Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Introduction 2
Problem 5
Hypothesis 6
Safety 7
Materials 8
Procedure 9
Sources of Error 15
Conclusion 16
Applications 17
Bibliography 19
1
Introduction
A Hydrogen Future
In today’s world with rising gas prices and growing dependence on foreign oil
hydrogen seems to be the perfect solution as a clean alternative fuel. When stored as an
element, hydrogen would be a good fuel to power vehicles with fuel cells or by internal
combustion. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and it is pollutant-
free (since the only emission is water). However, there is one problem with hydrogen;
that is it can only be used as a way to store energy. There are no places on the earth to
mine hydrogen for use; energy has to be invested to produce the hydrogen. Therefore
hydrogen, if used as fuel, would be a way to redistribute energy from power plants for
use with vehicles. However, in order to know the economical benefits of hydrogen, the
the fuel cell on the anode side of the fuel cell where the
the air is flowing over the MEA, depending on the fuel cell type. The MEA works,
because of a platinum electro catalyst and in the PEM membrane, which acts as a solid
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proton (ionized Hydrogen atom) conductor. The platinum electro catalyst is created by a
carbon mat laced with tiny platinum pieces; this mat is then pressed onto to both sides of
the membrane made of nafion. These pieces of platinum facilitate the ionization of the
hydrogen atom. The electrons can not travel through the PEM (polymer electrolyte
membrane) due to their negative charge and are forced to go around in a circuit. This
flow of electrons produces electrical energy. The ionized hydrogen atoms and electrons
can then chemically combine with oxygen to form water and a small amount of heat. The
use of pure oxygen compared to the use of air poses a question on how to maximize the
output of a fuel cell. Since air is composed of only about 20% oxygen would pure
PEM fuel cell electrolyzer. The reverse PEM fuel cell electrolyzer does the exact same
process as a fuel cell, but in reverse. As a electrical current is forced through the fuel cell
hydrogen atoms attach to the platinum catalyst release their electrons and flow across the
nafion layer to negatively charged platinum catalysts on the other side. On the other side
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hydrogen atoms regain an electron and combine with each other. This in result produces
hydrogen on one side of the fuel cell and oxygen on the other side.
hydrogen will maximize the efficiency hydrogen. The experiment will also try to answer
how big the differences in efficiencies of using a pure oxygen fueled fuel cell compared
to an air fueled fuel cell. If the efficiency of oxygen fueled is much greater than air
fueled would it still be worth it to store the pure oxygen on an hydrogen powered car or
for other purposes. As this experiment is carried out it should be remembered that
hydrogen is only a way to store energy, and therefore the question will also be asked, “Is
this experiment, we hope to find the most efficient way to use hydrogen.
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Problem
How efficient is hydrogen in storing and releasing electrical energy? The method of
producing hydrogen will be reverse fuel cell electrolysis. Two methods of extracting the
chemically stored energy in hydrogen, by means of a fuel cell, involve using the
hydrogen with pure oxygen (generated during electrolysis) or oxygen extracted from air.
Which fuel cell will be the most efficient at extracting energy from hydrogen, and would
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Hypothesis
When producing hydrogen from water with electrical energy, the methods of a reverse
fuel cell electrolyzer will be tested. As the hydrogen is converted from potential
chemical energy to electrical energy, two fuel cells will be tested; one using pure oxygen,
the other using oxygen from air. The efficiency of a fuel cell fed by pure oxygen should
have the greatest efficiency over the air fed fuel cell.
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Safety
Hazardous Materials
Hydrogen is highly flammable and can combust easily if exposed to a flame or extreme
high temperatures. Hydrogen if pure without any chance to disperse into the air is
poisonous. First of all I will be under the supervision of a parent. Second to prevent leaks,
I will double check all of my equipment with water. In addition, in the event of a small
leak, hydrogen disperses into the air easily; it will not be a major explosive hazard. To
keep safe the amount of hydrogen being produced will be kept under the maximum of 10
milliliters in this lab and will not be nearly enough to cause a powerful explosive ignition
that would cause harm or bodily injury. During its first test, the electrolyzer and fuel cell
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Materials
Tools
• Exacto Knives
• Package of Q-tips
• Hand Drill
• Wire Cutters
• Crimp Tool
• Drill Bits- 7/64 and 3/16 inch bits
• Pliers
• Hole Punch 3/16 inch from Mc Master
• Metal File
Materials
• 12 x 12 inch Graphite Foil from Mc Master, part #9571K63
• 4 x 1 inch Nickel alloy foil from Mc Master, part #8912K241
• 12 x 12 inch thin gauge silicone rubber sheet .02 inch thick from Mc Master, part
#86435K63
• 2 Insulated binding posts with Banana Jacks from Radio Shack, part #274-661 a
• Crimp on Ring Terminals (not spade) to fit 10 or 12 gauge stranded wire
• 4 Bolts (plastic) that would properly and tightly fit in a 7/64 inch hole
• Small plastic nuts (to fit on 7/64 inch bolts)
• 0.3 mg/cm² Membrane Electrode Assembly from fuel cell store, item code 599708
• 2 Barb splicer hose connectors 1/8 x 1/8 inch
• Battery Terminals (hook up to power supply
• 1/8 inch Plastic Tubing
• 10 or 12 gauge wire
• Underwater Repair Epoxy Putty
• 2 voltammeters
• 2 current probes
• Lab pro
• Computer with logger pro software
• 4 C-clamps
• Cell phone charger rated at 3.7 volts
• 6 alligator clips to fit 10 or 12 gauge wire
• Syringe
• Barbed splicers
• Hydrogen Starter Kit (comes with oxygen feed PEM fuel cell and PEM
electrolyzer) from fuel cell store, item code 535608
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Procedure
1. Cut out 2 pieces from the Nickel alloy foil with the cutting tools as shown in
template #1 show to make the anode and # 5 cathode
2. Be extremely cautious and be gently when drilling a hole in the anode and cathode
make sure holes will match
4. Next, cut out 1 piece of graphite like template #2, smooth the edges, and engrave
with a pencil the graphite, then drill the holes in the graphite and smooth it out. This
piece will direct hydrogen flow over the MEA
5. Cut out the other graphite plate according to template #4. This piece directs air past
the oxygen side of the MEA and allows water to drain from oxygen side.
