Tutorial Ansys

Chapter 17: Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model
This tutorial is divided into the following sections:

17.1. Introduction
17.2. Prerequisites
17.3. Problem Description
17.4. Setup and Solution
17.5. Summary
17.6. References
17.7. Further Improvements
17.1. Introduction
A 300KW BERL combustor simulation is modeled using a non-premixed model. The reaction can be modeled
using either the species transport model or the non-premixed combustion model. In this tutorial you will
set up and solve a natural gas combustion problem using the non-premixed combustion model for the reaction chemistry.
This tutorial demonstrates how to do the following:
Define inputs for modeling non-premixed combustion chemistry.
Prepare the PDF table in ANSYS FLUENT.
Solve a natural gas combustion simulation problem.
Use the P-1 radiation model for combustion applications.
Use the -
turbulence model.
The non-premixed combustion model uses a modeling approach that solves transport equations for one or
two conserved scalars (mixture fractions). Multiple chemical species, including radicals and intermediate
species, may be included in the problem definition. Their concentrations will be derived from the predicted
mixture fraction distribution.
Property data for the species are accessed through a chemical database and turbulence-chemistry interaction
is modeled using a -function for the PDF. For details on the non-premixed combustion modeling approach,
see "Modeling Non-Premixed Combustion" in the User's Guide.
17.2. Prerequisites
This tutorial is written with the assumption that you have completed Introduction to Using ANSYS FLUENT:
Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Mixing Elbow (p. 111), and that you are familiar with the ANSYS FLUENT navigation pane and menu structure. Some steps in the setup and solution procedure will not be shown explicitly.
17.3. Problem Description

The flow considered is an unstaged natural gas flame in a 300 kW swirl-stabilized burner. The furnace is
vertically-fired and of octagonal cross-section with a conical furnace hood and a cylindrical exhaust duct.
Release 13.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
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The furnace walls are capable of being refractory-lined or water-cooled. The burner features 24 radial fuel
ports and a bluff centerbody. Air is introduced through an annular inlet and movable swirl blocks are used
to impart swirl. The combustor dimensions are described in Figure 17.1 (p. 652), and Figure 17.2 (p. 653) shows
a close-up of the burner assuming 2D axisymmetry. The boundary condition profiles, velocity inlet boundary
conditions of the gas, and temperature boundary conditions are based on experimental data [1].
Figure 17.1 Problem Description
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17.4.1. Preparation
Figure 17.2 Close-Up of the Burner
17.4. Setup and Solution

The following sections describe the setup and solution steps for this tutorial:
17.4.1. Preparation
17.4.2. Step 1: Mesh
17.4.3. Step 2: General Settings
17.4.4. Step 3: Models
17.4.5. Step 4: Materials
17.4.6. Step 5: Boundary Conditions
17.4.7. Step 6: Operating Conditions
17.4.8. Step 7: Solution
17.4.9. Step 8: Postprocessing
17.4.10. Step 9: Energy Balances Reporting
17.4.1. Preparation
1.
Download non_premix_combustion.zip from the ANSYS Customer Portal or the User Services
Center to your working folder (as described in Preparation (p. 4) of Introduction to Using ANSYS FLUENT in ANSYS Workbench: Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Mixing Elbow (p. 1)).
2.
Unzip non_premix_combustion.zip.
The files, berl.msh and berl.prof can be found in the non_premix_combustion folder, which
will be created after unzipping the file.
The mesh file, berl.msh is a quadrilateral mesh describing the system geometry shown in Figure 17.1 (p. 652)
and Figure 17.2 (p. 653).
3.
Use FLUENT Launcher to start the 2D version of ANSYS FLUENT.
4.
Enable Double-Precision.
For more information about FLUENT Launcher, see Starting ANSYS FLUENT Using FLUENT Launcher in
the User's Guide.
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Note
The Display Options are enabled by default. Therefore, after you read in the mesh, it will be
displayed in the embedded graphics window.
17.4.2. Step 1: Mesh

1.
Read the mesh file berl.msh.

File Read Mesh...
The ANSYS FLUENT console will report that the mesh contains 9784 quadrilateral cells. A warning will be
generated informing you to consider making changes to the zone type, or to change the problem definition
to axisymmetric. You will change the problem to axisymmetric swirl in Step 2.

General
1.
Check the mesh.

