Design models for hollow section splices

NCCI: Design models for splices in structural hollow sections
SN044a-EN-EU
NCCI: Design models for splices in structural hollow
sections
This NCCI describes the procedures to design both rectangular and circular hollow section
(RHS and CHS) end plate splices using non-preloaded bolts. Recommendations on
detailing are also given.

Contents
1. General 2
2. Parameters 2
3. Structural hollow section splices in compression 4
4. Rectangular hollow section splices in tension 5
5. Circular hollow section splices in tension 8
6. References 11

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1. General
Bolted connections are usually convenient for site connections of prefabricated parts of the
structure. RHS end plate splices have usually been bolted along the four sides of the plate,
however, during the 1980s the possibility of bolting only on two opposite sides was
investigated and it proved to be an effective solution. On the other hand, CHS splices usually
present bolts evenly placed radially around the hollow section.
The recommendations for simple designs given in this NCCI have been taken from the
relevant CIDECT Design Guides [1] [2]. Additional background on this topic may be found
in an SCI/BCSA publication about joints in steel [3].
2. Parameters
t
p
t
p
e
3
p
2
p
2
p
2
e
2
e
1
h
1

Figure 2.1 Geometric parameters for RHS end plate splices

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SN044a-EN-EU
t
p
e
1
e
2
d
1
p
2
t
p

Figure 2.2 Geometric parameters for CHS end plate splices
a throat thickness of a weld;
b distance between the bolt row and the usual location of the exterior plastic hinges;
1 1
2
' t
d
e b +
=
d bolt nominal diameter;
d
0
bolt hole diameter;
d
1
diameter of the CHS member;
d
m
the mean of the across points and across flats dimensions of the bolt head or the nut,
whichever is smaller;
e
1
distance from the bolt row to the hollow section wall;
e
2
edge distance;
e
3
edge distance;
f
u
nominal ultimate tensile strength of the weaker part joined;
f
ub
ultimate tensile strength of a bolt;
f
vw,d
design shear resistance of the weld;
f
y1
yield strength of the hollow section;
f
yp
yield strength of the end plate;
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h
1
depth of the RHS member;
n total number of bolts;
p
2
distance between bolts, or pitch;
r exterior radius of the CHS;
t thickness of the thinner outer connected part;
t
1
wall thickness of the hollow section member;
t
p
end plate thickness;
A gross cross-section area of a bolt;
A
1
cross-sectional area of the hollow section member;

A
s
tensile stress area of a bolt;
B
p,Rd
design punching shear resistance of the bolt head and the nut;
F
t,Ed
design tensile force per bolt for the ultimate limit state;
F
t,Rd
design tension resistance per bolt;
F
u
ultimate tensile resistance of a bolt;
F
w,Ed
design value of the weld force per unit length;
F
w,Rd
design weld resistance per unit length;
N
1,Ed
design value of the internal tensile force in member 1 (RHS or CHS member);
N
1,Rd
design value of the resistance of the joint, expressed in terms of the internal tensile
force in member 1 (RHS or CHS member);
3. Structural hollow section splices in
compression
To guaranty the force transfer in compression, SHS splices must satisfy the following two
conditions:
Ensure a good contact between surfaces.
A correct alignment of the elements to avoid eccentricity that could create unexpected
moments.
Apart from these requirements, there is no other requirement to design a SHS splice for
compression.
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However the splice might be subject to tension in some cases, such as the erection stage or
when any of the load situations leads to tension. In these cases it is advisable to design it as
for tension, which leads to a safe and conservative approach, following the procedure below.
4. Rectangular hollow section splices in tension
4.1 Range of application and recommendations on
detailing
The calculation method presented below only applies to square or rectangular hollow section
end plate splices bolted along two opposite sides and subject to tension.
The method should be restricted within the plate thickness range for which the method was
validated experimentally (12 mm t
p
26 mm).
In addition to this, some recommendations and rules on detailing are presented below:
A bolt spacing or pitch (p
2
) between three and five times the bolt hole diameter (d
0
) is
recommended. The spacing must be at least 2,2d
0
and must not exceed the smaller of 14t
and 200 mm.
Total number of bolts,
2
2
2
1
+
p
h
n but n 4
Bolt hole diameter,
d
0
=d +2 mm, for d 24 mm
d
0
=d +3 mm, for d >24 mm
where
d is the bolt diameter.
To minimize the effect of prying forces, an edge distance (e
2
) of 1,25 times the distance
from the bolt row to the RHS wall (e
1
) is recommended. A higher value of e
2
does not
mean a greater benefit. Additionally, both e
2
and e
3
should be at least 1,2d
0
.
4.2 Design procedure
For this kind of joints, three different checks have to be performed in order to verify its
resistance, namely:
Bolt failure with end plate yielding
Bolt failure
Weld
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4.2.1 Bolt failure with end plate yielding
1. Calculate , i.e. the relation between the net area in the bolt row and the gross area next to
the hollow section wall.
2
0
1
p
d
=
2. Determine a trial thickness for the plate. For that, a lower and an upper value are
calculated and an intermediate value selected.
( )
5 , 0
f p
5 , 0
f
) 1 (
P K t
P K

