Name________________ Math 9R

Unit 1: Number Systems, Operations and Properties

Counting Numbers
The counting numbers, which are also called ________________ ______________ are
represented by

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, …
The smallest counting number is ______ and there is no largest counting number.

Whole Numbers
If we combine 0 with all the counting numbers, then we form the set of _____________
_________________. The whole numbers are represented by the symbols

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, …

What is the smallest whole number? What is the largest whole number?

Integers
We can now extend the set of whole numbers to include _______________ numbers. This new
set of numbers is called the integers and consists of the positive whole numbers and their
opposites (or ________________). We can write the integers as

Integers
{………-3, -2. –1, 0, +1, +2, +3………..}

Countin
g
Numbe
rs
Absolute Value

he number
The _____________ ______________ of a number is the ________________

number is from zero. We use the symbol −10

Whol
to represent the absolute value of
10. Because -1 -10 is 10 units away from zero
on the number line, the absolute value or −10 = 10.

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Ex. Find the value of each expression: a. 1
2 + −3 b. 12 −3

Symbols of Inequality

Symbol Example Read

> 9>2 9 is greater than 2
< 2<9
≥ 9 ≥2
≤ 2 ≤9
≠ 9≠ 2

Ex. 1 Tell whether each statement is true or false.

a. -3 > -5 b. 0 < 4 c. 12 – 5 > 2 d. (2)(7) ≤ 14

Ex. 2 Use the symbol < to order the numbers -4, 2, and -7

Ex. 3 Write three statements to compare the numbers in the order they were given
a. 8 and 2 b. 12 and 12

Rational Numbers
a
The rational numbers are all numbers that can be expressed in the form
b
where a and b are integers and b ≠ 0. (Why can’t b be zero?)

Rational numbers are sometimes written as decimals. In order to be a rational number, a

decimal must terminate (end) or repeat. We write a bar over numbers to indicate that they
repeat, ex _____________.

Some examples of rational numbers are:

2
 a
Now lets write them in the form of
b

Irrational Numbers
A nonrepeating decimal that does not end is called an _________________
__________________. When we write an irrational number, we use three dots (…) after a
series of digits to show that the number does not end.

If a number is not a perfect square, it is an irrational number.

What is a perfect square?

Some examples of irrational numbers are:

3 0 .1 − 2 5 .312526…..

Look at what the calculator displays when you enter the above square roots. These answers are
called _______________ ___________________________. The calculator only displays a
certain number of places in its answer, but this does not mean the decimal terminates. BE
CAREFUL OF THIS. Rational approximations are close to, but not equal to, the value of the
irrational number.

One popular example of an irrational number is π .

EX 1: Find a rational approximation for each irrational number, to the nearest hundredth.
a) 3 b) 0.1

EX 2: Which of the following four numbers is an irrational number?

(a) 0.12
(b) 0.12121212…
(c) 0.12111111…
(d) 0.12112111211112…

EX 3: Determine if the following numbers are rational or irrational.

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1) 2) 3.14
4

3) π 4) 5.52652

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5) 11 6) 4
__
7) 0.545454545… 8) 2.715489578157992482…

Real Numbers
The set of real numbers is the set that consists of all ____________________ numbers and
all___________________numbers.
Real Numbers

Rationa
Irration
l
al
Numbe
Numbers
rs

Ex. Write the following numbers in order from smallest value to largest value:

2 3
3 , 1 , , 175
. ,1
3 2

Steps: 1. ____________________________________

2.____________________________________

3.____________________________(pretend it’s money)!!

Try this one:

In which list are the numbers in order from least to greatest?

1 1
(1) 3.2, π , 3 , 3 (3) 3, π , 3.2, 3
3 3
1 1
(2) 3, 3.2, π , 3 (4) 3.2, 3 , 3, π
3 3

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Properties of Operations
PROPERTY MEANING EXAMPLES

Commutative property of
addition or multiplication

Associative property of
addition or multiplication

Distributive property

Closure property

Additive inverse

Additive identity

Multiplicative identity

Multiplicative inverse (or

reciprocal)

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Ex. 1 For − find the following:
3

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a. Additive Inverse b. Multiplicative Identity

c. Reciprocal d. Additive Identity

e. Multiplicative Inverse
Ex. 2. x + 9 = 9 + x is an example of which property? ______________________

Ex. 3. 2(x + 3) = 2x + 6 is an example of which property? ___________________

Ex. 4 x + (y + 3) = x + (3 + y) is an example of which property? _________________

Ex. 5. (5y) • (1) = 5y is an example of which property? ____________________

Ex. 6 Name an operation that is not commutative and give an example of why.

Closure

Ex. 7. If you add two even numbers do you always get an even number?

Is the set of even numbers closed under addition?

Ex. 8. If you divide two even numbers do you always get an even number?

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 Is the set of even numbers closed under division?

Ex. 9. When you subtract two positive numbers, do you always get a positive number?

Is the set of positive numbers closed under subtraction?

Ex. 10 Which set is closed under division?

[A] integers [B] whole numbers

[C] counting numbers [D] {1}

Ex. 11 Ramón said that the set of integers is not closed for one of the basic operations
(addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division). You want to show Ramón that his
statement is correct. For the operation for which the set of integers is not closed, write
an example using:
- a positive even integer and a zero
- a positive and a negative even integer
- two negative even integers

Be sure to explain why each of your examples illustrates that the set of integers is not closed

Types of Sets

• A ___________ is a collection of distinct numbers or objects. Each object or number in

the set is called an ___________ of the set. The symbol ∈ is used to indicate that
something is a element of a set. A set is usually indicated by using a pair of braces { }.
The set of whole numbers can be written as {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…….}

• A ____________ set is a set whose elements can be counted. For example, the set of
even integers between 1 and 10 is a finite set and can be written as {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}.