General Check
ANSYS FLUENT will perform various checks on the mesh and will report the progress in the console. Ensure
that the reported minimum volume is a positive number.
2.
Scale the mesh.

General Scale...
a.
Select mm from the View Length Unit In drop-down list.

All dimensions will now be shown in millimeters.
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b.
c.
Click Scale to scale the mesh.
d.
3.
Select mm from the Mesh Was Created In drop-down list in the Scaling group box.
Close the Scale Mesh dialog box.
Check the mesh.

General Check
Note
It is a good idea to check the mesh after you manipulate it (i.e., scale, convert to polyhedra,
merge, separate, fuse, add zones, or smooth and swap.) This will ensure that the quality of
the mesh has not been compromised.
4.
Examine the mesh (Figure 17.3 (p. 655)).
Figure 17.3 2D BERL Combustor Mesh Display
Due to the mesh resolution and the size of the domain, you may find it more useful to display just the
outline, or to zoom in on various portions of the mesh display.
Extra
You can use the mouse zoom button (middle button, by default) to zoom in to the display
and the mouse probe button (right button, by default) to find out the boundary zone labels.
The zone labels will be displayed in the console.
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5.
Mirror the display about the symmetry plane.

Graphics and Animations Views...
a.
Select axis-2 from the Mirror Planes selection list.
b.
Click Apply and close the Views dialog box.
The full geometry will be displayed, as shown in Figure 17.4 (p. 656)
Figure 17.4 2D BERL Combustor Mesh Display Including the Symmetry Plane
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6.
Change the spatial definition to axisymmetric swirl.

General
a.
Retain the default selection of Pressure-Based in the Type list.

The non-premixed combustion model is available only with the pressure-based solver.
b.
Select Axisymmetric Swirl in the 2D Space list.

Models
1.
Enable the Energy Equation.

Models
Energy Edit...
a.
Enable Energy Equation.
b.
Click OK to close the Energy dialog box.
Since heat transfer occurs in the system considered here, you will have to solve the energy equation.
2.
Select the standard k-epsilon turbulence model.

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Models
a.
Viscous Edit...
Select k-epsilon (2eqn) in the Model list.

For axisymmetric swirling flow, the RNG k-epsilon model can also be used.
b.
c.
3.
Retain all other default settings.

Click OK to close the Viscous Model dialog box.
Select the P1 radiation model.

Models
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Radiation Edit...
a.
Select P1 in the Model list.
b.
Click OK to close the Radiation Model dialog box.

The ANSYS FLUENT console will list the properties that are required for the model you have enabled.
An Information dialog box will open, reminding you to confirm the property values.
c.
Click OK to close the Information dialog box.
The DO radiation model produces a more accurate solution than the P1 radiation model but it can be CPU
intensive. The P1 model will produce a quick, acceptable solution for this problem.
For details on the different radiation models available in ANSYS FLUENT, see "Modeling Heat Transfer"
in the User's Guide.
4.
Select the Non-Premixed Combustion model.

Models
Species Edit...
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a.
Select Non-Premixed Combustion in the Model list.

The dialog box will expand to show the related inputs. You will use this dialog box to create the PDF
table.
When you use the non-premixed combustion model, you need to create a PDF table. This table contains
information on the thermo-chemistry and its interaction with turbulence. ANSYS FLUENT interpolates
the PDF during the solution of the non-premixed combustion model.
b.
Enable Inlet Diffusion in the PDF Options group box.

The Inlet Diffusion option enables the mixture fraction to diffuse out of the domain through inlets
and outlets.
c.
Define chemistry models.

i.
Retain the default selection of Equilibrium and Non-Adiabatic.

In most non-premixed combustion simulations, the Equilibriumchemistry model is recommended.
The Steady Flamelets option can model local chemical non-equilibrium due to turbulent strain.
ii.
Retain the default value for Operating Pressure.
iii.
Enter 0.064 for Fuel Stream Rich Flammability Limit.

For combustion cases, a value larger than 10% 50% of the stoichiometric mixture fraction can
be used for the rich flammability limit of the fuel stream. In this case, the stoichiometric fraction
is 0.058, therefore a value that is 10% greater is 0.064.
The Fuel Stream Rich Flammability Limit allows you to perform a partial equilibrium calculation, suspending equilibrium calculations when the mixture fraction exceeds the specified rich
limit. This increases the efficiency of the PDF calculation, allowing you to bypass the complex
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equilibrium calculations in the fuel-rich region. This is also more physically realistic than the assumption of full equilibrium.
Click the Boundary tab to add and define the boundary species.
i.
Add c2h6, c3h8, c4h10, and co2.

