Discrete-Time Systems

Signals and Systems

Resume: Lecture 2. Curse 6.003. OCW

Multiple Representations of Discrete-Time Systems

Difference equation:

Block Diagram:

but, how is the system behaviour?.

First, define x[n] as a unit sample




Now, we use de Difference equation to approximate the system behaviour.




moreover, also be used computational tools to determine the behavior of the
system, in this case we use the block diagram andSimulink.


and the signal x[n] and y[n] respectively






Example 2: Simulation of the accumulator
For this system the difference equation is:





This system has a unique feature, has a feedback. This feedback allows,
in this case, that the output signal is maintained even if the input signal
does not exist.

In simulink:

and the signal x[n] and y[n] respectively



However, the feedback can also cause the system output to increase indefinitely.
The system would then be unstable. In this case the feedback is known as positive
feedback. Depending on the sign of the adder. Negative feedback normally base
known only as feedback.


Another Example:



The loop gain, causes the output diverge. That is, this grows up
indefinitely.

input:

Output


when the gain is less than one, the system always converges to zero.

Sistem II:


Input


Output





The feedback can be seen as a closed loop around one or more system
components.



Continuous-Time Systems
Signals and Systems
Resume: Lecture 2. Curse 6.003. OCW

Continuous-Time Systems


Di erential equations: mathematically compact.


Block diagrams: illustrate signal ow paths
the previous system, it can also be interpreted as:







where A is the operator:


Unit impulse signal is analogous to the similar discrete d[n]. The unit-
impulse signal acts as a pulse with unit area but zero width.



The unit-impulse function is represented by an arrow with the number 1,
which represents its area or weight.


It has two seemingly contradictory properties:
it is nonzero only at t = 0, and
its denite integral (,) is one !

Now, if the former system fed with this signal, we obtain what is known
as the system impulse response.

Now through simulation in Simulink, we can get that behavior.


Note that we used the unit step to generate the unit impulse, through
derivation.

input:


Output:



if you wish, you can check that the response is consistent with the
mathematical expression:

where p=1;0. If p<0 converges="converges" system="system"
the="the" to="to" zero="zero">

In this case p=-0.5.



The reader can identify that a change in sign of p, it is sufficient for the
output signal converge or diverge.




the end.






Convolucin y Correlacin en MATLAB
MATLAB dispone de dos funciones para el clculo de
convoluciones y correlaciones.
>> y = conv(x,h)
o Hace la convolucin de los vectores x y h. El vector resultante y
tiene un tamao igual a length(x)+length(h)-1
>> rxy = xcorr(x,y)
o Hace la correlacin de los vectores de M elementos x e y.
Devuelve un vector de 2M-1 elementos.
>> rxx = xcorr(x)
o Hace la autocorrelacin del vector x de M elementos. Devuelve
un vector de 2M-1 elementos.