MARA University of Technology

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Programme : Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (Hons)
Course : Applied Mechanics Lab
Course Code : MEC 424
Lecture : Sir Syazwan Bin Abdul Latip

Laboratory Report
Title of Experiment:
BENDING IN BEAM

No Name Student Id No. Signature
1 MOHAMMAD HANIS IRSYADUDDIN (2012249314)
2 JOHAN BIN IDRIS (2012426554)
3 MUHAMAD FAIZ HAIKAL BIN AZIZAN (2011676466)
4 MOHAMAD NAZRIEEN BIN ROSLAN (2012832524)

Laboratory session: Lecture verification:

Date of submission: Lecture verification:


ABSTRACT
In this lab, the method of deflection is observed to determine the elastic modulus (E) of the
beam specimen. The lab will focus to the different types of the beam specimen by using mild
steel, aluminium and brass in which 0.45 mm, 0.56 mm and 0.6 mm respectively that have
different of width. The reason behind this testing was to better understand the deflection of
the beam when the load (W) was applied. The testing was done by clamping using load holder
and the centre point of the specimen beam was marked by using universal magnetic stand.
The value of the deflection was measure by using dial gauge when the load applied
continuously. Measurement of the deflection was recorded and then later compared with their
theoretical value.
This experiment was discovered using deflection measurement, an examination of the
relationship between deflection and materials properties will be shown along with a
comparison of the materials based on their strength and deflection, both theoretical and
experimental. Every different type of materials have a different elastic curve/Modulus young
(E) and the properties of each material. Such as, mild steel with 210 Gpa (E), aluminium with
70 Gpa (E) and brass with 104.1 Gpa (E). Aluminium has the lowest value of Modulus young
and this clearly shows that aluminium is softer than mild steel and brass. The load given to the
beam is proportionally with the deflection.











TABLE OF CONTENTS
NO TITLE PAGE
1 Title
2 Abstract
3 Table of content
4 List Of Table
5 List Of Figures
6 Introduction
7 Objective
8 Theory
9 Apparatus
10 Experimental Procedure
11 Results
12 Discussion
13 Conclusion
14 References
15 Appendix

LIST OF TABLES
Table: Experimental data, sample observation
LIST OF FIGURES
Set up of apparatus

OBJECTIVES

1) To determine the elastic modulus (E) of beam specimen by method of deflection.
2) To compare the analytical and experimental values of the stress in the stress in beam.
3) To become acquainted with various items of structural testing equipment.
4) To ascertain the coefficient of elasticity for steel, brass, and aluminum.




















INTRODUCTION
In engineering mechanics, bending (also known as flexure) characterizes the behavior of a
slender structural element subjected to an external load applied perpendicularly to an axis of
the element. The structural element is assumed to be such that at least one of its dimensions is
a small fraction, typically 1/10 or less, of the other two.
In all engineering, it is important to predict the response of materials to stresses. The
structural element is assumed to be such that at least one of its dimensions is a small fraction.
When the length is considerably longer than the width and the thickness, the element is called
a beam. Bending in beam is importance factor in building and construction because it wants to
measure load placed on the beam. Beam plays an important role in the aerospace industry.
The reason it is so important to predict response in the aerospace industry is because
aerospace vehicles are so weight sensitive. Shaving a few pounds off the weight of an aircraft
could translate to increased performance and fuel efficiency. In extreme circumstances, an
aircraft that is too heavy will not fly. Weight is an even more important factor in spacecraft. It
is still necessary however that these aircraft and spacecraft can handle extreme loads and g-
forces. Failure to properly predict how materials will perform under stress could result in
disastrous failure.

