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FACTS - FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

N G Hi ngorani
El ectri c Power Research I nsti tute, USA
For economic reasons most i f not al l of the
worl ds el ectri c power suppl y are wi del y
i nterconnected, i nvol vi ng i nterconnecti ons
i nsi de uti l i ti es own ter r i tor i es which extend
t o i nter- uti l i ty i nterconnecti ons and then t o
i nter- regi onal s.
we need these i nterconnecti ons because apart
from del i very, the purpose of the transmi ssi on
network i s t o pool power pl ants and l oad
centers, i n order t o mi ni mi ze the number of
power generati on sources needed, taki ng
advantage of di versi ty of l oads, avai l abi l i ty
of sources and f uel i n order t o suppl y the
l oad at a requi red r el i abi l i ty. I f we j ust
had radi al l i nes, we would need many more
generati on resources t o serve the l oad wi th
the same rel i abi l i ty. I f you l ook at it that
way, transmi ssi on i s an al ternati ve t o a new
generati on resource. L ess transmi ssi on
capabi l i ty means that more generati on
resources would be requi red regardl ess of
whether we have l arge or s mal l power pl ants.
No one i s real l y sure about what the optimum
bal ance i s because of l ack of avai l abl e
methodology that would enabl e the system
pl anner t o i ntegrate transmi ssi on i nto an
i ntegrated val ue-based resource pl anni ng.
Economic consi derati ons would suggest that
adequate transmi ssi on i nterconnecti ons shoul d
be provi ded t o accommodate al l economic
energy/capaci ty i nterchanges subj ect t o trade
of f between new generati on and the cost of
transmi ssi on.
Often as power transf ers grow, the power
system becomes i ncreasi ngl y more complex t o
operate and the system can become more
i nsecure wi th l arge power fl ows wi th
i nadequate control and i nabi l i ty t o uti l i ze
the f ul l potenti al of transmi ssi on
i nterconnecti ons.
With thi s i n mind, the El ectri c Power Research
I nsti tute representi ng the col l aborati ve RhD
arm of the US uti l i ti es, has put forward a
concept, a vi si on of the f uture based on
si l i con sci ence, cal l ed Fl exi bl e AC
Transmi ssi on System (FACTS). I t has been
di scussed through publ i cati ons (1-91, i n
speeches at I EEE meeti ngs, forums, workshops,
CI GRE, vari ous uti l i ti es and most recentl y at
a hi ghl y successf ul I nternati onal Conference
i n Ci nci nnati i n September 1990, organi zed by
EPRI . The concept was f i r st menti oned i n the
EPRI J ournal i n 1986 (l ), then at a l uncheon
speech duri ng the I EEE PES Summer meeti ng i n
San Franci sco ( 2 ) i n J ul y 1987 and at a
l uncheon speech at the 1988 American Power
Conference ( 3) .
While some of the rel evant technol ogy i . e. ,
Stati c VAR Compensation i s al ready i n wide
use, the FACTS concept has brought t o the
tabl e a tremendous potenti al f or thyri stor
based control l ers which w i l l surel y
revol uti oni ze the power system.
The technol ogy of f ers the uti l i ti es the
abi l i ty t o:
1. Control power fl ows on thei r
2. Allow secure l oadi ng of transmi ssi on
transmi ssi on routes
l i nes t o thei r f ul l thermal
capaci ty.
FACTS technol ogy, whi l e al l owi ng use of
transmi ssi on t o i ts thermal capaci ty, does not
do away wi th the need f or addi ti onal
transmi ssi on l i nes or the upgradi ng of
exi sti ng l i nes where thermal l i mi t s have been
reached or when eval uati on of l osses added t o
the cost of FACTS technol ogy shows that new
l i nes or upgradi ng of exi sti ng l i nes i s the
most optimum answer.
Al so, FACTS technol ogy cal l s f or new thi nki ng
on col l aborati ve operati on and pl anni ng among
uti l i ti es because of the possi bi l i ti es that
the di f f erent owners of an i ntegrated power
system coul d be i mpl ementi ng contradi ctory
control el ements. However, one would expect
that mutual i nterest w i l l ensure the most
optimum use of the power system as a whol e.
