The Five Reservoir Fluids

Black Volatile Retrograde Wet Dry

Oil Oil Gas Gas Gas
Objectives
The Five Reservoir Fluids
Phase Diagrams of Mixtures of
Ethane and n-Heptane
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
No. Wt % ethane
1 100.00
2 90.22
3 70.22
4 50.25
5 29.91
6 9.78
7 6.14
8 3.27
9 1.25
10 n-Heptane
Composition
1400
1200
1000
400
600
800
200
0
200 300 400 500 100
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,

p
s
i
a

Temperature, F
Phase Diagram - Typical Black Oil
Black Oil
Critical
point
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,

p
s
i
a

Separator
Pressure path
in reservoir
Dewpoint line
% Liquid
Temperature, F
Phase Diagram of a Typical Volatile Oil
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature, F
Separator
% Liquid
Volatile oil
Pressure path
in reservoir
3
2
1
Critical
point
Phase Diagram of Near-Critical Fluid
Temperature, F
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,

p
s
i
a

50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0
1000
3000
2000
4000
5000
Dewpoint
line Bubblepoint
line
Estimated critical
point
15%
15%
10%
10%
5%
5%
0%
10
5
15
20
30
25
40
35
50
60
70
80
90
100
Phase Diagram of a Typical Retrograde Gas
3
Separator
% Liquid
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
2
Retrograde gas
Critical point
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature
Phase Diagram of Retrograde Gas
Temperature, F
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,

p
s
i
a

50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0
1000
3000
2000
4000
5000
Dewpoint line
Estimated critical point
15%
15%
10%
10%
5% liquid
5%
0%
30%
40%
40%
10%
20%
Phase Diagram of Typical Wet Gas
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature
% Liquid
2
1
Pressure path
in reservoir
Wet gas
Critical
point
Separator
Phase Diagram of Typical Dry Gas
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature
% Liquid
2
1
Pressure path
in reservoir
Dry gas
Separator
Phase Diagram of a Reservoir Fluid
Temperature, F
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,

p
s
i
a

Critical
point
The Five
Reservoir
Fluids
Black Oil
Critical
point
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,

p
s
i
a

Separator
Pressure path
in reservoir
Dewpoint line
% Liquid
Temperature, F
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature
Separator
% Liquid
Volatile oil
Pressure path
in reservoir
3
2
1
Critical
point
3
Separator
% Liquid
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
2
Retrograde gas
Critical
point P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature
% Liquid
2
1
Pressure path
in reservoir
Wet gas
Critical
point
Separator
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature
% Liquid
2
1
Pressure path
in reservoir
Dry gas
Separator
Retrograde Gas Wet Gas Dry Gas
Black Oil
Volatile Oil
The Five
Reservoir
Fluids
Black Oil
Critical
point
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,

p
s
i
a

Separator
Pressure path
in reservoir
Dewpoint line
% Liquid
Temperature, F
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature
Separator
% Liquid
Volatile oil
Pressure path
in reservoir
3
2
1
Critical
point
3
Separator
% Liquid
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
2
Retrograde gas
Critical
point P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature
% Liquid
2
1
Pressure path
in reservoir
Wet gas
Critical
point
Separator
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature
% Liquid
2
1
Pressure path
in reservoir
Dry gas
Separator
Retrograde Gas Wet Gas Dry Gas
Black Oil
Volatile Oil
The Five
Reservoir
Fluids
Black Oil
Critical
point
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,

p
s
i
a

Separator
Pressure path
in reservoir
Dewpoint line
% Liquid
Temperature, F
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature
Separator
% Liquid
Volatile oil
Pressure path
in reservoir
3
2
1
Critical
point
3
Separator
% Liquid
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
2
Retrograde gas
Critical
point P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature
% Liquid
2
1
Pressure path
in reservoir
Wet gas
Critical
point
Separator
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature
% Liquid
2
1
Pressure path
in reservoir
Dry gas
Separator
Retrograde Gas Wet Gas Dry Gas
Black Oil
Volatile Oil
Components of Naturally
Occurring Petroleum Fluids
Component Composition,
mole percent
Hydrogen sulfide 4.91
Carbon dioxide 11.01
Nitrogen 0.51
Methane 57.70
Ethane 7.22
Propane 4.45
i-Butane 0.96
n-Butane 1.95
i-Pentane 0.78
n-Pentane 0.71
Hexanes 1.45
Heptanes plus 8.35
100.00
Properties of heptanes plus
Specific Gravity 0.807
Molecular Weight 142 lb/lb mole
Initial Producing GLR
Correlates With C
7+