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 • An _________________ set is a set whose elements cannot be counted because there
is no ___________ to the set. Both the counting numbers and _________________
___________________ are infinite sets.
• The empty set or _________ ___________ is a set that has no elements written as { }
or ∅. For example, the set of negative counting numbers is empty. (There is no such
thing as a negative counting number!)
Words Symbol Meaning
A is a Subset of B

The Intersection of
Sets A and B

The Union of Sets A

and B

The complement of
Subset A

EX 1: Using the proper notation write that ___________ are a subset of people in the
classroom.

EX 2: Let U be a set of students who are members of a committee. Let B be a set of boys
who are members of this committee.
Set U = {harry, Marie, Susan, Ted, Bill}
Set B = {Harry, Ted, Bill}
Write using the correct subset notation.

EX 3: If A = {5, 6,7, 8, 9, 10, 11} and B = {9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14}, then what is the intersection
of set A and set B?

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 EX 4: Using the given sets in example 3, what is the union of set A and set B?

Ex5. If A ⊂ B and A={2,3,5) and B={1,2,3,4,5,6,7} what is A’?

• The following diagram shows that the rational numbers are a subset of the real numbers,
and irrational numbers are also a subset of the real numbers. Notice, however, that the
rationals and irrationals take up different spaces in the diagram because they have no
numbers in common. Therefore, there is no __________________ of these two sets.
The _______________ of these two sets are the _____________ numbers.

EX 6: Tell whether each of the following statements is true or false:

1) Every real number is a rational number.

2) Every rational number is a real number.

3) Every point on the real number line corresponds to an irrational number.

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4) Some numbers are both rational and irrational

EX 7: Suppose A={1,3,5,7} and B{1,2,3,4,5}.

1) Write A ∪ B.

2) Write A ∩ B.

3) Write a subset of set A.

4) True or False? {4} ⊂ A

5) True or False? {1,3} ⊂ B

6) True or False? B ⊂ A

7) True or False? A ⊂ B

8) One subset of set A is C{1,7} What is C`?

EX8: If A= {Natural Numbers} and B= {0},

1) What is A ∪ B?

2) What is A ∩ B?

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 3) Write a subset of set A that has 4 elements.

4) If C= {positive even integers} and C ⊂ A, what is C`?

Example 9: If A = {#, $, %, &} and B = {*, %, ^}

1) What is A ∪ B?

2) What is A ∩ B?

Venn Diagrams
A ________ __________ is a drawing, in which circular areas represent groups of items
usually sharing common properties. The drawing consists of two or more circles, each
representing a specific group or set.

Each Venn diagram begins with a __________ representing the

universal set. Then each set of values in the problem is represented
by a ________. Any values that belong to more than one set will be
placed in the sections where the circles ___________.

Values that belong to both set A and set B are located in the center
region labeled _______where the circles overlap. This region is called the _____________
of the two sets.

The notation __________represents the entire region

covered by both sets A and B (and the section where they
overlap). This region is called the _________ of the two
sets.
(Union, like marriage, brings all of both sets together.)

Ex U (the universal set) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

(a subset of the positive integers)
A = {2, 4, 6, 8} B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

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 a) What are the elements of A ∪ B b) What are the elements of A ∩ B

c) What is A’ d) What is B’

EX 1. The accompanying Venn diagram shows the number of students who take various courses.
All students in circle A take mathematics. All in circle B take science. All in circle C take
technology. What percentage of the students takes mathematics or technology?

Ex 2 In a class of 450 students, 300 are taking a mathematics course and 260 are taking a
science course. If 140 of these students are taking both courses, how many students are
not taking either of these courses?
(1) 30 (3) 110
(2) 40 (4) 140

Ex 3 The senior class at South High School consists of 250 students. Of these students, 130
have brown hair, 160 have brown eyes, and 90 have both brown hair and brown eyes. How
many members of the senior class have neither brown hair nor brown eyes?

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Ex 4 In a telephone survey of 100 households, 32 households purchased Brand A cereal and 45
purchased Brand B cereal. If 10 households purchased both items, how many of the
households surveyed did not purchase either Brand A or Brand B cereal?

Ex5. In a survey of 400 teenage shoppers at a large mall, 240 said they shopped at
Abernathy's, 210 said they shopped at Bongo Republic, and 90 said they shopped at both
stores. How many of the teenage shoppers surveyed did not shop at either store?

Ex6. A school district offers hockey and basketball. The result of a survey of 300 students
showed:
120 students play hockey, only
90 students play basketball, only
30 students do not participate in either sport
Of those surveyed, how many students play both hockey and basketball?

Ex7 There are 30 students on a school bus. Of these students, 24 either play in the school
band or sing in the chorus. Six of the students play in the school band but do not sing in
the chorus. Fourteen of the students sing in the chorus and also play in the school band.
How many students on the school bus sing in the chorus but do not play in the band?

Ex8. A school newspaper took a survey of 100 students. The results of the survey showed that
43 students are fans of the Buffalo Bills, 27 students are fans of the New York Jets,
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 and 48 students do not like either team. How many of the students surveyed are fans of
both the Buffalo Bills and the New York Jets?
(1) 16 (3) 52
(2) 18 (4) 70

Graphing Points on the Coordinate Plane

The coordinate plane is made up of 4

______________.
The middle point is called the
_______________.
Every point on the _______________
____________
Can be described by two numbers, called the
coordinates or ____________
_____________.. The first of the pair is
called the _____ ___________ and the
second is the ___ ______________. They
are represented as
(x, y).

Name the points:

Right Triangle: ( , )
Triangle: ( , )
Square: ( , )
Rectangle: ( , )
Star: ( , )

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