A.
Enter c2h6 in the Boundary Species text-entry field and click Add.
B.
Similarly, add c3h8, c4h10, and co2.

All the four species will appear in the table.
ii.
Select Mole Fraction in the Species Unit list.
iii.
Retain the default values for n2 and o2 for Oxid.
iv.
The oxidizer (air) consists of 21%
and 79%
d.
by volume.
Specify the fuel composition by entering the following values for Fuel:
The fuel composition is entered in mole fractions of the species, c2h6, c3h8, c4h10, and co2.
Species
Mole Fraction
ch4
0.965
n2
0.013
c2h6
0.017
c3h8
0.001
c4h10
0.001
co2
0.003
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Tip
Scroll down to see all the species.
Note
All boundary species with a mass or mole fraction of zero will be ignored.
v.
Enter 315 K for Fuel and Oxid in the Temperature group box.
e.
Click the Control tab and retain default species to be excluded from the equilibrium calculation.
f.
Click the Table tab to specify the table parameters and calculate the PDF table.
i.
Retain the default values for all the parameters in the Table Parameters group box.
The maximum number of species determines the number of most preponderant species to consider
after the equilibrium calculation is performed.
ii.
iii.
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Click Calculate PDF Table to compute the non-adiabatic PDF table.

Click the Display PDF Table... button to open the PDF Table dialog box.
A.
Retain the default parameters and click Display (Figure 17.5 (p. 663)).
B.
Close the PDF Table dialog box.
Figure 17.5 Non-Adiabatic Temperature Look-Up Table on the Adiabatic

Enthalpy Slice
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The 3D look-up tables are reviewed on a slice-by-slice basis. By default, the slice selected is that corresponding to the adiabatic enthalpy values. You can also select other slices of constant enthalpy for
display.
The maximum and minimum values for mean temperature and the corresponding mean mixture
fraction will also be reported in the console. The maximum mean temperature is reported as 2246 K
at a mean mixture fraction of 0.058.
g.
Save the PDF output file (berl.pdf).

File Write PDF...
i.
Retain berl.pdf for PDF File name.
ii.
Click OK to write the file.

By default, the file will be saved as formatted (ASCII, or text). To save a binary (unformatted) file,
enable the Write Binary Files option in the Select File dialog box.
h.
Click OK to close the Species Model dialog box.
17.4.5. Step 4: Materials

Materials
1.
Specify the continuous phase (pdf-mixture) material.

Materials
pdf-mixture Create/Edit...
All thermodynamic data for the continuous phase, including density, specific heat, and formation enthalpies
are extracted from the chemical database when the non-premixed combustion model is used. These prop-
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erties are transferred to the pdf-mixture material, for which only transport properties, such as viscosity
and thermal conductivity need to be defined.
a.
Select wsggm-domain-based from the Absorption Coefficient drop-down list.
Tip
Scroll down to view the Absorption Coefficient option.
This specifies a composition-dependent absorption coefficient, using the weighted-sum-of-gray-gases
model. WSGGM-domain-based is a variable coefficient that uses a length scale, based on the geometry
of the model. Note that WSGGM-cell-based uses a characteristic cell length and can be more mesh
dependent.
For more details, see Radiation in Combusting Flows of the Theory Guide.
b.
Click Change/Create and close the Create/Edit Materials dialog box.
You can click the View... button next to Mixture Species to view the species included in the pdf-mixture
material. These are the species included during the system chemistry setup. The Density and Cp (Specific
Heat) laws cannot be altered: these properties are stored in the non-premixed combustion look-up tables.
ANSYS FLUENT uses the gas law to compute the mixture density and a mass-weighted mixing law to compute
the mixture . When the non-premixed combustion model is used, do not alter the properties of the indi-
vidual species. This will create an inconsistency with the PDF look-up table.

Boundary Conditions
1.
Read the boundary conditions profile file.

