronto Express These are the non-stop (except for operational stops) point to point rail services
introduced for the first time in 2009. They connect the metros and major state
capitals of India and are faster than Rajdhani Express. They provide first AC, two-
tier AC and three-tier AC accommodation. Some of them provide Sleeper Class
accommodation.
2 Rajdhani Express These are air-conditioned trains linking major cities to New Delhi. They have high
priority and are one of the fastest trains in India, travelling at about 130 km/h
(82 mph). They have only a few stops.
3 Shatabdi Express The Shatabdi trains are air-conditioned intercity trains for travel during day. They
have seats and executive class seats. Some of them 3-tier AC berths. They are the
fastest trains in India, travelling at about 144 km/h.
4 Garib Rath Air-conditioned no-frills trains with seats and 3-tier Economy AC berths. The
maximum speed is 130 km/h.
5 Jan Shatabdi
Express
Jan Shatabdi Express are a more affordable variety of the Shatabdi Express, which
have both AC and non-AC classes. The maximum speed is 130 km/h.
6 Intercity Superfast
Express/Mail
These are trains that have an average speed greater than 80 km/h (50 mph). Tickets
for these trains have an additional superfast surcharge.
7 Express These are the most common kind of trains in India. They have more stops than their
super-fast counterparts, but they stop only at relatively important intermediate
stations.
8
Passengerand Fast
Passenger
These are slow trains that stop at most stations along the route and are the
cheapest trains. The trains generally have unreserved seating accommodation but
some night trains have sleeper and 3-tier AC compartments.
9 Suburban trains These trains operate in the urban areas
of Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata,Chennai, Hyderabad, Pune and
between Kanpur &Lucknow,usually stop at all stations and have unreserved seating
accommodation.
10 Metros and
Monorails
These trains are designed for city transport in metro cities of India.
Accommodation classes [edit]
Main article: Indian Railways coaching stock
Indian Railways has several classes of travel with or without airconditioning. A train may have just one or
many classes of travel. Slow passenger trains have only unreserved seating class whereas Rajdhani,
Duronto, Shatabdi, garib rath and yuva trains have only airconditioned classes. The fares for all classes
are different with unreserved seating class being the cheapest. The fare of Rajdhani, Duronto and
Air-conditioned Chair Car (CC)
coaches in an Shatabdi Express.
Shatabdi trains includes food served in the train but the fare for
other trains does not include food that has to be bought
separately. In long-distance trains a pantry car is usually
included and food is served at the berth or seat itself. Luxury
trains such as Palace on Wheels have separate dining cars but
these trains cost as much as or more than a five-star hotel room.
A standard passenger rake generally has four unreserved (also
called "general") compartments, two at the front and two at the
end, of which one may be exclusively for ladies. The exact
number of other coaches varies according to the demand and
the route. A luggage compartment can also exist at the front or
the back. In some mail trains a separate mail coach is attached. Lavatories are communal and feature
both the Indian style as well as the Western style.
The following table lists the classes in operation. A train may not have all these classes.
Class
[36]
Description
[36][37]
1A First class AC: This is the most expensive class, where the fares are almost at par with air fare.
There are eight cabins (including two coupes) in the full AC First Class coach and three cabins
(including one coupe) in the half AC First Class coach. The coach has an attendant to help the
passengers. Bedding is included with the fare in IR. This air conditioned coach is present only on
popular routes and can carry 18 passengers (full coach) or 10 passengers (half coach). The sleeper
berths are extremely wide and spacious. The coaches are carpeted, have sleeping accommodation
and have privacy features like personal coupes. This class is available on broad gauge and metre
gauge trains.
2A AC-Two tier: These air-conditioned coaches have sleeping berths across eight bays. Berths are
usually arranged in two tiers in bays of six, four across the width of the coach and two berths
longways on the other side of the corridor, with curtains along the gangway or corridor. Bedding is
included with the fare. A broad gauge coach can carry 48 passengers (full coach) or 20 passengers
(half coach). This class is available on broad gauge and metre gauge trains.
FC First class: Same as 1AC but without air conditioning. No bedding is available in this class. The
berths are wide and spacious. There is a coach attendant to help the passengers. This class has
been phased out on most of the trains and is rare to find. However narrow gauge trains to hill stations
have this class.
3A AC three tier: Air conditioned coaches with 64 sleeping berths. Berths are usually arranged as in
2AC but with three tiers across the width and two longways as before giving eight bays of eight. They
are slightly less well-appointed, usually no reading lights or curtained off gangways. Bedding is
included with fare. It carries 64 passengers in broad gauge. This class is available only on broad
gauge.
3E AC three tier (Economy): Air conditioned coaches with sleeping berths, present in Garib Rath
Trains. Berths are usually arranged as in 3AC but with three tiers across the width and three
longways. They are slightly less well-appointed, usually no reading lights or curtained off gangways.
