Chapter 5 - Section B - Non-Numerical

Solutions
5.1 Shown to the right is a P V diagram with two adi-
abatic lines 1 2 and 2 3, assumed to inter-
sect at point 2. A cycle is formed by an isothermal
line from 3 1. An engine traversing this cycle
would produce work. For the cycle U = 0, and
therefore by the first law, Q + W = 0. Since W is
negative, Q must be positive, indicating that heat
is absorbed by the system. The net result is
therefore a complete conversion of heat taken in
by a cyclic process into work, in violation of
Statement 1a of the second law (Pg. 160). The
assumption of intersecting adiabatic lines is
there-fore false.
5.5 The energy balance for the over-all process is written: Q = U
t
+ E
K
+ E
P
Assuming the egg is not scrambled in the process, its internal-energy change after it returns to its initial
temperature is zero. So too is its change in kinetic energy. The potential-energy change, however, is
negative, and by the preceding equation, so is Q. Thus heat is transferred to the surroundings.
The total entropy change of the process is: S
total
= S
t
+ S
surr
t
Just as U
t
for the egg is zero, so is S
t
. Therefore,
S S
t
Q
s
urr
=

Q
T
T
total =
surr
=
Since Q is negative, S
total
is positive, and the process is irreversible.
5.6 By Eq. (5.8) the thermal efficiency of a Carnot engine is:
T
C
= 1
TH
Differentiate:

T
H
=

1
and

TC

=
T
C
=
T
C

1

T
C
T
H

T
H
T
H
2
T
H
T
H
Since T
C
/T
H
is less unity, the efficiency changes more rapidly with T
C
than with T
H
. So in theory it is
more effective to decrease T
C
. In practice, however, T
C
is fixed by the environment, and is not subject to
control. The practical way to increase is to increase T
H
. Of course, there are limits to this too.
5.11 For an ideal gas with constant heat capacities, and for the changes T
1
T
2
and P
1
P
2
, Eq. (5.14)
can be rewritten as:
R ln S = C
P
ln
T
P
2
T
P
1
1
(a) If P
2
= P
1
,
S
P
= C
P

ln
T
If V
2
=
V
1
,
P
2
=
T
2
T
1
P
1
T
1
Whence,
S
V
= C
P
ln
T
R ln
T
= C
V
ln
T
T T T
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Since C
P
> C
V
, this demonstrates that S
P
> S
V
.
1
(b) If T
2
= T
1
, S
T
= R ln
P
2
I
f V
2
= V
1
,
T
2 =
P
2
P
1
T
1
P
1
P
2
P
2
P
2
Whence,
S
V
= C
P
ln R ln = C
V
ln
P
1
P
1
P
1
This demonstrates that the signs for S
T
and S
V
are opposite.
5.12 Start with the equation just preceding Eq. (5.14) on p. 170:
d

S
C
P
ig

d T
d ln P
=
C
P
ig

d T d P
= R R T
R
T P
For an ideal gas P V = R T , and
ln P + ln V = ln R + ln T
.
Therefor
e,
d
P
d

V
d

T
o
r
d
P d Td V
+ = = P V T P T V
d

S
C
P
ig

d T d Td V
C
P
ig
d

T
Whence, = + =
1
+ d ln
V R R T T V R T
Because (C
P
ig
/ R) 1 = C
V
ig
/ R,
this reduces
to:
d S
C
V
ig

d T
+ d ln
V = R R T
S T
C
i g
d T V
Integration yields:
=
T0
V
+
ln R R T
V
0
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
As an additional part of the problem, one could ask for the following proof, valid for constant heat
capacities. Return to the original equation and substitute
d T / T = d P/ P + d V /
V :
d

C
P
ig
C
P
ig
d
d

C
V
ig
d C
P
ig
d
S d P V P P V
= + = + R R P R V P R P R V
Integration yields:
S
C
V
ig
l
n
P
+
C
P
i
g
l
n
V
=
R R
P
0 R
V
0
5.1' As indicated in the problem statement
the basic differential equations are:
d W d Q
H
d Q
C
= 0
(
A
)
d Q
H
=

T
H
(
B
)
d
Q
C
T
C
where Q
C
and Q
H
refer to the reservoirs.
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(a) With
d Q
H
= C
H
t
d T
H
and
d Q
C
= C
C
t
d
T
C
, Eq. (B) becomes:
C
H
t
d
T
H
T
H
o
r
d T
C
C

H
t
d
T
H
=

C
C
t
d
T
C
T
C
T
C
C
C
t
T
H
C

t
Whence,
d ln T
C
= d ln T
H
wher
e
H
C
C
t
Integration from T
H0 and T
C0 to T
H
and T
C
yields:
T
C
T
H

