Differences

Metals and Non Metals

Metals
1. Metals have luster shine surface.
2. Metals reflect heat and light.
3. Metals conduct heat and electricity
4. Metals are ductile and can be drawn into wire.
Non-Metals
1. Non-Metals have no luster.
2. Non-Metals usually dont reflect heat and light.
3. Non-Metals do not conduct heat and electricity.
4. Non-Metals are non ductile and cannot be drawn into wire.
5. Non-Metals are non-alleable and can not for sheets.
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixture
Homogeneous Mixture
1. !hose i"tures# which have unifor co$osition throughout their ass are called
hoogeneous i"tures.
2. %oogeneous i"ture has only one $hase through out its ass.
3. %oogeneous i"ture are also &nown as solution.
4. '"a$les( )alt and water# )ugar and water.
Heterogeneous Mixture
1. !hose i"tures# which do not have unifor co$osition through their ass are called
%eterogeneous Mi"ture.
2. %eterogeneous Mi"ture has ore than one $hase through out its ass.
3. %eterogeneous Mi"ture are not solutions.
4. '"a$les( *oc&s# )oil# +ood $roducts.
Molecular and Empirical Formula
Molecular Formula
1. +orula which shows the actual nuber of atos of each eleent $resent in a olecule is
called Molecular +orula.
2. Molecular +orula shows the structure of co$ound.
3. !wo or ore co$ounds cannot have sae Molecular +orula.
4. Molecular +orula , n " '$irical +orula.
5. -t re$resents covalent co$ounds only.
Empirical Formula
1. forula# which shows the relative ratio of atos of each eleent $resent in a olecule# is
called '$irical +orula.
2. '$irical +orula can not show the structure of co$ound.
3. !wo or ore co$ounds can have sae '$irical +orula.
4. '$irical +orula , Molecular +orula . n
5. -t re$resent an ionic co$ound as well as a covalent co$ound.
Symbol and Formula
Symbol
1. / sybol is an abbreviation for the cheical nae of an eleent and re$resents only one
ato of the eleent.
2. -t re$resents one ato of an eleent.
3. )ybol is written for eleents.
4. '"a$les( Na# 0r# 1l# + etc.
Formula
1. *e$resentation of co$ound in ters of sybols is called forula. -t re$resents one ato of
an eleent.
2. -t re$resents atos of sae or different eleents $resent in one olecule.
3. -t re$resents an ionic co$ounds as well as a covalent co$ound.
4. '"a$les( %22# N%3 etc.
Gram and Gram Molecule
Gram
!he atoic ass of an eleent e"$ressed in gras is called gra atoic ass.
2. -t is associated with eleent only.
3. -t is the ass of one atoic ole.
4. 2ne gra ato of any substance contains 3.42 " 145236 atos. 523 is the $ower of 146.
Gram Molecule
1. Molecular ass of any eleent or co$ound e"$ressed in gras is called gra olecule.
2. -t is associated with eleent and co$ound.
3. -t is the ass of one olecular ole.
4. 2ne gra olecule of any substance contains 3.42 " 145236 atos. 523 is the $ower of 146.
Atom and Molecule
Atom
1. -t is the sallest $article of an eleent which can enter into a cheical reaction.
2. -t is re$resented by a sybol of the eleent.
3. -t shows the $ro$erties of the eleent.
4. -t retains its identity in a cheical reaction.
Molecule
1. -t is the sallest $article of a substance which can e"ist and show all the $ro$erties of the
substance.
2. -t is re$resented by a olecular forula of the substance.
3. -t shows the $ro$erties of the substance.
4. -t does not retain its identity in a cheical reaction.
Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
Exothermic Reaction
1. !hose cheical reactions in which heat energy is evolved are called e"otheric reactions.
2. -n e"otheric reactions the enthal$y of $roducts is lower than the reactants. % is therefore
negative for an e"otheric reaction.