Bedding is not included with fare.
CC AC chair car: An air-conditioned seater coach with a total of five seats in a row used for day travel
between cities.
EC Executive class chair car: An air-conditioned coach with large spacious seats and legroom. It has a
total of four seats in a row used for day travel between cities. This class of travel is only available on
Shatabdi Express trains.
SL Sleeper class: The sleeper class is the most common coach on IR, and usually ten or more
coaches could be attached. These are regular sleeping coaches with three berths vertically stacked.
In broad gauge, it carries 72 passengers per coach.
2S Seater class: same as AC Chair car, but with bench style seats and without the air-conditioning.
These may be reserved in advance or may be unreserved.
Seen here is the Mumbai Rajdhani
Express. Rajdhanis are long-distance
high-speed and high-priority trains
connecting major state capitals with
New Delhi
Seen here is the Secunderabad
Yeshwanthpur Garib-Rath Express.
Garib-Rath's are low cost A/c trains
Interior of a First Class(1A)
compartment in the Rajdhani Express
UR Unreserved: The cheapest accommodation. The seats are usually made up of pressed wood in older
coaches but cushioned seats are found in new coaches. These coaches are usually over-crowded
and a seat is not guaranteed. Tickets are issued in advance for a minimum journey of more than 24
hours. Tickets issued are valid on any train on the same route if boarded within 24 hours of buying the
ticket.
At the rear of the train is a special compartment known as
the guard's cabin. It is fitted with a transceiver and is where the
guard usually gives the all clear signal before the train departs.
UNESCO World Heritage Sites [edit]
There are two UNESCO World Heritage Sites on Indian
Railways. The Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus
[38]
and
the Mountain Railways of India. The latter consists of three
separate railway lines located in different parts of India:
[39]
Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, a narrow gauge railway in
West Bengal.
Nilgiri Mountain Railway, a metre gaugerailway in the Nilgiri
Hills in Tamil Nadu.
Kalka-Shimla Railway, a narrow gauge railway in
the Shivalik mountains inHimachal Pradesh. In 2003 the
railway was featured in the Guinness Book of World
Records for offering the steepest rise in altitude in the space
of 96 kilometre.
[40]
Notable Trains and Railway Lines [edit]
Railway Lines [edit]
Maharaja Railways (Gwalior Light Railway), a narrow gauge
line of just 610mm width from Gwalior to Sheopurof 198 km.
in length is world's longestnarrow gauge railway line is in the
UNESCO world heritage tentative list.
Neral-Matheran Railway, a narrow gauge railway
connecting Matheran is also a historic line.
Tourist Trains [edit]
Palace on Wheels is a specially designed luxury tourist train
service, frequently hauled by a steam locomotive, for
promoting tourism inRajasthan. The train has a 7 nights & 8 days itinerary, it departs from New
Delhi (Day 1), and covers Jaipur (Day 2), Sawai Madhopur and Chittaurgarh(Day 3), Udaipur (Day
4), Jaisalmer(Day 5), Jodhpur (Day 6), Bharatpurand Agra (Day 7), return to Delhi (Day 8).
[41]
Royal Rajasthan on Wheels a luxury tourist train service covers various tourist destinations in
Rajasthan. The train takes tourists on a 7-day/8-night tour through Rajasthan. The train starts
Interior of an air-conditioned Chair
Car coach(CC) in an Jan Shatabdi
Express.
Inside a 3-tier AC Compartment of
the Dakshin Express
A typical sleeper class coach
A tight loop (Agony Point) on
theDarjeeling Himalayan Railway in
West Bengal
from New Delhi's Safdarjung railway station (Day 1), and has
stops at Jodhpur (Day 2), Udaipur andChittaurgarh (Day
3), Ranthambore National Park and Jaipur (Day
4),Khajuraho (Day 5), Varanasi andSarnath (Day
6), Agra (Day 7) and back to Delhi (Day 8).
[42]
Maharaja Express a luxury train operated by IRCTC runs on
five circuits
[43]
covering more than 12 destinations across
North-West and Central India, mainly centered
aroundRajasthan between the months of October to April.
Deccan Odyssey luxury tourist train service covers various
tourist destinations in Maharashtra and Goa. The 7 Nights / 8
Days tour starts from Mumbai (Day 1) and covers Jaigad
Fort,Ganapatipule and Ratnagiri (Day
2), Sindhudurg, Tarkarli and Sawantwadi(Day 3), Goa (Day
4), Kolhapur and Pune (Day 5), Aurangabad and Ellora
Caves (Day 6), Ajanta Caves and Nashik (Day 7), and back
to Mumbai (Day 8).