File Read Profile...
a.
Select berl.prof from the Select File dialog box.
b.
Click OK.
The CFD solution for reacting flows can be sensitive to the boundary conditions, in particular the incoming
velocity field and the heat transfer through the walls. Here, you will use profiles to specify the velocity at
air-inlet-4, and the wall temperature for wall-9. The latter approach of fixing the wall temperature to
measurements is common in furnace simulations, to avoid modeling the wall convective and radiative heat
transfer. The data used for the boundary conditions was obtained from experimental data [1].
2.
Set the boundary conditions for the pressure outlet (poutlet-3).

Boundary Conditions
poutlet-3 Edit...
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a.
Select Intensity and Hydraulic Diameter from the Specification Method drop-down list in the
Turbulence group box.
b.
Enter 5% for Backflow Turbulent Intensity.
c.
Enter 600 mm for Backflow Hydraulic Diameter.
d.
Click the Thermal tab and enter 1300 K for Backflow Total Temperature.
e.
Click OK to close the Pressure Outlet dialog box.
The exit gauge pressure of zero defines the system pressure at the exit to be the operating pressure. The
backflow conditions for scalars (temperature, mixture fraction, turbulence parameters) will be used only if
flow is entrained into the domain through the exit. It is a good idea to use reasonable values in case flow
reversal occurs at the exit at some point during the solution process.
3.
Set the boundary conditions for the velocity inlet (air-inlet-4).

Boundary Conditions
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air-inlet-4 Edit...
a.
Select Components from the Velocity Specification Method drop-down list.
b.
Select vel-profu from the Axial-Velocity drop-down list.
c.
Select vel-profw from the Swirl-Velocity drop-down list.
d.
e.
Enter 17% for Turbulent Intensity.
f.
Enter 29 mm for Hydraulic Diameter.

Turbulence parameters are defined based on intensity and length scale. The relatively large turbulence
intensity of 17% may be typical for combustion air flows.
g.
Click the Thermal tab and enter 312 K for Temperature.

For the non-premixed combustion calculation, you have to define the inlet Mean Mixture Fraction
and Mixture Fraction Variance in the Species tab. In this case, the gas phase air inlet has a zero
mixture fraction. Therefore, you can retain the zero default settings.
h.
4.
Click OK to close the Velocity Inlet dialog box.
Set the boundary conditions for the velocity inlet (fuel-inlet-5).

Boundary Conditions
fuel-inlet-5 Edit...
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a.
Select Components from the Velocity Specification Method drop-down list.
b.
Enter 157.25 m/s for Radial-Velocity.
c.
d.
Enter 5% for Turbulent Intensity.
e.
Enter 1.8 mm for Hydraulic Diameter.

The hydraulic diameter has been set to twice the height of the 2D inlet stream.
f.
g.
Click the Species tab and enter 1 for Mean Mixture Fraction for the fuel inlet.
h.
5.
Click the Thermal tab and enter 308 K for Temperature.

Click OK to close the Velocity Inlet dialog box.
Set the boundary conditions for wall-6.

Boundary Conditions
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wall-6 Edit...
a.
Click the Thermal tab.

i.
ii.
6.
Enter 1370 K for Temperature.
iii.
b.
Select Temperature in the Thermal Conditions list.

Enter 0.5 for Internal Emissivity.
Click OK to close the Wall dialog box.
Similarly, set the boundary conditions for wall-7 through wall-13 using the following values:
Zone Name
Internal Emissivity
wall-7
312
0.5
wall-8
1305
0.5
wall-9
temp-prof t (from the drop-down list)
0.5
wall-10
1100
0.5
wall-11
1273
0.5
wall-12
1173
0.5
wall-13
7.
Temperature
1173
0.5
Plot the profile of temperature for the wall furnace (wall-9).

Plots
Profile Data Set Up...
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a.
Select temp-prof from the Profile selection list.
b.
Retain the selection of t and x from the Y Axis Function and X Axis Function selection lists respectively.
c.
Click Plot (Figure 17.6 (p. 670)).
Figure 17.6 Profile Plot of Temperature for wall-9
8.
Plot the profiles of velocity for the swirling air inlet (air-inlet-4).
a.
Plot the profile of axial-velocity for the swirling air inlet.

Plots
670
i.
Select vel-prof from the Profile selection list.
ii.
Retain the selection of u from the Y Axis Function selection list.
iii.
Select y from the X Axis Function selection list.
iv.
Click Plot (Figure 17.7 (p. 671)).
Figure 17.7 Profile Plot of Axial-Velocity for the Swirling Air Inlet (air-inlet-4)
b.
Plot the profile of swirl-velocity for swirling air inlet.