3. During endotheric reaction# the syste becoes colder and net $otential energy of substance
increases.
4. !he energy is absorbed during these reactions.
5. !he te$erature of reaction therefore decreases.
Endothermic Reactions
1. !hose cheical reactions in which heat energy is absorbed are called endotheric reactions.
2. -n endotheric reactions the enthal$y of reactants is lower than the $roducts. % is therefore
$ositive in endotheric reaction.
3. During endotheric reaction# the syste becoes colder and net $otential energy of substance
increases.
4. !he energy is absorbed during these reactions.
5. !he te$erature of reaction therefore decreases.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Physical Properties
1. !he $hysical $ro$erties of a substance are those characteristics which serve to distinguish it
fro other substance but do not deal with its ability to undergo cheical changes.
2. !hese are related to the $hysical state of atter.
3. '"a$les( +oration of ice fro water# foration of a agnet fro ice etc.
hemical Properties
1. !he cheical $ro$erties of a substance indicate the ability of a substance to undergo cheical
changes.
2. !hey are related to the cheical change of a substance.
3. '"a$les( burning of $a$er# rusting of iron.
Electrolyte and NonElectrolyte
Electrolytes
1. 'lectrolytes conduct electricity in olten or in solution for.
2. !hese for $ositive and negative ions when dissolved in water e.g. Na1l for Na7 and 1l-
ions when dissolved in water.
3. 1heical changes occur when electric current is $assed through the electrolyte.
4. 8enerally these are ionic or $olar covalent co$ounds.
Non-Electrolytes
1. Non-electrolytes do not conduct electric current in olten or in solution for.
2. !hese do not for $ositive and negative ions when dissolved in water e.g. 9rea# sugar#
glucose etc.
2. No cheical change occurs in the on $assing current.
3. 8enerally these are non $olar covalent co$ounds.
4. 8enerally these are non $olar covalent co$ounds.
Acid and !ase
Acid
1. !hose co$ounds which $rovide hydrogen ion 5%76 in a:ueous solutions are called /cids.
2. /n acid is a substance which $roduces %7 ions in a:ueous solution.
3. /cid is a s$ecies 5a co$ound or ion6 which donates or tends to donate a $roton 5%76.
4. /n acid is a s$ecies 5olecule or ion6 which can acce$t a $air of electron. /n acid is also
called an electro$hile 5electron loving6.
5. !hey have sour taste.
3. /cid turn blue litus red ethyl orange red.
!ase
1. !hose co$ounds# which $rovides hydro"yl 52%-6 ion in a:ueous solution# are called bases.
2. / base is a substance# which gives 52%-6 in a:ueous solution.
3. / base is a s$ecies# which acce$ts or tends to acce$t a $roton.
4. / base is a s$ecies 5olecule or ion6 which can donate a $air of electrons. / base is also
called a nucleo$hile 5Nucleus loving6.
5. 0ases have bitter taste.
3. 0ases turn red litus to blue# colorless $henol$hthalein to $in& and ethyl orange to yellow.
"onic and Co#alent !ond
"onic !ond
1. -onic bond is fored by co$lete transfer of electrons fro one ato to another ato.
2. -onic bond is always fored between different atos. '.g. Na1l# 1a1l2.
3. -n ionic bond atos have very large electro-negativity and ioni;ation energy difference.
4. !his bond is usually fored between etals and non-etals.
5. !his bond is very strong.
3. /s a result of this bond ionic co$ounds are fored.
<. -t is always fored between two different atos.
=. -t is fored when difference of electro-negativity of cobining atos is 1.< or ore.
o#alent !ond
1. 1ovalent bond is fored by the utual sharing of electrons between two atos.
2. 1ovalent bond ay be fored between siilar or dissiilar atos e.g. %2# 22# %1l etc.
3. -n covalent bond atos have very sall electro-negativity or ioni;ation energy difference.
4. !his bond is usually fored between non-etals only.
5. !his bond is co$aratively less strong.