[44]
The Golden Chariot luxury train runs on two circuits Pride of
the South
[45]
andSplendor of the South.
[46]
Mahaparinirvan Express an a/c train service also known as
Buddhist Circuit Train which is run by IRCTC to attract
Buddhist pilgrims. The 7 nights/8 Days tour starts from New
Delhi (Day 1) and covers Bodh Gaya (Day
2), Rajgir andNalanda (Day 3), Varanasi and Sarnath (Day
4), Kushinagar and Lumbini (Day 5 and 6), Sravasti (Day
7), Taj Mahal (Agra) (Day 8) before returning to New Delhi
on (Day 8).
[47]
Other Trains [edit]
Samjhauta Express is a train that runs between India and
Pakistan. However, hostilities between the two nations in
2001 saw the line being closed. It was reopened when the
hostilities subsided in 2004. Another train
connectingKhokhrapar (Pakistan) and Munabao (India) is
the Thar Express that restarted operations on 18 February
2006; it was earlier closed down after the 1965 Indo-Pak war.
Lifeline Express is a special train popularly known as the
"Hospital-on-Wheels" which provides healthcare to the rural
areas. This train has a carriage that serves as an operating
room, a second one which serves as a storeroom and an
additional two that serve as a patient ward. The train travels
around the country, staying at a location for about two
months before moving elsewhere.
A view of the Pamban Railway
Bridge that links Rameshwaram to the
mainland
Fairy Queen is the oldest operating locomotive in the world today, though it is operated only for
specials between Delhi and Alwar. John Bull, a locomotive older than Fairy Queen, operated in 1981
commemorating its 150th anniversary. Kharagpur railway station also has the distinction of being the
world's longest railway platform at 1,072 m (3,517 ft). The Ghum station along the Darjeeling Toy
Train route is the second highest railway station in the world to be reached by a steam
locomotive.
[48]
The MumbaiPune Deccan Queenhas the oldest running dining car in IR.
Vivek Express, between Dibrugarh and Kanyakumari, has the longest run in terms of distance and
time on Indian Railways network. It covers 4,286 km (2,663 mi) in about 82 hours and 30 minutes.
Bhopal Shatabdi Express is the fastest train in India today having a maximum speed of 150 km/h
(93 mph) on the FaridabadAgra section. The fastest speed attained by any train is 184 km/h
(114 mph) in 2000 during test runs.
Double-decker AC trains have been introduced in India. The first double decker train was Pune-
Mumbai Sinhagad express plying between Pune andMumbai
[49]
while the first double-decker AC train
in the Indian Railways was introduced in November 2010, running between
the Dhanbad and Howrahstations having 10 coaches and 2 power cars.
[50]
On 16 April 2013, Indian
Railways celebrated its 160 years of nationwide connectivity with a transportation of 23 million
passengers in a day.
[51]
Bridges
Pamban Bridge Pamban Bridge is a cantilever bridge on the Palk Strait which connects
Rameswaram on Pamban Island to mainland India.
Chenab Bridge The worlds tallest rail bridge over Chenab
River in Reasi district of Jammu and Kashmir is being
constructed by Konkan Railway Corporation Limited (KRCL),
a Central Public Sector Enterprise under the Ministry of
Railways . It is likely to be ready by 2016. This bridge will be
on the Udhampur Srinagar Baramulla Rail Link (USBRL)
project which is a national project to provide rail connectivity
to the Kashmir. Konkan Railway has taken up the
construction of part of USBRL project from Katra to Dharam
in December 2002.
[52]
High speed trains [edit]
Some initiatives have been launched in order to study the feasibility of high speed trains or bullet trains
that could boost the economic growth.
[53]
Food [edit]
Trains are classified as pantry car/non-pantry car, trains with pantry cars are listed as P in Trains at a
Glance. Meals are included in the fare on Rajdhani, Shatabdi and Duronto trains, while Indian Railways
catering staff come around to collects orders an hour or two before mealtimes. Meals available for lunch
and dinner are generally vegetarian and non-vegetarian thalis (rice, dal, a vegetable (chicken or fish
curries for non-veg thalis), curd/yogurt, chapattis/rotis and occasionally, a sweet dish) or
(veg/egg/chicken) biryani. Pantry car service always includes the sale of tea, coffee, cold drinks, Indian
snacks (samosa) and "namkeen" (chips and other salty snacks). Pantry cars mostly re-distribute food
from base kitchens that are based at important stations; As per the catering policies only heating is
encouraged for which electric heating equipment is provided. Any cooking at stations or in pantry cars is
discouraged. The quality of food varies, with the fare being better in the South and West. Also, the
parameters like: hygiene, taste, cuisine changes from region to region. Most pantry cars and restaurants
at stations are used to be earlier managed by Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation IRCTC.