Plots
671
i.
Retain the selection of vel-prof from the Profile selection list.
ii.
Select w from the YAxis Function selection list.
iii.
Retain the selection of y from the X Axis Function selection list.
iv.
Click Plot (Figure 17.8 (p. 672)) and close the Plot Profile Data dialog box.
Figure 17.8 Profile Plot of Swirl-Velocity for the Swirling Air Inlet (air-inlet-4)
17.4.7. Step 6: Operating Conditions

Boundary Conditions
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1.
Retain the default operating conditions.

Boundary Conditions Operating Conditions...
The Operating Pressure was already set in the PDF table generation in Step 3.

1.
Set the solution parameters.

Solution Methods
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a.
b.
Select PRESTO! from the Pressure drop-down list in the Spatial Discretization group box.
c.
2.
Select Coupled from Scheme drop-down list in the Pressure-Velocity Coupling group box.
Select Second Order Upwind for all the parameters except Mixture Fraction Variance.
Set the solution controls.

Solution Controls
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a.
Set the following parameters in the Under-Relaxation Factors group box:

Under-Relaxation Factor
Value
Momentum
0.3
Pressure
0.5
Density
0.25
Turbulent Kinetic Energy
0.7
Turbulent Dissipation Rate
0.7
P1
The default under-relaxation factors are considered to be too aggressive for reacting flow cases with
high swirl velocity.
3.
Enable the display of residuals during the solution process.

Monitors
Residuals Edit...
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a.
b.
4.
Ensure that the Plot is enabled in the Options group box.

Click OK to close the Residual Monitors dialog box.
Initialize the flow field.

Solution Initialization
a.
Select Hybrid Initialization from the Initialization Methods group box.
b.
Click Initialize.
Note
For flows in complex topologies, hybrid initialization will provide better initial velocity
and pressure fields than standard initialization. This in general will help in improving
the convergence behavior of the solver.
5.
Save the case file (berl-1.cas.gz).

File Write Case...
6.
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Start the calculation by requesting 1500 iterations.


Run Calculation
The solution will converge in approximately 915 iterations.

7.
Save the converged solution (berl-1.dat.gz).

File Write Data...

1.
Display the predicted temperature field (Figure 17.9 (p. 679)).

Graphics and Animations
Contours Set Up...
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a.
Enable Filled in the Options group box.
b.
Select Temperature... and Static Temperature from the Contours of drop-down lists.
c.
Click Display.
The peak temperature in the system is 1987 K.
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Figure 17.9 Temperature Contours
2.
Display contours of velocity (Figure 17.10 (p. 680)).

Contours Set Up...
a.
Select Velocity... and Velocity Magnitude from the Contours of drop-down lists.
b.
Click Display.
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Figure 17.10 Velocity Contours
3.
Display the contours of mass fraction of o2 (Figure 17.11 (p. 681)).

Contours Set Up...
a.
b.
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Select Species... and Mass fraction of o2 from the Contours of drop-down lists.
Click Display and close the Contours dialog box.
Figure 17.11 Contours of Mass Fraction of o2

ANSYS FLUENT can report the overall energy balance and details of the heat and mass transfer.
1.
Compute the gas phase mass fluxes through the domain boundaries.
Reports
Fluxes Set Up...
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a.
Retain the default selection of Mass Flow Rate in the Options group box.
b.
Select air-inlet-4, fuel-inlet-5, and poutlet-3 from the Boundaries selection list.
c.
Click Compute.
The net mass imbalance should be a small fraction (say, 0.5% or less) of the total flux through the system.
If a significant imbalance occurs, you should decrease your residual tolerances by at least an order of
magnitude and continue iterating.
2.
Compute the fluxes of heat through the domain boundaries.

Reports
Fluxes Set Up...
a.
Select Total Heat Transfer Rate in the Options group box.
b.
Select all the zones from the Boundaries selection list.
c.
Click Compute and close the Flux Reports dialog box.