3. /s a result of this bond covalent co$ounds are fored.
<. -t is fored between siilar and different ty$es of atos.
=. -t is fored when difference of electro-negativity of cobining atos is less than 1.<.
"onic and Co#alent Compounds
"onic ompounds
1. !he ionic co$ounds are usually solid# hard and brittle.
2. !he ionic co$ounds are good conductors of electricity either in fused state or in the for of
a:ueous solution.
3. -onic 1o$ounds have high elting $oints and boiling $oints.
4. -onic co$ounds have high elting $oints and boiling $oints.
5. 1ovalent co$ounds are ostly volatile.
o#alent ompounds
1. 1ovalent co$ounds e"ist in all the three states i.e. gas# li:uid and solid.
2. / $ure covalent co$ound does not conduct electricity.
3. !hese have usually low elting and boiling $oints.
4. !hese are soluble in water.
5. !hese are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.
Co$rdinate Co#alent and Co#alent !ond
o-$rdinate o#alent !ond
1. -t is a bond in which the shared electron $air is denoted by one ato only.
2. 2ne ato donates electrons but other has no contribution.
3. >ewis acids and bases always fro this bond.
4. -t is re$resented by -?.
5. -t is fored by the donation of an electron a$ir by one of the two bonded atos.
3. -t is fored by the co$letely filled atoic orbital.
o#alent !ond
1. -t is a bond fored by the utual sharing of electrons.
2. -n the shared electron $air both atos have e:ual contribution.
3. >ewis acids and bases do not for this bond.
4. -t is re$resented by @.
5. -t is fored by the utual sharing of electrons between atos.
3. -t is fored by the overla$ of $artially filled atoic orbital.
Polar and NonPolar Co#alent !ond
Polar o#alent !ond
1. !he covalent bond between two atos having different electro-negativity is called a $olar
covalent bond.
2. -n a $olar bond# the shared electron $air is not e:ually attracted by the bonded atos.
3. 0onded atos becoe slightly charged and ac:uire $artial ,ve and -ve charges.
4. -t has an ionic character.
5. !he bond energy is greater.
Non-Polar o#alent !ond
1. !he covalent bond between two atos having sae electro-negativity is called a non-$olar
covalent bond.
2. -n a non $olar bond# the shared electron $air is e:ually attracted by the bonded atos.
3. 0onded atos reain electrically neutral and do not ac:uire $artial charges.
4. -t has no ionic character.
5. !he bond energy is lesser.
Electrolytic and Gal#anic or %oltaic Cell
Electrolytic ell
1. -t is a device for converting electrical energy into cheical energy. -t eans by $assing
current through an electrolyte# cheical reaction ta&es $lace.
2. -t consists of a vessel containing an electrodes and a source of direct current 5battery6.
3. '"a$le( 'lectrolysis of a:ueous solution of Na1l.
Gal#anic or %oltaic ell
1. -t is a device for converting cheical energy into electrical energy. -t eans s$ontaneous
redo" reaction is used for the $roduction of electric current. !his cell was $re$ared by >.8alvani
and /.Aolts# hence naed as 8alvanic or Aoltaic 1ell.
2. -t consists of two half-cells. 'ach half cell consists of an electrodes and the solution with
which it is in contact.
3. '"a$le( Daniel 1ell-Bn.Bn)24 and 1u.1u)24 cell.
Solution and Suspension
Solution
!he si;e of $articles is between 4.1 to 1n.
2. Carticles cannot be seen with low $ower icrosco$e.
3. -t is hoogeneous.
4. Carticles do not settle down.
5. -t is trans$arent.
3. 1o$onents cannot be se$arated by filtration.
Suspension
1. !he si;e of $articles is larger than 1444n.
2. Carticles can be seen by low $ower icrosco$e.
3. -t is heterogeneous.
4. Carticles settle down.
5. -t is not trans$arent.
3. 1o$onents can be se$arated by filtration.