The central technol ogy of FACTS i nvol ves hi gh
power el ectroni cs, a vari ety of thyri stor
devi ces f or appl i cati on i n f uture years,
supported by advances i n di gi tal protecti ve
rel ays, di gi tal control s, i ntegrated
communications ( 10) and advanced control
centers. So what i s the i ssue?
I f you thi nk about the power systems of today,
by and l arge they are mechani cal l y control l ed.
A l l the el ectroni cs and hi gh speed
communication are at ground l evel , but at the
hi gh vol tage end where the f i nal acti on i s
taken, the devi ces are mechani cal and there i s
l i t t l e hi gh speed control . With mechani cal
devi ces, control cannot be i ni ti ated
f requentl y because mechani cal devi ces tend t o
wear out very qui ckl y compared t o stati c
devi ces. I n ef f ect, from the dynamic as wel l
as steady state poi nt of view, the system i s
real l y uncontrol l ed and power system pl anners,
operators and engi neers have l earned t o l i ve
wi th thi s f act and they use al l ki nds of
i ngenui ty t o make it work ef f ecti vel y, but not
wi thout a pri ce.
Consi der power fl ow over an ac l i ne, Fi gure 1.
I t i s a f uncti on of phase angl e, l i ne end
vol tages and l i ne impedance and there i s no
hi gh speed control over any of these
parameters. Somehow, the operators arri ve at
the requi red steady state power fl ow, whi l e
mai ntai ni ng vol tages and phase angl es wi thi n
saf e tol erabl e l i mi t s , that i s wel l below the
peak stabi l i ty l i mi t s of the power system,
through the use of generati on schedul i ng, the
occasi onal changi ng of power transformer taps
and the swi tchi ng of shunt reactors and
2
capaci t or s. The consequences of t hi s l ack of
f ast , r el i abl e cont r ol ar e st abi l i t y pr obl ems,
power f l owi ng t hr ough ot her t han t he i nt ended
l i nes, t he i nabi l i t y t o f ul l y ut i l i ze t he
t r ansmi ssi on r esour ces t o t hei r t her mal and/ or
economi c l i mi t s, undesi r abl e VAR f l ows, hi gher
l osses, hi gh or l owvol t ages, cascade t r i ppi ng
and l ong r est or at i on t i mes. We have been
br ought up t o t hi nk t hat t hese ar e i nher ent
pr obl ems of t he power syst ems and t hat ' s why
i t i s necessar y t o have a f r esh l ook based on
new t echnol ogi cal oppor t uni t i es.
The cent er col umn i n Fi gur e 2 shows t ypi cal
Sur ge I mpedance Loadi ng ( SI L) val ues of t he
di f f er ent cl asses of 60 HZ over head
t r ansmi ssi on l i nes. They ar e much l ower t han
t he t ypi cal t her mal l i mi t s shown i n t he
r i ght hand col umn. Many t r ansmi ssi on l i nes ar e
not sui t abl e f or l oadi ng much above t hei r
sur ge i mpedance l oadi ng val ue because of t he
pr obl ems of power and vol t age i nst abi l i t y t hat
we have l ear ned t o l i ve wi t h. Basi cal l y t hi s
i s because t he ac syst emi s mechani cal l y
cont r ol l ed, whi ch f r omt he dynami cs poi nt of
vi ew i s uncont r ol l ed.
Fi gur e 3 shows AC Power Fl ow i n Two Par al l el
Pat hs. Wi t hout any cont r ol , power f l owi s
pr opor t i onal t o t he i nver se of t he var i ous
t r ansmi ssi on l i ne i mpedances. I t i s l i kel y
t hat t he l ower i mpedance l i ne may become
over l oaded. Al so, t her e i s no concer n f or
t r ansmi ssi on lis owner shi p and hence t her e i s
no i ncent i ve t o upgr ade t r ansmi ssi on l i ne
capaci t y. Thus we don' t even have good
cont r ol over di r ect i ng t he st eady st at e power
f l ows, agai n because t he ac syst emi s
mechani cal l y cont r ol l ed.
Fi gur e 4 shows AC and HVDC l i nes i n par al l el .