However Indian Railways has now phased out IRCTC from most catering in Railways except at Food
Courts, Fast Food Units etc. Most catering is now managed by Zonal Railways. Kiosks are ubiquitous
where one can find snacks/breakfast/packed foods/ biscuits/ cookies/ mineral water etc. At major
stations, one can find higher end IRCTC food courts and food plazas and even fine-dine restaurants
that have been given to reputed private players to manage. Recently, young initiatives have started
creating online marketplaces for the passengers of the Indian Railway. These market places consist of
restaurants near railway stations which delivers fresh food in train to the passengers who order online or
through their call center.
[54]
Problems and issues [edit]
The personnel costs and operating costs have increased several times over the past decade. Fares
have been hiked both in 2011 and 2013, offsetting a good percentage of the loss.
[55]
The maintenance
of passenger coaches and goods wagons is poor and often results in derailments and other accidents.
The sanitation in trains and stations is improving. Trains like Duronto/Rajdhani & some express trains
such as Hyderabad to Bangalore Kacheguda Express have onboard janitors, whose job it is to clean to
compartment and washrooms on a regular basis. Further, mobile numbers of supervisors are provided
on the train for any complaints.
New railway line projects are often announced without securing additional funding for them. A large
number of these projects are not profitable and do not get completed within the scheduled time. As on
31 March 2011, 347 projects including new lines, doubling and gauge conversion were pending and
their costs have increased to 1472 billion (US$25 billion).
[56]
However, the railway budget for 201213
provided only 130 billion (US$2.2 billion) for the projects.
Sanitation [edit]
Toilets were not present in the lower class carriages during the first 55 years of its operation.
[57]
On July
2, 1909, Babu Okhil Chandra Sen lodged a complaint to the then Transportation Superintendent,
Sahibganj.
[58]
After this, the railway authorities introduced toilets in all lower class carriages in trains
running more than 50 miles. The rule is that the trains running more than 150 km have to provide this
facility in all compartments and Hopper toilets are mostly used.
Clean Train At Station Scheme [edit]
In October 2002 the Ministry of Railways (MM, & FC) Railway Board decided to launch the "Clean Train
At Station Scheme", as a major initiative for improving train cleanliness. It gave a 5-year contract to M/S
Eureka Forbes Limited to develop a pilot module under this scheme at Ratlam, the en route station on
Delhi Mumbai main line. Under this scheme, the trains will be cleaned by reputed and professional
agencies using a mechanised process at mid-stations, during its scheduled halt.
[59]
A team of 2535
Railways in India
portal
people attend to the interiors of the trains, specially the toilets, which are cleaned by using high
pressure jet machines and environment friendly bio-degradable cleaning agents. The toilets and
coaches are sprayed with mosquito repellent and the area between the toilets, doorways, vestibules and
aisle are also cleaned. The dustbins of the coaches are emptied and the window glasses of AC coaches
are also cleaned.
[60]
The 2007 CAGreport, "The Report No.6 of 2007 (Railways)", criticised that it was
largely ineffective due to a number of deficiencies in its implementation.
[61]
Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO) have developed Environment Friendly Bio-
toilets for its passenger coaches. In these bio-toilets, the human waste is treated by anaerobic bacteria,
which are harmless to the humans. This bacteria converts human waste into water and gases
(methane and carbon dioxide). The water then passes through chlorine tank and is discharged as clean
water while the gas generated evaporates into the atmosphere. Unlike the Hopper toilet, human waste
does not fall on the tracks.
[62]
Installing bio-toilets is technologically challenging because it requires a special technique of welding, to
ensure that safety of the coach is not compromised. The Gwalior-Varanasi Bundelkhand Expr
establishment of Indian Institute of Railway Research with Centres of Excellence in Green toilets, and
also introduction of Green toilets on all passenger trains.
[63]
Bio-toilets are being fitted in all new LHB
(Linke Holfmann Busch) coaches manufactured in Rail Coach Factory atKapurthala.
[64]
As of Aug 2013, more than 1400 coaches are running with Bio-Toilets in various trains.
[65]
But in reality
the capacity of bio-toilet is low and the time taken to convert into water and gas takes time, as number of
persons using toilet is high, the toilet bowl fills up quickly so that others have no chance to use it.
See also [edit]
Kolkata Metro Railway
List of railway stations in India
List of named passenger trains of India
List of countries by rail transport network size
All India Station Masters' Association (AISMA)
Bilaspur-Mandi-Leh Railway
Northeast Frontier Railway zone
Online Food Delivery in Indian Trains
Transnational India-Nepal-Bhutan Upper Himalaya Railway
List of All Indian Trains
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Scholarly studies [edit]
Aguiar, Marian. Tracking Modernity: India's Railway and the Culture of Mobility(2011)

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