The deflection of a spring beam depends on its length, its cross-sectional shape, the material
uses, where the deflecting force is applied, and how the beam is supported. Deflection is
caused by many sources, such as, loads, temperature, construction error, and settlements. It is
important to include the calculation of deflections into the design procedure to prevent
structural damage to secondary structures (concrete or plaster walls or roofs) or to solve
indeterminate problems. The deformation of a beam is usually expressed in terms of its
deflection from its original unloaded position. The deflection is measured from the original
neutral surface of the beam to the neutral surface of the deformed beam. The configuration
assumed by the deformed neutral surface is known as the elastic curve of the beam as shown
in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Elastic Curve
Deflections are most often caused by internal loadings such as bending moment and axial
force. Bending is one of the engineering mechanics, characterizes the behavior of a slender
structural element subjected to an external load applied perpendicularly to a longitudinal axis
of the element. Bending of beams is a frequently encountered loading situation in practice. A
slender member subject to traverse loads is termed as a beam under bending. At any cross-
section, the traverse loads generate shear and bending moment to maintain equilibrium. The
bending causes a change in curvature of the beam and induces tensile and compressive
stresses in the cross-section of the beam. Maximum stresses are achieved in layers furthest
from the neutral axis, the layer at which strain is zero.
Bending also the main point to ensure the building material chosen for a structure will be
safely. People dont want to work in a building in which the floor beams deflect an excessive
amount, even though it may be in no danger of failing. Consequently, limits are often placed
upon the allowable deflections of a beam, as well as upon the stresses.
When loads are applied to a beam their originally straight axes become curved. Displacements
from the initial axes are called bending or flexural deflections. The amount of flexural
deflection in a beam is related to the beams area moment of inertia I, the single applied
concentrated load P, length of the beam l, the modulus of elasticity E, and the position of the
applied load on the beam. The amount of deflection due to a single concentrated load P is
given by:

Where k is a constant based on the position of the load, and on the end conditions of the beam

THEORY


Pure bending
R
2
=(R-y)
2
+ (L/2)
R
2
=R
2
-2Ry+y
2
+L
2
/4
Therefore: 2Ry=L
2
/4
R=L
2
/8y

M=W(x)
I=bh
3
/12

As the beam is in static equilibrium and is only subject to moments (no vertical shear forces)
the forces across the section (AB) are entirely longitudinal and the total compressive forces
must balance the total tensile forces. The internal couple resulting from the sum of (.dA .y)
over the whole section must equal the externally applied moment.

E/M = M/I


This can only be correct if (ya) or (y.z.y) is the moment of area of the section about the
neutral axis. This can only be zero if the axis passes through the centre of gravity (centroid)
of the section.


The internal couple resulting from the sum of (.dA .y) over the whole section must equal the
externally applied moment. Therefore the couple of the force resulting from the stress on
each area when totalled over the whole area will equal the applied moment

From the above the following important simple beam bending relationship results




It is clear from above that a simple beam subject to bending generates a maximum stress at
the surface furthest away from the neutral axis. For sections symmetrical about Z-Z the
maximum compressive and tensile stress is equal.

max
= y
max
. M / I
The factor I /y
max
is given the name section Modulus (Z) and therefore

max
= M / Z
Values of Z are provided in the tables showing the properties of standard
steel sections

Deflection of Beams

Below is shown the arc of the neutral axis of a beam subject to bending.


For small angle dy/dx = tan =
The curvature of a beam is identified as d /ds = 1/R
In the figure is small and x; is practically = s; i.e ds /dx =1

From this simple approximation the following relationships are derived.

Integrating between selected limits. The deflections between limits is obtained by further
integration.

It has been proved ref Shear - Bending that dM/dx = S and dS/dx = -w = d
2
M /dx
Where S = the shear force M is the moment and w is the distributed load /unit length of
beam. Therefore

If w is constant or a integratatable function of x then this relationship can be used to arrive at
general expressions for S, M, dy/dx, or y by progressive integrations with a constant of
integration being added at each stage. The properties of the supports or fixings may be used
to determine the constants. (x= 0 - simply supported, dx/dy = 0 fixed end etc )

In a similar manner if an expression for the bending moment is known then the slope and
deflection can be obtained at any point x by single and double integration of the relationship
and applying suitable constants of integration.





APPARATUS


Vernier calliper

Two support stands,

2 load hangers,

known loads, 2N

Dial Gauge


Aluminium Beam

Brass Beam

Mild steel Beam



PROCEDURE

1) The centre of the beam is marked on each side of this point mark off distances off.
2) The beam that was tested was tightly clamped at one end.
3) Good care was taken to make sure that the aluminum beam acted like a clamped free
beam which had no angular deformations at the root of the beam.
4) A hanging platform was then attached at the other end of the beam that slid over the
beam so that we would be able to apply a load there.
5) Dial gauge at the centre and set at zero.
6) 2N load is set at both load hangers at x(150mm).
7) The load is added until 16N.
8) The reading is recorded and all procedure is repeated using brass and mild steel.