Wi t h HVDC, power f l ows as or der ed by t he owner
because, wi t h conver t er s, power i s
el ect r oni cal l y cont r ol l ed. Al so, because
power i s el ect r oni cal l y cont r ol l ed, an HVDC
l i ne can be used t o i t s f ul l t her mal capaci t y
i f adequat e conver t er capaci t y i s pr ovi ded.
Fur t her mor e, an HVDC l i ne because of i t s hi gh
speed cont r ol can al so hel p t he par al l el ac
t r ansmi ssi on l i ne t o mai nt ai n st abi l i t y.
However , HVDC i s t oo expensi ve f or wi despr ead
use and i s usual l y consi der ed when l ong
t r ansmi ssi on l i nes ar e i nvol ved or f or
asynchr onous t i es.
Fi gur e 5 shows one of t he t r ansmi ssi on l i nes
coul d addi t i onal i mpedance i n t he f or mof a
hi gh speed cont r ol l ed ser i es capaci t or . Wi t h
t hi s ar r angement , one can obt ai n subst ant i al l y
( but not compl et el y) t he same advant ages as
wi t h HVDC but at a much l ower cost . Thi s i s
because wi t h hi gh speed cont r ol of ser i es
i mpedance one can obt ai n appr opr i at e st eady
st at e power ( wi t hi n t he r ange of i mpedance
cont r ol ) yet change/ modul at e i mpedance as
r api dl y as r equi r ed f or st abi l i t y
consi der at i ons.
Fi gur e 5 al so shows t hat one of t he AC l i nes
may have a hi gh- speed phase angl e r egul at or .
Agai n, wi t h t hi s appr oach one can obt ai n
subst ant i al l y t he same advant ages as HVDC, but
wi t h l ess cost . Wher eas t he ser i es capaci t or
cont r ol s t he i mpedance t o l evel s bel ow t he
ser i es i nduct ance of t he l i ne, t he phase angl e
r egul at or wi t h pl us- mi nus r ange, cont r ol s t he
appar ent i mpedance bot h ways. The HVDC l i nk
i n ef f ect , i s an el ect r oni c 360 degr ee phase
angl e r egul at or .
Thi s l eads us t o t he FACTS concept whi ch
i nvol ves t he use of t hyr i st or based
cont r ol l er s, Fi gur e 6. Appl i cat i on of 1, 2,
or 3 of t hese cont r ol l er s, sel ect ed on a case
by case basi s can enhance any speci f i c
t r ansmi ssi on l i ne and al so can hel p t o enhance
st abi l i t y of l i nes near by.
The t wo cont r ol l er s l i st ed at t he t op of t he
l ef t hand col umn, t he SSR Dampi ng ( r equi r ed
f or ser i es capaci t or compensat i on) ( 6 ) , and
t he St at i c VAR Compensat or , ar e avai l abl e
t oday. EPRI pl ans t o f ur t her advance t hese
and t o hel p devel op t he next 4 or 5 l i st ed
cont r ol l er s i n t he l ef t hand col umn over t he
next 10 year s. EPRI ' s pr i mar y r ol e i s t o be a
cat al yst , put money onl y wher e essent i al t o
br i dge t he gap of doubt about commer ci al
vi abi l i t y as wel l as t o hel p cr eat e t he mar ket
and t echnol ogy. Ther e i s now a wor l dwi de
i nt er est i n FACTS and i t i s f ul l y expect ed
t hat ot her s al ong wi t h EPRI wi l l get i nvol ved
i n var i ous aspect s of FACTS. I get t he
i mpr essi on t hat pl anner s ar e t he most exci t ed.
usual l y t hey ar e ver y conser vat i ve and
r i ght f ul l y so, but f or t he f i r st t i me i n a
l ong t i me t hey see an i magi nat i ve concept and
t hey l i ke what t hey see.
basi s, sever al manuf act ur er s i ncl udi ng GE,
ABB, GEC Al st hom, and Si emens have expr essed
i nt er est i n FACTS. Ther e i s si gni f i cant
i nt er est among U. S. ut i l i t i es. Al so, EdF of
Fr ance, ENEL of I t al y, NGCo. of Engl and,
FURNAS of Br azi l and ut i l i t i es i n I ndi a, have
expr essed an i nt er est i n t hi s t echnol ogy.
I EEE and CI GRE have st ar t ed Wor ki ng Gr oups t o
l ook at var i ous aspect s of FACTS t echnol ogy.