T
H
=
o
r
T
C
= T
C0
T
C
0
T
H
0
T
H
0
(b) With
d Q
H
= C
H
t
d T
H
and
d Q
C
= C
C
t
d
T
C
, Eq. ( A) becomes:
d W = C
H
t
d T
H
+ C
C
t
d T
C
Integration yields: W = C
H
t
(T
H
T
H0 ) + C
C
t
(T
C
T
C0 )
Eliminate T
C
by the boxed equation of Part (a) and rearrange slightly:
W = C
H
t
T
H0
T
H

1

+

CC
t
T
C0
T
H

1
T
H
0
T
H
0
(c) For infinite time, T
H
= T
C
T , and the boxed equation of Part (a) becomes:
T
=
T
C0 TH0

= TC0 T
0
T
T
H
From which:
T
+
1
= T
C0 (T
H0 )
T = (T
C0 )
1
/(+
1
)
(T
H0 )
/(+
1
)
and
T
=

(TC0
)
1/(+1)
(TH0
)
/(+1)1
T
H
0
Because /( + 1) 1 = 1/( + 1), then:
T
T
C
0 1/(+1) T

T
C
0 /(+1)
=
a
n
d
=
T
H
0
T
H
0
T
H
0
T
H
0
Because T
H
= T , substitution of these quantities in the boxed equation of Part (b) yields:
W
=
C
H
T
H0 TH0

1 + CC TC0 TH0 1
t
T
C
0
1/
(+1) t
T
C0 /(+1)
5.1( As indicated in the problem statement
the basic differential equations are:
d W d Q
H
d Q
C
= 0
(
A
)
d Q
H
=

T
H
(
B
)
d
Q
C
T
C
where Q
C
and Q
H
refer to the reservoirs.
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(a) With d Q
C
= C
C
t
d T
C
, Eq. (B)
becomes:
d
Q
H
T
H
or
t

T
H
=

d Q
H
=
C
C
d
T
C
C
t
d
T
C
T
C
T
C
C
Substitute for d Q
H
and d Q
C
in Eq. (
A):
d W =
C
C
t
d
T
C
+ C
C
t
d
T
C
T
H
Integrate from T
C0 to
T
C
:
T
C
t
T
C t t
T
H
ln
T
C
0
+ T
C
T
C0
W = C
C
T
H

ln
+
C
C

(
T
C
T
C0
)
or
W =
C
C
T
C
0
T
C
(b) For infinite time, T
C
= T
H
, and the boxed equation above becomes:
t
W = C
C
5.15 Write Eqs. (5.8) and (5.1) in rate form
and combine to eliminate |Q
H
|:
.
|
W
|
1
T
C
1 r
= = . .
T
H
|W | + |QC |
.
With |Q
C
| = k A(T
C
)
4
= k A(r T
H
)
4
, this becomes:
.
1
.
r
|
W 1 = |W |
1
r 1
r

wher
e
r
T
C
T
H
.
1 |W |
k(T
H
)
4
(1 r )
r
3
Differentiate,
noting that the
quantity in
square brackets
is constant:
d

A
d
r
Equating this equation to zero, leads immediately to: 4
5.20 Because W = 0,
Eq. (2.3) here
becomes:
Q
A
necessary
condition
for T to
be zero
when Q is
non
-
zero
is
that
m =
.
This
is
the
reas
on
that
natu
ral
bodi
es
(air
and
wat
er)
that
serv
e as
heat
reserv
oirs
must
be
massi
ve
(ocea
ns) or
contin
ually
renew
ed
(rivers
).
5.22 A
n

a
p
p
r
o
priate energy balance
here is: Q = H
t
= 0
Applied to the process
described, with T as the
final temperature, this
becomes:
m C
(
T

T

)
+
m C
(
T
T

) = 0
1
P
1 2 2
If m
1
= m
2
,
T = (T
1
+
T
2
)/2
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The total entropy change as a result of temperature changes of the two masses of water:
S
t
= m
1
C
P
ln
T
+ m
2
C
P
ln
T (2)
T
T
2
Equations (1) and (2) represent the general case. If m
1
= m
2
= m,
S
t
= mC
P
ln
T
2
or
S
t
=
2mC
P
ln
T
T
1
T
2
T
1
T
2
Because T = (T
1
+ T
2
)/2 >