+

where:
=
2
M0
yp
9 , 0
' 4
p
f
b
K

n
N
P
Ed 1,
f
=
3. Calculate , assuming that the bolts are subject to a force equal to their resistance in
tension.
( )
+ +

=
1 1 2
2
2
p
Rd t,
2
1
t e e
d
e
t
F K

where:
e
2
1,25e
1
and
0
4. Calculate the design resistance of the splice, N
1,Rd

( )
M2
2
p
Rd 1,
K
n t
N
+
=
Verify
Rd 1, Ed , 1
N N
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4.2.2 Bolt failure
According to EN1993-1-8 3.4.2, the case under study is a category D tension connection
(non-preloaded bolts, classes 4.6 to 10.9). For this category, the requirements to be fulfilled
are:
Tension resistance: and
Rd t, Ed 1,
F n N
Punching shear resistance:
Rd p, Ed 1,
B n N
where:
M2
s ub
Rd t,
9 , 0
A f
F = (for countersunk bolts, use 0,63 instead of 0,9)
M2
u p m
Rd p,
6 , 0
f t d
B

=

4.2.3 Welds
The weld should be made around the whole perimeter of the hollow section, normally by
means of a fillet weld. However, if the required throat thickness exceeds 8mm then a partial
penetration butt weld with additional fillets may be a more economical solution.
Appropriate execution details for welding are given in ENV 1090-2.
The welds should be designed taking into account the requirements of EN 1993-1-8 7.3 and
the throat thickness calculated according to EN 1993-1-8 4.
Alternatively either of the two approaches given below may be used.
(1) Design the fillet weld to transmit the design resistance of the hollow section.
This requirement will be satisfied provided the weld throat thickness is such that:
2
u
M2 w
M0
y
1
f
f
t a

where:
f
y
is yield strength of hollow section
f
u
is nominal ultimate strength of the weaker part joined (i.e. end plate or hollow section)
is the correlation factor from Table 4.1 of EN1993-1-8
w
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When
M0
=1,0 and
M2
=1,25
a 0,93 t
1
for steel S235
a 0,96 t
1
for steel S275
a 1,11 t
1
for steel S355
(2) Design the fillet weld to transmit the applied tensile force.
Depending on the plate stiffness, the welded perimeter of RHS section will be subject to non-
uniform stress distribution. In the absence of more precise design guidance, the effective weld
length can be taken as the side lengths of the RHS adjacent to the loaded bolts in tension. For
this case the weld throat thickness should satisfy the following requirement.
2 2
M2
1
Ed 1,
u
w
f h
N
a

5. Circular hollow section splices in tension
The method given here follows the principles of EN1993-1-8. Another method, subject to
National Annex determination, is given in EN 1993-3-1.
5.1 Range of application and recommendations on
detailing
The calculation method presented below only applies to CHS end plate splices with bolts
evenly placed radially around the hollow section and subject to tension.
Some recommendations and rules on detailing are presented below:
The bolt spacing or pitch (p
2
) should be 2,2d
0
at least. The lowest between 14t and 200
mm should be taken as a maximum for this parameter.
At least four bolts should be used.
Concerning the bolt hole diameter,
d
0
=d +2 mm, for d 24 mm
d
0
=d +3 mm, for d >24 mm
where d is the bolt diameter.
To minimize the effect of prying forces, the distance (e
1
) should be kept to a minimum. A
value between 1,5 and 2,0 times the bolt diameter is recommended. Additionally, both e
1