Pl anner s want pl anni ng t ool s t o use f or t hei r
own condi t i ons of pl anni ng, and t o t ake
advant age of t he var i ous oppor t uni t i es of f er ed
by FACTS. So EPRI has i ncor por at ed key FACTS
cont r ol l er s i n i t s pl anni ng and desi gn
comput er pr ogr ams, i ncl udi ng Ext ended Mi d- t er m
St abi l i t y, Smal l Si gnal St abi l i t y, Load Fl ow
and EMTP. Under EPRI pr oj ect s, GE and PTI
have al so i ncor por at ed FACTS i n t hei r comput er
pr ogr ams.
EPRI sponsor ed t wo st udi es of maj or cor r i dor s,
one wi t h GE ( 7) and t he ot her wi t h PTI ( E) ,
wi t h r eal i st i c but f i ct i t i ous syst ems.
Fi gur e 7 shows t hat wi t h var i ous combi nat i ons
of FACTS cont r ol l er s, i t was possi bl e t o
On a wor l dwi de
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i ncr ease t he useabl e capaci t y f r om5, 000 MW,
by di f f er ent amount s up t o i t s t her mal l i mi t
whi ch was al most doubl e t he l oadi ng l i mi t f or
t he r equi r ed r el i abi l i t y. Fi gur e 8 shows a
r el at i vel y si mpl e case of r adi al t r ansmi ssi on
( wi t h under l yi ng l ower vol t age ci r cui t s) f or
whi ch capaci t y coul d be i ncr eased f r om2, 000
MW wi t h f i xed ser i es compensat i on t o 2, 800 MW
wi t h t he addi t i on of modest var i abl e ser i es
compensat i on or t o 2, 500 MWwi t h t he addi t i on
of a dynami c br ake. Because of t he hi gh
i nt er est and t he need f or addi t i onal st udi es,
EPRI has now under t aken wor k t o st udy sever al
r eal syst emappl i cat i ons.
I t was ment i oned ear l i er t hat t wo of t he
cont r ol l er s ar e al r eady avai l abl e, t he st at i c
VAR compensat or ( SVC) and SSR dampi ng scheme
( 6 ) . EPRI demonst r at ed t he st at i c VAR
compensat or ( SVC) i n 1985 on t he Mi nnesot a
Power syst emf or vol t age and st abi l i t y
cont r ol , Fi gur e 9. St at i c VAR compensat or s,
bot h i nduct i ve and capaci t i ve ar e wi del y used
t hr oughout t he wor l d. A mor e advanced ver si on
of t he SVC based on t hyr i st or s wi t h t ur n of f
capabi l i t y ( 9) shoul d become economi cal l y
vi abl e i n about 5 t o 10 year s and wi del y used
beyond t he year 2000. Thi s advanced SVC can
del i ver bot h l eadi ng and l aggi ng r eact i ve
power and i t s over l oad capabi l i t y i s not
vol t age dependent as i s t he case wi t h pr esent
svcs.
Wi t h Si emens and Sout her n Cal i f or ni a Edi son
col l abor at i on, EPRI demonst r at ed a t hyr i st or
based NGH- SSR dampi ng scheme ( 6) on t he
Sout her n Cal i f or ni a Edi son ( SCE) syst em6
year s ago, Fi gur e 10. Thi s i nvol ves a
t hyr i st or swi t ch acr oss a capaci t or whi ch al so
has t he capabi l i t y t o pr ot ect , bypass and
i nser t ser i es capaci t ance and damp
subsynchr onous osci l l at i ons. The onl y t hi ng
l acki ng f or t he t echnol ogy t o be sui t abl e f or
a t hyr i st or cont r ol l ed ser i es capaci t or t hat
woul d be used f or i mpedance cont r ol i s t hat
t he t hyr i st or s do not have act i ve cool i ng and,
t her ef or e, ar e not capabl e of car r yi ng t he
f ul l l oad cur r ent cont i nuousl y. Wor ki ng wi t h
GE and BPA, EPRI pl ans t o demonst r at e t he
t hyr i st or cont r ol l ed ser i es capaci t or f or
t r ansmi ssi on l i ne i mpedance cont r ol , Fi gur e
11, whi ch i s expect ed t o be commer ci al l y
avai l abl e i n about 3 year s. Thi s i s a key
FACTS cont r ol l er , t hus we can say t hat soon we
shoul d be abl e t o begi n t he i mpl ement at i on of
t he FACTS concept .