,
S
t
is positive.
T
1
T
2
5.2' Isentropic processes are not necessarily reversible and adiabatic. The term isentropic denotes a pro-cess
for which the system does not change in entropy. There are two causes for entropy changes in a system:
The process may be internally irreversible, causing the entropy to increase; heat may be trans-ferred
between system amd surroundings, causing the entropy of the system to increase or decrease. For
processes that are internally irreversible, it is possible for heat to be transferred out of the system in an
amount such that the entropy changes from the two causes exactly compensate each other. One can
imagine irreversible processes for which the state of the system is the same at the end as at the beginning
of the process. The process is then necessarily isentropic, but neither reversible nor adia-batic. More
generally, the system conditions may change in such a way that entropy changes resulting from
temperature and pressure changes compensate each other. Such a process is isentropic, but not
necessarily reversible. Expansion of gas in a piston/cylinder arrangement is a case in point. It may be
reversible and adiabatic, and hence isentropic. But the same change of state may be irreversible with heat
transfer to the surroundings. The process is still isentropic, but neither reversible nor adiabatic. An
isentropic process must be either reversible and adiabatic or irreversible and non-adiabatic.
5.24 By definition,
T
T
C
P

d T
T
0
C
P
d T
C P H = T T0 = T0 T
0 T
By inspection, one sees that for both T > T
0
and T
0
> T the numerators and denominators of
the
above fractions have the same sign. Thus, for both cases C
P

H
is positive.
T
C

P
d

T T
0
C

P
d

T
T
0
T T T
Similarly,
C
P

S

=
ln(T /
T
0
)
=
ln(T
0
/
T )
By inspection, one sees that for both T > T
0
and T
0
> T the numerators and denominators of
the
above fractions have the same sign. Thus, for both cases C
P

S
is positive.
When T = T
0
, both the numerators and denominators of the above fractions become zero, and the
fractions are indeterminate. Application of lH opitals rule leads to the result: C
P

H
= C
P

S
= C
P
.
5.'1 The process involves three heat reservoirs: the house, a heat sink; the furnace, a heat source; and the
surroundings, a heat source. Notation is as follows:
|Q| Heat transfer to the house at temperature T |Q
F
| Heat transfer from the furnace at T
F
|Q

| Heat transfer from the surroundings at T

The first and second laws provide the two equations:

|
Q
|
=
|
Q
F
|
+ |
Q
|
and
|
Q
|
|Q
F
|
|
Q

|
= 0
T T
F T
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Combine these equations to eliminate |Q

|, and solve for |Q

F
|:
|Q F | = |Q| TF T T
T
T

T
F

With T = 295 K T
F
= 810 K
T
= 265 K
and |Q| = 1000
kJ
The result is:
|Q
F
| = 151.14
kJ
Shown to the right is a scheme designed to ac-
complish this result. A Carnot heat engine op-
erates with the furnace as heat source and the
house as heat sink. The work produced by the en-
gine drives a Carnot refrigerator (reverse Carnot
engine) which extracts heat from the surround-ings
and discharges heat to the house. Thus the heat
rejected by the Carnot engine (|Q
1
|) and by the
Carnot refrigerator (|Q
2
|) together provide the heat
|Q| for the house. The energy balances for the
engine and refrigerator are:
|W |
engine
= |Q
F
| |
Q
1
|
|
W
|
refrig = |Q
2
| |Q

|
Equation (5.7) may be applied to both the engine
and the refrigerator:
|Q
F

|
T
F
|
Q

| T

=
= |
Q
1
| T
|
Q
2
| T
Combine the two pairs of equations:
W Q
T
F
1 Q
T
F

T
W Q 1
T

=
|
Q
T
T

|
|
engi
ne
=

| 1
|
T
|
|refrig
= |
T T
= |
T 2
|
Since these two quantities are equal,
Q
T
F

T
Q
T
T
o
r Q Q
T
F

T
|
1
|
=

|
|
2
|
= |
1
|
T T

T T
Because the total heat transferred to the house is |Q| = |Q
1
| + |Q
2
|,
T T
1 +
T T T T

|Q| = |Q1| + |Q1|

F
= |Q1
F
= |Q1|
F
TT TT T T

T
F

T T
T

But |Q1| = |Q F | whence |Q| = |Q F | T

T
F TF T

Solution for |Q
F
| yields the same equation obtained more easily by direct application of the two
laws of thermodynamics to the overall result of the process.
5.'2 The process involves three heat reservoirs: the house, a heat source; the tank, a heat source; and the
surroundings, a heat sink. Notation is as follows:
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|Q| Heat transfer from the tank at temperature T |Q|Q

| Heat
transfer to the surroundings at T

The first and second laws provide the two equations:

|Q| + |Q| = |Q

|
and
Q
Q
Q
=
0
T

T
T

Combine these equations to eliminate |Q

|, and solve for |Q|:

|Q| = |Q| T T T
T T T

With T = 448.15 K
T = 297.15 K
T

= 306.15 K
and |Q| = 1500
kJ
The result is:
|Q| = 143.38
kJ
Shown to the right is a scheme designed to
accom-plish this result. A Carnot heat engine
operates with the tank as heat source and the
surroundings as heat sink. The work produced
by the engine drives a Carnot refrigerator
(reverse Carnot en-gine) which extracts heat |
Q
|W |
engine
= |Q| |Q
1 | |W |
refrig
= |Q
2 | |
QEquation (5.7) may be applied to both
the engine and the refrigerator:
|
Q
1 |
=
T

|
Q
2
|
=
T

|Q| T
|
Q|
T

Combine the two pairs of equations:
1
T

=
|
Q
T
T

Since these two

quantities are equal,
W
|refrig
= |
Q
|

T

= |
Q
T

t
T

T
| T
=
| T
|
| = |
|
T T
T
Q T T
Q T T or Q Q T
T
T
5.36 For a closed system the first term of Eq. (5.21) is zero, and it becomes:
m
S
)
+
j
.
d(
c
v
Q.
j
= S
G

0
d
t
T
,
j
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.
where Q
j
is here redefined to refer to the system rather than to the surroundings. Nevertheless, the sec-
ond term accounts for the entropy changes of the surroundings, and can be written simply as d S
surr
t
/d t :
d(m S)
cv
d
S
surr
t
.
d
S
cv
t
d
S
surr
T
.
= S
G
0 or
= S
G

0 d t d t
d
t d t
Multiplication by d t and integration over finite time yields:
S
cv
t
+ S
surr
t
0
or
S
total
0
5.37 The general equation applicable here is Eq. (5.22):
.
.
Q

j .
(Sm)
fs

j
=
S
G

0
T

,
j
(a)
For a single stream flowing within the pipe and with a single heat source in the surroundings,
this
becomes: .
. Q .
(S)m = S
G
0
T

(b) The equation is here written for two streams (I and II) flowing in two pipes. Heat transfer is
.
internal, between the two streams, making Q = 0.
Thus,
. . .
(S)
I
m
I
+ (S)
II
m
II
= S
G
0
(c)
For a pump operatiing on a single stream and with the assumption of negligible heat transfer
to
the surroundings:
. .
(S)m = S
G
0
(d) For an adiabatic gas compressor the result is the same as for Part (c).
(e) For an adiabatic turbine the result is the same as for Part (c).
(f ) For an adiabatic throttle valve the result is the same as for Part (c).
(g) For an adiabatic nozzle the result is the same as for Part (c).
5.(0 The figure on the left below indicates the direct, irreversible transfer of heat |Q| from a reservoir at
T
1
to a reservoir at T
2
. The figure on the right depicts a completely reversible process to accomplish
the same changes in the heat reservoirs at T
1
and T
2
.
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The entropy generation for the direct heat-transfer process is:
G
= | T2
T1
=
|
|
T
1
T
2
S Q
1 1
Q
T
1

T
2
For the completely reversible process the net work produced is W
ideal
:
|
1
| =
|
T
1
2
| =
| T
2
W Q
T
1

T

a
n
d W Q
T
2

T

W
ideal
= |
W
|

|
W
|
=
T Q
T
1

T
2

| T
1
T
2
This is the work that is lost, W
lost
, in the direct, irreversible transfer of heat |Q|. Therefore,
W
lost
= T

|Q|
T
1

T
2
= T

S
G
T
1
T
2
Note that a Carnot engine operating between T
1
and T
2
would not give the correct W
ideal
or W
lost
,
because the heat it transfers to the reservoir at T
2
is not Q.
5.45 Equation (5.14) can be written for both the reversible and irreversible processes:
S
irrev
=
T
irre
v
d

T P
S
rev
=
T
r
e
v
d

T P
C
P
ig

ln
C
P
i
g

ln
T
0
T
P

T
0 T
P

By difference, with S
rev
=
0:
S
irrev
=
T
irr
ev
C
P
i
g
d

T
T
re
v T
Since S
irrev
must be greater than zero, T
irrev
must be greater than T
rev
.
650
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights resere!. "imite! !istri#$tion permitte!
onl% to teachers an! e!$cators &or co$rse preparation. I& %o$ are a st$!ent $sing this Man$al, %o$ are $sing it witho$t permission.