6. Insert the 1/8” barbed splicer hose connector and insert the connector through
connector both end plate and graphite plate. Place a splicer in both hydrogen in and
out ports
7. Prepare a very some of the underwater epoxy putty and seal the outside of the bard
splicer at the points where it will be contacting the plate, then let the underwater
epoxy putty dry.
8. Cut out and punch the 2 Mylar surrounds according to the template #3. Place the
MEA between the Mylar surrounds.
9. Place plastic screws through holes drilled in templates starting with template # 1 and
in increasing order with the # 5 template on the bottom
10. Seal and make air tight with extra pieces of silicon rubber if necessary, tighten bolts
and fasten c-clamps on two the fuel cell. Check to see if air tight by flowing water
through fuel cell.
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Testing Procedure
1. Using Labpro amp meters, voltmeters, the power source, an electrolyzer, a fuel
cell, and the electrical load, construct the following experimental set up:
2. When testing, be sure to keep the environment of the test site constant. This
includes average temperature, light exposure, etc of the experimental setup. Before
running the electrolyzer, make sure the valves on the oxygen and hydrogen pipes
are closed. Also, make sure that the storage tanks and all pipe segments are filled
with water and that no gas is present in the system. For each trial, produce 5
milliliters of hydrogen and store it in the storage tanks as seen in the above
diagram.
3. While producing the hydrogen with the electrolyzer, record the input amperes and
voltage from the Labpro probes installed in the above configuration. Set the
Labpro software, LoggerPro, to record data every .1 seconds. Disconnect the
power supply from the electrolyzer after 5 milliliters have been produced and save
the LoggerPro data file.
4. After 5 milliliters of hydrogen have been produced and stored in the tanks
(allowing the input energy to produce hydrogen and amount of hydrogen used in
each experiment to be a control), prepare the LoggerPro equipment and open the
valves on the hydrogen and oxygen pipes connecting the storage tanks to the fuel
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cell assembly. Set LoggerPro to record data every .2 seconds and record the
amperage and voltage of the output until all of the hydrogen in the storage tank has
been exhausted.
5. Perform steps 2 through 4 for the both fuel cells. For the air fed PEM fuel cell,
disconnect the oxygen storage tank and release all produced oxygen.
6. Experimentation will include two sets of experiments. These experiments will test
the pure oxygen fuel cell and air fed full cell. The experiments are designed to find
the most efficient fuel cell.
7. After collecting the data, using LoggerPro software, plot the data in graphs of
output and input voltage and amperage. Using the software’s integral function and
statistics function, find the integral of the amperage (amp-seconds or coulombs)
and the mean amperage and voltage. To calculate the amount of joules of energy
used, multiply the integral of the amperage by the voltage (amp-seconds times
voltage). Finally, calculate the percent efficiency by dividing the output joules by
the input joules. Record these pieces of data in a table similar to the following.