Si emens/ Noki a i s wor ki ng wi t h West er n Ar ea
Power Admi ni st r at i on ( 10) t o devel op and
demonst r at e a cont i nuousl y var i abl e ser i es
capaci t or compensat i on modul e i nvol vi ng J ohn
Vi t hayat hi l s i dea (11) of connect i ng a
t hyr i st or cont r ol l ed ser i es r eact or i n
par al l el wi t h t he capaci t or of 15 ohms i n a
230 kV, 1000 A t r ansmi ssi on l i ne.
ABB i s wor ki ng wi t h Amer i can El ect r i c Power
(12) t o devel op and t est a pr ot ot ype 3000 A
t hyr i st or val ve al ong wi t h cont r ol pr ot ect i on
ci r cui t s, acr oss one phase of a 7 ohmser i es
capaci t or modul e. Thi s i s expect ed t o l ead t o
a f ul l t hr ee phase i nst al l at i on.
EPRI i s al so i nvest i gat i ng Laszl o Gyugyi s
i nt er est i ng concept s (13) based on t hyr i st or s
wi t h t ur n of f capabi l i t y, whi ch i nvol ve use of
al l sol i d- st at e modul ar conver t er s f or use as
st at i c VAR compensat or s, cont r ol l er ser i es
compensat or s and phase t hyr i st or s.
Cl ear l y t her e i s a l ot of i nt er est , a sor t of
caut i ous exci t ement wi t h a possi bi l i t y of a
huge mar ket much gr eat er t han HVDC.
EPRI i s al so wor ki ng on i ncor por at i ng FACTS
cont r ol l er s i n Cont r ol Cent er s, whi ch wi l l
have t o deal wi t h ci r cui t s wi t h r api dl y
var i abl e l i ne i mpedances, phase angl es, VAR
compensat i on, et c.
As st udi es ar e car r i ed out , new and
i nt er est i ng f i ndi ngs ar e emer gi ng. Some of
t hese ar e:
As f ar as SSR pr obl ems i s concer ned, i t
can be gener al i zed t hat any hi gh speed
cont r ol l er act i ons i n power syst ems, i . e.
gener at or exci t at i on cont r ol , HVDC, FACTS
cont r ol l er s can exci t e/ enhance i nher ent
osci l l at i ons i f i mpr oper l y desi gned.
Conver sel y al l such cont r ol l er s can damp
such osci l l at i ons. Gi ven t he knowl edge
al r eady acqui r ed about SSR, i t i s now
bel i eved t hat t hi s pr obl emcan be easi l y
t aken car e of .
Thyr i st or - cont r ol l ed ser i es capaci t or can
ser ve essent i al l y t he same pur pose as a
phase angl e r egul at or i f one si ded
i mpedance cont r ol wi l l meet t he needs.
Thyr i st or - cont r ol l ed ser i es capaci t or
wi l l t hen be a pr ef er r ed sol ut i on because
i t wi l l have consi der abl y l ower cost t han
a phase angl e r egul at or . However , i f
power f r omt he l i ne i s t o be pushed out ,
a phase angl e r egul at or wi t h pl us and
mi nus r ange woul d be r equi r ed. Thi s,
however , does r ai se t he quest i on of
r el at i ve cost and per f or mance of addi ng
bot h t hyr i st or - cont r ol l ed ser i es r eact or
and t hyr i st or - cont r ol l ed ser i es capaci t or
i n t he same l i ne, compar ed t o t he phase
angl e r egul at or .
GE st udy f or EPRI showed t hat t o i ncr ease
t he st eady st at e st abi l i t y l i mi t , t he
t ot al si ze of ser i es capaci t or r equi r ed
i s consi der abl y l ess i f par t of t he
capaci t or i s cont r ol l ed, t hus r esul t i ng
i n pot ent i al of f set t i ng cost .
I t i s al so appar ent t hat base component
t echnol ogy i s avai l abl e and no maj or
4
br eakt hr oughs ar e r equi r ed.