0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
0 10 20 30 40 50
Heptanes plus in reservoir fluid, mole %
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

p
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g

g
a
s
/
l
i
q
u
i
d

r
a
t
i
o
,

s
c
f
/
S
T
B

Dewpoint gas
Bubblepoint oil
Initial Producing GLR
Correlates With C
7+

10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
0.1 1 10 100
Heptanes plus in reservoir fluid, mole %
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

p
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g

g
a
s
/
l
i
q
u
i
d

r
a
t
i
o
,

s
c
f
/
S
T
B

Dewpoint gas
Bubblepoint oil
Initial Producing GLR
Correlates With C
7+

100
1000
10000
100000
0.1 1 10 100
Heptanes plus in reservoir fluid, mole %
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

p
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g

g
a
s
/
o
i
l

r
a
t
i
o
,

s
c
f
/
S
T
B

Initial Producing GLR
Correlates With C
7+

10
100
1000
10000
0 20 40 60 80 100
Heptanes plus in reservoir fluid, mole %
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

p
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g

g
a
s
/
l
i
q
u
i
d

r
a
t
i
o
,

s
c
f
/
S
T
B

Initial Producing GLR
Correlates With C
7+

0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Heptanes plus in reservoir fluid, mole %
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

p
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g

g
a
s
/
o
i
l

r
a
t
i
o
,

s
c
f
/
S
T
B

Dewpoint gas
Bubblepoint oil
Retrograde Gases and Volatile
Oils - Whats the Difference?
2000
3000
4000
5000
10 11 12 13 14 15
Heptanes plus in reservoir fluid, mole %
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

p
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g

g
a
s
/
l
i
q
u
i
d

r
a
t
i
o
,

s
c
f
/
S
T
B

Oils and Gases - Whats the
Difference?
2000
3000
4000
5000
10 11 12 13 14 15
Heptanes plus in reservoir fluid, mole %
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

p
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g

g
a
s
/
l
i
q
u
i
d

r
a
t
i
o
,

s
c
f
/
S
T
B

Oils and Gases - Whats the
Difference?
2000
5000
10 11 12 13 14 15
Heptanes plus in reservoir fluid, mole %
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

p
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g

g
a
s
/
l
i
q
u
i
d

r
a
t
i
o
,

s
c
f
/
S
T
B

3200
Oil
res bbl oil
STB
B
o
=
S
e
p
a
r
a
t
o
r

Stock
tank
p > p
b

scf
STB
R
sb
=
res bbl
STB
scf
scf
res bbl gas
Mscf
B
g
=
Gas
res bbl
scf
Black Oils and Volatile
Oils-Whats the Difference?
Jacoby and Berry Calculations
Volatile oil
material balance (1)
Conventional
material
balance
2400 1600 800 0
2000
0
4000
6000
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,

p
s
i
a

Stock-tank oil production, MSTB
Volatile oil
method
Conventional
method
0 3000 6000
0
50
100
Pressure, psia
G
a
s

s
a
t
u
r
a
t
i
o
n

%

p
o
r
e

s
p
a
c
e

Stock-tank oil production, MSTB
0
120000
0
40000
160000
Volatile oil
material balance (1)
Conventional
material balance
80000
1000 2000
S
e
p
a
r
a
t
o
r

g
a
s
/
o
i
l

r
a
t
i
o

s
c
f
/
S
T
B

Jacoby and Berry Calculations -
Compared With Actual Production
Stock-tank oil production
0
120000
0
40000
160000
Volatile oil
material balance (1)
Conventional
material balance
80000
1 2
S
e
p
a
r
a
t
o
r

g
a
s
/
o
i
l

r
a
t
i
o

s
c
f
/
S
T
B

Actual
performance
Volatile oil
material balance (1)
Conventional
material
balance
2400 1600 800 0
2000
0
4000
6000
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,

p
s
i
a

Stock-tank oil production
Actual
performance
Three Gases - What Are the
Differences?
Dry gas - gas at surface is same as gas
in reservoir
Wet gas - recombined surface gas and
condensate represents gas in reservoir
Retrograde gas - recombined surface
gas and condensate represents the gas
in the reservoir But not the total
reservoir fluid (retrograde condensate
stays in reservoir)
Compressibility Factors of a Rich Gas-
Condensate as Functions of Pressure
Gas-phase
Two-phase
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Pressure, psia
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y

f
a
c
t
o
r
,

z

Two-Phase Compressibility Factor as a Function of
Pseudoreduced Pressure for All Available Data
0
0.0
4 8 12 16 20 24
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
A
c
t
u
a
l