The value will be displayed in the console. Positive flux reports indicate heat addition to the domain.
Negative values indicate heat leaving the domain. Again, the net heat imbalance should be a small
fraction (say, 0.5% or less) of the total energy flux through the system. The reported value may change
for different runs.
3.
Compute the mass weighted average of the temperature at the pressure outlet.
Reports
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Surface Integrals Set Up...
17.6. References
a.
Select Mass-Weighted Average from the Report Type drop-down list.
b.
Select Temperature... and Static Temperature from the Field Variable drop-down lists.
c.
Select poutlet-3 from the Surfaces selection list.
d.
Click Compute.
A value of 1416.7 K will be displayed in the console.
e.
Close the Surface Integrals dialog box.
17.5. Summary
In this tutorial you learned how to use the non-premixed combustion model to represent the gas phase
combustion chemistry. In this approach the fuel composition was defined and assumed to react according
to the equilibrium system data. This equilibrium chemistry model can be applied to other turbulent, diffusionreaction systems. You can also model gas combustion using the finite-rate chemistry model.
You also learned how to set up and solve a gas phase combustion problem using the P1 radiation model,
and applying the appropriate absorption coefficient.
17.6. References
1.
A. Sayre, N. Lallement, and J. Dugu, and R. Weber Scaling Characteristics of Aerodynamics and LowNOx Properties of Industrial Natural Gas Burners The SCALING 400 Study, Part IV: The 300 KW BERL
,
Test Results, IFRF Doc No F40/y/11, International Flame Research Foundation, The Netherlands.
683
17.7. Further Improvements

This tutorial guides you through the steps to reach first generate an initial solution, and then reach a moreaccurate second-order solution. You may be able to increase the accuracy of the solution even further by
using an appropriate higher-order discretization scheme and by adapting the mesh. Mesh adaption can also
ensure that your solution is independent of the mesh. These steps are demonstrated in Introduction to Using
ANSYS FLUENT: Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Mixing Elbow (p. 111).
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Chapter 17: Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model

This tutorial is divided into the following sections:

Define inputs for modeling non-premixed combustion chemistry.

Prepare the PDF table in ANSYS FLUENT.

Solve a natural gas combustion simulation problem.

Use the P-1 radiation model for combustion applications.

17.3. Problem Description

Chapter 17: Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model

Figure 17.1 Problem Description

Figure 17.2 Close-Up of the Burner

17.4. Setup and Solution

Use FLUENT Launcher to start the 2D version of ANSYS FLUENT.

Chapter 17: Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model

17.4.2. Step 1: Mesh

Read the mesh file berl.msh.

17.4.3. Step 2: General Settings

Check the mesh.

Scale the mesh.

Select mm from the View Length Unit In drop-down list.

17.4.3. Step 2: General Settings

Click Scale to scale the mesh.

Check the mesh.

Examine the mesh (Figure 17.3 (p. 655)).

Figure 17.3 2D BERL Combustor Mesh Display

Chapter 17: Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model

Mirror the display about the symmetry plane.

Select axis-2 from the Mirror Planes selection list.

Click Apply and close the Views dialog box.

17.4.4. Step 3: Models

Change the spatial definition to axisymmetric swirl.

Retain the default selection of Pressure-Based in the Type list.

Select Axisymmetric Swirl in the 2D Space list.

17.4.4. Step 3: Models

Enable the Energy Equation.

Enable Energy Equation.

Click OK to close the Energy dialog box.

Select the standard k-epsilon turbulence model.

Chapter 17: Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model

Select k-epsilon (2eqn) in the Model list.

Retain all other default settings.

Select the P1 radiation model.

17.4.4. Step 3: Models

Select P1 in the Model list.

Click OK to close the Radiation Model dialog box.

Click OK to close the Information dialog box.

Select the Non-Premixed Combustion model.

Chapter 17: Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model

Select Non-Premixed Combustion in the Model list.

Enable Inlet Diffusion in the PDF Options group box.

Define chemistry models.

Retain the default selection of Equilibrium and Non-Adiabatic.

Retain the default value for Operating Pressure.

Enter 0.064 for Fuel Stream Rich Flammability Limit.

17.4.4. Step 3: Models

Add c2h6, c3h8, c4h10, and co2.

Similarly, add c3h8, c4h10, and co2.

Select Mole Fraction in the Species Unit list.

Retain the default values for n2 and o2 for Oxid.

The oxidizer (air) consists of 21%

Chapter 17: Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model

Click Calculate PDF Table to compute the non-adiabatic PDF table.

17.4.4. Step 3: Models

Close the PDF Table dialog box.