Never t hel ess, i mpr ovement s i n component
t echnol ogy wi l l i ncr ease t he mar ket
pot ent i al of FACTS.
-
I t was ment i oned ear l i er t hat pl anni ng t ool s
f or FACTS st udi es ar e avai l abl e. TWO of t he
cont r ol l er s ar e al so avai l abl e now, i . e. , t he
SSR damper and st at i c VAR compensat or . Al so,
SSR dampi ng can be i ncor por at ed i n most FACTS
cont r ol l er s. The most i mpor t ant cont r ol l er ,
t he t hyr i st or - cont r ol l ed ser i es capaci t or and
cor r espondi ng cont r ol and pr ot ect i on syst ems
shoul d be commer ci al l y avai l abl e wi t hi n 3
year s.
of t he appl i cat i on of FACTS t echnol ogy t o
power syst ems. I t wi l l be pr ogr essi vel y
appl i ed on case by case basi s, on a r et r of i t
and i ncr ement al modul ar basi s t o r emove
t r ansmi ssi on syst embot t l enecks. As ment i oned
bef or e, t hi s t echnol ogy, whi l e decr easi ng t he
need f or t r ansmi ssi on l i nes, does not do away
wi t h t he need f or some addi t i onal t r ansmi ssi on
l i nes or t he upgr adi ng of exi st i ng l i nes wher e
t her mal l i mi t s have been r eached or wher e
eval uat i on of l osses added t o t he cost of
FACTS t echnol ogy shows t hat new l i nes or
upgr adi ng of exi st i ng l i nes i s t he most
opt i mumanswer . As advances i n t hyr i st or
t echnol ogy t ake pl ace, and cont r ol l er concept s
ar e f ur t her advanced and new ones i nvent ed,
t he cost of FACTS cont r ol l er s wi l l decr ease.
Lar ge scal e use of FACTS t echnol ogy i s an
assur ed l ong t er mscenar i o. Over a 20 year
t i me f r ame, as mor e and mor e el ect r oni c
cont r ol l er s assume t hei r pl ace on ut i l i t y
syst ems, ut i l i t i es wi l l i ncr easi ngl y per cei ve
t hat t hei r power syst ems ar e bei ng
el ect r oni cal l y cont r ol l ed. Thi s i s al so when
t hey wi l l get t he f eel i ng t hat maj or out ages
ar e a t hi ng of t he past because t he syst emhas
become r obust enough t o el i mi nat e cascade
out ages.
No one can name t he pr eci se moment when FACTS
wi l l per vade ut i l i t y power syst ems, but gi ven
t he ent husi asmwi t h whi ch t he FACTS concept
has been r ecei ved, par t i cul ar l y by t he seni or
management and syst empl anner s i n ut i l i t i es,
i t woul d now seemt o be i nevi t abl e.
REFERENCES
That poi nt wi l l be t he t r ue begi nni ng
1. EPRI JO-
( Avai l abl e f r omEPRI on r equest ) .
2 . N. G. Hi ngor ani , "Fut ur e Oppor t uni t i es
f or El ect r i c Power Syst ems, " Luncheon
Speech, I EEE PES Summer Power Meet i ng,
San Fr anci sco, CA, J ul y 14, 1987
( avai l abl e f r omaut hor on r equest ) .
3. N. G. Hi ngor ani , "Hi gh Power El ect r oni cs
and Fl exi bl e AC Tr ansmi ssi on Syst em",
J oi nt APC/ I EEE Luncheon Speech, Apr i l
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
1988 at t he Amer i can Power Conf er ence
50t h Annual Meet i ng i n Chi cago.
i n
1988.
Pr i nt ed
-, J ul y
. .
N. G. Hi ngor ani , "Power El ect r oni cs i n
El ect r i c Ut i l i t i es: Rol e of Power
El ect r oni cs i n Fut ur e Power Syst ems. "
I nvi t ed Paper , sue Vo1. -s 76, No. of 4, t he Apr i l LEEE 1988.