and e
2
should be at least 1,2d
0
.
The spacing between the weld and the nut should be of 5 mm at least.
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5.2 Design procedure
For this kind of joints, four different checks have to be performed in order to verify its
resistance, namely:
Complete end plate yielding
Bolt failure with end plate yielding
Bolt failure
Weld
5.2.1 Complete end plate yielding
The design axial force in the splice should fulfil the following requirement,
0
3 yp
2
p
Ed 1,
2
M
f f t
N

where:
( ) ( )
5 , 0
1
2
3 3
1
3
4
2
1
k k k
k
f + =
( )
3 2 1
ln r r k =
1
1
2
2
e
d
r + =
2
1 1
3
t d
r

=
2
1 3
+ = k k
5.2.2 Bolt failure with end plate yielding
The design axial force in the splice should fulfil the following requirement,
( )
2 1 3 3
Rd t,
Ed 1,
ln
1 1
1
r r f f
nF
N
where:
+ + =
eff 1
1
1
2
e e
d
r
( )
1 2 eff
25 , 1 ; min e e e =
+ =
1
1
2
2
e
d
r
and other symbols are the same as for the complete end plate yielding
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5.2.3 Bolt failure
The requirement is the same as for RHS end plate splices in tension.
5.2.4 Welds
The weld should be made around the whole perimeter of the hollow section, normally by
means of a fillet weld. However, if the required throat thickness exceeds 8mm then a partial
penetration butt weld with additional fillets may be a more economical solution.
Appropriate execution details for welding are given in ENV 1090-2.
The welds should be designed taking into account the requirements of EN 1993-1-8 7.3 and
the throat thickness calculated according to EN 1993-1-8 4.
Alternatively either of the two approaches given below may be used.
(1) Design the fillet weld to transmit the design resistance of the hollow section.
This requirement will be satisfied provided the weld throat thickness is such that:
2
u
M2 w
M0
y
1
f
f
t a

where:
f
y
is yield strength of hollow section
f
u
is nominal ultimate strength of the weaker part joined (i.e. end plate or hollow section)
is the correlation factor from Table 4.1 of EN1993-1-8
w
When
M0
=1,0 and
M2
=1,25
a 0,93 t
1
for steel S235
a 0,96 t
1
for steel S275
a 1,11 t
1
for steel S355

(2) Design the fillet weld to transmit the applied tensile force.
In the absence of more precise design guidance, the design shear strength of the weld (instead
of design tensile strength) should be used. For this case the weld throat thickness should
satisfy the following requirement.
3
M2
1
Ed 1,
u
w
f
d
N
a

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6. References
1 Design Guide for Circular Hollow Section (CHS) J oints under predominantly Static
Loading. Wardenier, J ., Kurobane, Y., Packer, J .A., Dutta, D. and Yeomans, N. CIDECT,
1991.
2 Design Guide for Rectangular Hollow Section (RHS) J oints under predominantly Static
Loading. Packer, J .A., Wardenier, J ., Kurobane, Y., Dutta, D. and Yeomans, N. CIDECT,
1992.
3 J oints in Steel Construction - Simple Connections (P212). The Steel Construction
Institute and the British Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd., 2002.
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Quality Record
RESOURCE TITLE NCCI: Design models for splices in structural hollow sections
Reference(s)
ORIGINAL DOCUMENT
Name Company Date
Created by Francisco Rey Labein
Technical content checked by J ose A. Chica Labein
Editorial content checked by
Technical content endorsed by the
following STEEL Partners:

1. UK G W Owens SCI 23/5/06
2. France A Bureau CTICM 23/5/06
3. Sweden B Uppfeldt SBI 23/5/06
4. Germany C Mller RWTH 23/5/06
5. Spain J Chica Labein 23/5/06
Resource approved by Technical
Coordinator
G W Owens SCI 12/7/06
TRANSLATED DOCUMENT
This Translation made and checked by:
Translated resource approved by:

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Design models for hollow section splices

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