t
w
o
-
p
h
a
s
e

Z

f
a
c
t
o
r

Pseudoreduced pressure
Two-Phase Compressibility Factor as a Function of
Pseudoreduced Pressure for Data Set 1
0
0.0
4 8 12 16 20 24
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
A
c
t
u
a
l

t
w
o
-
p
h
a
s
e

Z

f
a
c
t
o
r

Pseudoreduced pressure
Two-Phase Compressibility Factor as a Function of
Pseudoreduced Pressure for Data Set 2
0
0.0
4 8 12 16 20 24
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
A
c
t
u
a
l

t
w
o
-
p
h
a
s
e

Z

f
a
c
t
o
r

Pseudoreduced pressure
0
50000
0 30
Heptanes plus in reservoir fluid, mole %
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

p
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g

g
a
s
/
o
i
l

r
a
t
i
o
,

s
c
f
/
S
T
B

Retrograde
gas
Volatile
oil
Wet
gas
Dry
gas
Black
oil
Dewpoint gas
Bubblepoint oil
Field Identification
Black
Oil
Volatile
Oil
Retrograde
Gas
Wet
Gas
Dry
Gas
Initial
Producing
Gas/Liquid
Ratio, scf/STB
<1750 1750 to
3200
> 3200 > 15,000* 100,000*
Initial Stock-
Tank Liquid
Gravity, API
< 45 > 40 > 40 Up to 70 No
Liquid
Color of Stock-
Tank Liquid
Dark Colored Lightly
Colored
Water
White
No
Liquid
*For Engineering Purposes
Laboratory Analysis
Black
Oil
Volatile
Oil
Retrograde
Gas
Wet
Gas
Dry
Gas
Phase
Change in
Reservoir
Bubblepoint Bubblepoint Dewpoint No
Phase
Change
No
Phase
Change
Heptanes
Plus, Mole
Percent
> 20% 20 to 12.5 < 12.5 < 4* < 0.8*
Oil
Formation
Volume
Factor at
Bubblepoint
< 2.0 > 2.0 - - -
*For Engineering Purposes
Primary Production Trends
G
O
R

G
O
R

G
O
R

G
O
R

G
O
R

Time Time Time
Time Time Time Time Time
Time Time
No
liquid
No
liquid
Dry
Gas
Wet
Gas
Retrograde
Gas
Volatile
Oil
Black
Oil

A
P
I

A
P
I

A
P
I

A
P
I

A
P
I

Exercise 1
Determine reservoir fluid type from
field data.
Plot of Exercise 1 Data
0
0 12 24 36 48 60 72
50
51
52
53
54
55
60
59
58
57
56
100000
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
10000
20000
Months since start of 1967
P
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g


g
a
s
/
o
i
l

r
a
t
i
o
,

s
c
f
/
S
T
B

S
t
o
c
k
-
t
a
n
k

l
i
q
u
i
d

g
r
a
v
i
t
y
,

A
P
I

Exercise 2
Determine reservoir fluid type from
field data.
Exercise 3
Determine reservoir fluid type
from field data.
Plot of Exercise 3 Data
100
200
300
400
500
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Months since start of production
P
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g

g
a
s
/
o
i
l

r
a
t
i
o
,

s
c
f
/
S
T
B

Plot of Exercise 3 Data
Three-Month Running Average
Months since start of production
P
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g

g
a
s
/
o
i
l

r
a
t
i
o
,

s
c
f
/
S
T
B

100
200
300
400
500
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Exercise 4
Determine reservoir fluid type
from field data.
Plot of Exercise 4 Data
Three-Month Running Average
28000
37000
0 13
Months since start of production
P
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g

g
a
s
/
o
i
l

r
a
t
i
o
,

s
c
f
/
S
T
B

Exercise 5
Determine reservoir fluid type
from field data.

Plot of Exercise 5 Data
50000
200000
1981 1988
Year
P
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g

g
a
s
/
o
i
l

r
a
t
i
o
,

s
c
f
/
S
T
B

40
55
1981 1988
S
t
o
c
k
-
t
a
n
k

l
i
q
u
i
d

g
r
a
v
i
t
y
,

A
P
I

Year
Exercise 6
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
0 24 48 72 96 120
Months since start of 1966
Y
e
i
l
d
,

S
T
B
/
M
M
s
c
f
Exercise 7
0
50000
0 24
Months since start of production
P
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g

g
a
s
/
o
i
l

r
a
t
i
o
,

s
c
f
/
S
T
B