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Results
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Oxygen fed Fuel Cell
Time Running Average Average Total
Trial # Coulombs (sec) Voltage Amperage Average Watts Joules Efficiency
1 Input 40.55 90.93 1.704 0.4459 0.7598 69.10 25.55 %
Output 19.98 1791 0.8836 0.01115 0.009852 17.65
2 Input 36.50 84.19 1.696 0.4340 0.7361 61.90 23.29 %
Output 16.75 1484 0.8607 0.01129 0.009717 14.42
3 Input 42.41 92.38 1.704 0.4591 0.7823 72.27 24.47 %
Output 20.81 1847 0.8498 0.01126 0.009569 17.68
4 Input 29.29 70.39 1.701 0.4161 0.7078 49.82 24.70 %
Output 14.65 1246 0.8401 0.01176 0.009880 12.31
5 Input 39.73 90.48 1.729 0.4391 0.7592 68.69 24.43%
Input 19.81 1668 0.8472 0.01187 0.01006 16.78
6 Input 34.32 82.12 1.746 0.4178 0.7297 59.92 24.44 %
Output 16.58 1386 0.8832 0.01196 0.01056 14.64
7 Input 41.13 91.14 1.715 0.4513 0.7740 70.54 25.32 %
Output 20.86 1713 0.8563 0.01218 0.01043 17.86
8 Input 39.05 90.00 1.760 0.4339 0.7637 68.73 23.83 %
Output 18.96 1581 0.8637 0.01199 0.01036 16.38
9 Input 49.08 96.86 1.710 0.5067 0.8665 83.93 26.34 %
Output 25.96 2004 0.8517 0.01295 0.01103 22.11
10 Input 44.56 91.63 1.758 0.4863 0.8549 78.34 26.03 %
Output 23.58 2010 0.8648 0.01173 0.01015 20.39
Average 24.84 %
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Air Fed vs. Oxygen Fed Fuel Cell Efficiency
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Sources of Error
The experiment yielded a 24.84% and 18.38% efficiency. According to the Rocky
Mountain Institute, pure oxygen fed or atmospheric oxygen fed fuel cells typically gets
35–60% efficiency. The Department of Energy states that hydrogen PEM fuel cells have a
range of 50-60% efficiency. From these two sources, the experiment was low. This may
be due to the fact that the Department of Energy tests were fabricated using high quality
fuel cells; while the experiment conducted tested a homebuilt fuel cell and a store-bought.
There is a possibility since the exact same Membrane Electrode Assembly was used on
both fuel cell that it could have a problem or flaw. In addition there are several factors
present in the experiment that can be considered possible sources of error. These include
leaking hydrogen gas, and resistance in the wiring of the experimental setup. The
experimental setup involved using a system of valves that have the potential to leak
hydrogen gas. The air fed fuel cell may not have been perfectly air tight even though it
was tight enough to avoid leaking water, thereby decreasing the efficiency of the cell.
have contributed to decreasing the efficiency of the fuel cell. Furthermore, the pressure of
the stored hydrogen gas was not monitored. This may have contributed to the varied input
and output energy values, because of the possibility of different amounts of hydrogen
being produced. This meant that one of the experimental constants, the amount of
hydrogen gas produced, may have varied a little from trial to trial. Next time the
experiment is run it should be done under a constant pressure, with better wiring, and
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Conclusion
The oxygen fed fuel cell has the highest efficiency. The overall efficiency on
average was 24.84%, and the average efficiency of the air fed fuel cell was 18.38%. The
oxygen fed fuel cell has an efficiency that was a 6.46% greater than the air fed fuel cell.
This demonstrates that pure oxygen makes the fuel cell can make a fuel cell run more
efficiently.
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Applications
The two fuel cells yielded different efficiencies. The oxygen fed fuel cell had an
efficiency of 24.84% and the air fed fuel cell had an efficiency of 18.38%. Since the
differences in their efficiency were only 6.46%, pumping pure oxygen into the fuel cell
doe make a noticeably change the efficiency of the fuel cell. It is about a 35% increase in
If PEM fuel cells were to be implemented in vehicles and other products, it would
probably still be more economical to use air fed PEM fuel cells over oxygen fed ones
because oxygen fed fuel cells require additional systems to store the pure oxygen. Pure
oxygen fed fuel cells would need not only a hydrogen storage system but also a pure
oxygen storage system, which may end increasing the efficiency by 6.46% from having
the fuel cell fed oxygen directly from the atmosphere. However, the same could not be
said in industrial situations in which energy could be stored and without a need to move
the system and efficiency is the most key part of the operation. In such situations it may
be worth the cost to store oxygen. Further experimentation and analysis of hydrogen’s
use as different forms of energy storage will have to be made if hydrogen eventually
Further experimentation could be done with higher quality fuel cells and testing
could even be done on internal combustion engines which use hydrogen gas rather than
gasoline, and its efficiency compared with that of a fuel cell. Overall, the experiment did
demonstrate hydrogen’s capacity to store energy, although the efficiency was low. This
was shown in the experiment by the ability of the system to take in energy to make
hydrogen gas in less than 100 second and then release its energy over a period longer
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than 2000 seconds, over 20 times longer than it took to produce. This would make it a
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Bibliography
Cook, Brian. "An Introduction to Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Technology." Fuel Cell
<http://www.fuelcellstore.com/products/heliocentris/INTRO.pdf>.
Chemistry Second Edition. Ed. Elaine Ober. 2nd ed. Needham Heights: Allyn and
"How Does a Fuel Cell Work?" Fuel Cell Store.Com. 15 Feb. 2007
<http://www.fuelcellstore.com/cgi-bin/fuelweb/view=NavPage/cat=1006>.
"How They Work: PEM Fuel Cells." FuelEconomy.Gov. U.S. Department of Energy. 15
<http://www.rmi.org/sitepages/pid556.php>.
"Types of Fuel Cells." Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Technologies Program.
<http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/fuelcells/printable_versions/f
c_types.html>.
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