N. G. Hi ngor ani , H. Meht a, S. Levy,
V. A. K. Templ e, H. H. Gl ascock, "Resear ch
Coor di nat i on f or Power Semi conduct or
Technol ogy, " - di nas of t he I E
11. NO. 9, Sept ember 1989.
N. G. Hi ngor ani , B. Bhar gava, R. A.
Hedi n, K. B. St ump, "NGH Dampi ng Devi ce
Sol ves Subsynchr onous Resonance Pr obl em, "
Vol . 5. No. 1, Mar ch 1986.
G. D. Br euer , "Fl exi bl e AC Tr ansmi ssi on
Scopi ng St udi es, "
D. N. Ewar t , R. J . Koessl er , J . D.
Mount f or d, D. Mar at ukul am, "I nvest i gat i on
of FACTS Opt i ons t o Ut i l i ze t he Ful l
DRI Ther mal Wo- Capaci t y on of FACTS, AC Tr ansmi ssi on", November 14- 16,
1990, Ci nci nnat i , Ohi o.
L. Gyugyi , N. Hi ngor ani , P. Nanner y, N.
Tai , "Advanced St at i c VAR Compensat or
Usi ng Gat e Tur n- Of f Thyr i st or s f or
Ut i l i t y Appl i cat i ons, " CI GRE Paper 23-
203, 1990 Sessi on, Par i s.
A. H. Mont oya, D. R . Tor ger son, B. A.
Vossl er , W. Fel dmann, G. J uet t e, K.
Sadek, A. Schul t z. "230 kV Advanced
Ser i es Compensat i on, Kayent a Subst at i on -
Pr oj ect Over vi ew", EPRI Wor kshow on
FACTS. November 14- 16, 1990, Ci nci nnat i ,
Ohi o.
J . J . Vi t hayat hi l , C. W. Tayl or , M.
Kl i nger , W. A. Mi t t el st adt , "Case St udi es
of Convent i onal and Novel Met hods Of
React i ve Power Cont r ol on an AC
Tr ansmi ssi on Syst em",
EE VO1,
v and
~aris 1988.
R. M. Mal i szewski , 8. M. Past er nack, H.
N. Scher er J r . , M. Chami a, H. Fr ank, L.
Paul sson,
I nt er connect ed er 27- 30?. Tr ansmi ssi on 1990 Session, Net wor k", Par i s.
L. Gyugyi , "Sol i d St at e Cont r ol of AC
Power Tr ansmi ssi on' ' ,
FACTS. November 14- 16, 1990, Ci nci nnat i ,
Ohi o.
"Power Fl ow Cont r ol i n a Hi ghl y
5
FACTS - Flexible AC Transmission System
EPRl msul l Power Flow
c.m.
FACTS - FlexiMe AC Transmission System
EPRI
~ _ _ _ _ _ ~ ~ ~
AC Power Flow - Parallel Paths
-
FACTS - Flexible AC Transmission System
Power Flow Control EPRl a211
om-.
HVDC Line
-
FACTS - Flexible AC Transmission System
Power Flow Control EPRl
Power. 112 M 8s desred
impedance. 2X
-
..
FACTS - Flexible AC Transmission System
Power Flow Control EPRl
F i gure 3
Series Capacitor or Phase Angle Regulator
-
F i gure 4
* SSR damping
. Static VAR compensator
- Series reactor
Fault current limiter
Series capacitor 1 Circuit breaker
Static condenser 1 Ferroresonance damper
Dynamic load brake
Dynamic voltage limiter
9 Phase angle regulator Load tap changer
FACTS - Flexible AC Transmisslon System
Thyristor Based Controllers
EPRl
F i gure 6
6
n...
Corridor System - 300 Miles Radial System- 500 Miles
Adsbald Mw MW
" : I Vwm FACTSopm
t m
*yY)
ease
3000 25M)
2000
1500
(sooOrm) .RWSans.Mhbls mFuedSans n W .W
cmp s mc mp comp salmcmp ssnescanp
- 30% Flxed 30% Fixed - 30% Fixed
FACTS - Flexible AC Transmission System
Maximizing Power Transfer EPRl
Figure 7
Series Comp Series Comp Series Comp
. 10%Variable
Series Camp
m Dymmic Brake
FACTS - Flexible AC Transmission System
Maximizing Power Transfer EPRl
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
7
High Voltage Platform
Equipment Protection
FACTS : Thy r i s t o r Con t r o I I e d S e r i e s
075103 Compensation
Figure 11