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Classical theory
#nteraction of moments
$eitler-London model of $
%
and e&change interaction
*toner model
Types of magnetic structures
Classical theory of paramagnetism
Critical temperature
the Langevin)s function does not fit too well for many systems
Quantum theory
improves over the Langevin)s function and provides e&planation of the internal
magnetic field
complete a' initio theory of magnetism consistently treating locali3ed and 'and
character of electrons is still lac!ing
+acroscopic definitions
+agneti3ation
*uscepti'ility
the new terms are small at fields which we can produce in la'oratories,
therefore we treat it as a pertur'ation
suscepti'ility is %
nd
order in H
the linear term is of the order of 56 me in fields 560 T, the other terms are
?-@ orders of magnitude smaller
insulators, closed shells in ground state /L.S.J.01, i.e., only last term
contri'utes
if the first e&cited state is close in energy to the ground state, more
complicated formulas apply
Paramagnetism
:or atoms with unfilled shells with non3ero *, L and D, the first term is non3ero
and dominates
To get suscepti'ility we need to consider all these /%DF61 states split 'y
magnetic field
:ree energy
"rillouin function
:rom free energy we get magneti3ation
where "rillouin function is defined 'y
4t low temperatures B
J
.6
4t high temperatures
Curie)s law
:rom magneti3ation
we get a suscepti'ility
which is independent of temperature
#t is of order 60
-K
, i.e., compara'le to Larmor diamagnetic contri'ution
+ain source2
4shcroft I +ermin2 Solid State Physics
*ee also2
+ohn2 Magnetism in the Solid State
#f we neglect all the higher e&cited states and restrict ourselves to singlet I
triplet, we can reproduce the energy levels 'y the following model
$amiltonian e&pressed in spin-space only2
$eitler-London model of $
%
Lsing relations
the same energy levels can 'e directly o'tained 'y
Jirect e&change
*uper-e&change
#tinerant e&change
+agnetic structures
Mandom-phase appro&imation
Lsing numerical methods we can also get M/T1 within all three methods
Lowering spin proQection 'y one at one site is not an eigenstate of $$2
#n classical case /spins as vectors1 this is a ground state with lowest energy