6 - 1

Multiple Amplier Biquads

Biquadratic transfer functions with 3 or more ampliers

Capable of realizing multiple outputs with low sensitivities but not signicantly better
than well designed SABs

Simplest is the state variable lter or KHN

KHN (Kerwin, Huelsman and Newcomb)

Easy to design, good performance and low sensitivity

Notable other types include:

Tow-Thomas Biquad
KHN Biquad
(2)

Let H(s) =
V
2
(s)
V
1
(s)
=
Ks
s
2
+a
1
s +a
o

be the transfer function we wish to realize
We introduce an arbitrary variable X(s) and multiply (1) by
X(s)
s
2

V
2
(s)
V
1
(s)
=
K
X(s)
s
X(s) +a
1
X(s)
s
+a
o
X(s)
s
2
(1)
6 - 2

From (2) looking at the numerator and denominator terms
V
2
(s) = K
X(s)
s
V
1
(s) = X(s) +a
1
X(s)
s
+a
o
X(s)
s
2
Rearranging (4) yields,
X(s) =V
1
(s) a
1
X(s)
s
a
o
X(s)
s
2

1
s

1
s

a
1
K
a
o
V
1
V
2
+
+
-
X
Block Diagram
(3)
(4)
(5)
6 - 3
Circuit Realization
-
R
1
R
2
C
1
C
2
R
5
R
6
R
3
R
4
V
BP
V
LP
V
HP
V
1
-
-
+
+
+
V
BP
(s)
V
1
(s)
=
1+ R
6
R
5
1+ R
3
R
4

s
R
1
C
1
D(s)
V
LP
(s)
V
1
(s)
=
1+ R
6
R
5
1+ R
3
R
4

1
R
1
R
2
C
1
C
2
D(s)
V
HP
(s)
V
1
(s)
=
1+ R
6
R
5
1+ R
3
R
4
s
2
D(s)

where D(s) = s
2
+
s
R
1
C
1

1+ R
6
R
5
1+ R
3
R
4
+
R
6
R
5
R
1
R
2
C
1
C
2

o
=
R
6
R
5
R
1
R
2
C
1
C
2

1
Q
=
1+ R
6
R
5
1+ R
3
R
4

R
5
R
2
C
2
R
6
R
1
C
1
6 - 4
Design Possibilities
Design 1

R
1
= R
2
= R, C
1
= C
2
= C, R
5
= R
6
= R
3


o
=
1
RC
,
1
Q
=
2
1+ R
4
R
3
R
4
= 2Q1 ( )R
3
K(LP & HP) =
2Q1
2Q
K(BP) =12Q
Design 2


1
=
2
=

o
10
, = time constant
C
1
= C
2
= C, R
1
= R
2
= R =
1
10
o
C
R
3
= R
6
= R and R
5
=10R
R
4
= R 1.1 10Q1
( )
K(LP) =
11Q 10
Q
K(BP) =11.1 10Q
K(HP) =
1.1Q1 10
Q
6 - 5
Tow-Thomas Biquad

1
s

1
s
K
V
1
V
2
-
-
-
1
Q
+1
-1

An alternative realization

Only BP and LP outputs available

-
R
C
C
R
V
BP
V
LP
V
1
-
-
+
+
+
r
r
QR
R K
V
LP
V
BP
V
1
(s) =
sK
o
s
2
+ s

o
Q
+
o
2
,
V
LP
V
1
(s) =
K
o
2
s
2
+ s

o
Q
+
o
2

o
=
1
RC
6 - 6
Tow-Thomas Biquad with Passive Compensation
-
R
C
C
R
V
BP
V
LP
V
1
-
-
+
+
+
r
r
QR
R K
V
LP
C
c
C
c

4
R
t
6 - 7
Additional responses from Tow-Thomas Biquad
-
R
C
C
R
V
BP
V
LP
V
1
-
-
+
+
+
r
r
QR
R K
V
LP
-
+ V
o
SW2 SW1
R R
R
8
R
4
6 - 8
Filter Type T(s) R
4
R
8
Switch Position
HP K
s
2
D(s)
RQ
K
R
Q
SW1 Closed
LPN
(w
o
< w
z
)
K
s
2
+
z
2
D(s)
RQ
K
R
Q

o






2
1
SW2 Closed
HPN
(w
o
> w
z
)
K
s
2
+
z
2
D(s)
RQ
K
R
Q
1

z

o






2 SW1 Closed
Notch K
s
2
+
o
2
D(s)
RQ
K
_____
AP
K
s
2

o
Q
s +
o
2
D(s)
RQ
2K
_____
GE
K
s
2

o
Q
s +
o
2
D(s)
Q
z
>Q
R
Q
1
Q

1
Q
z
_____
D(s) = s
2
+

o
Q
s +
o
2
and RC =
1

o
6 - 9
Akerberg - Mossberg Biquad
-
R
C
C
R
V
BP
V
1
-
-
+
+
+
r
r
QR
R K
V
LP
High Q Integrator

For improved Q enhancement we can replace the lossless integrator in the Tow-
Thomas Biquad by a high-Q integrator

Performance is far superior to Tow-Thomas with passive compensation

Circuit can be generalized

6 - 10
Generalized Akerberg - Mossberg Biquad
-
R
C
C
R
V
1
-
-
+
+
+
r
r
QR
R K
C
R
R
V
o1
V
o2
V
o1
V
1
=
s
2
+ s
o
k ( ) +
o
2
s
2
+

o
Q
s +
o
2
HP: k = = = 0
BP: = = = 0
LP: = k = = 0
BR: k = = 0, =
HPN: k = = 0, >
LPN: k = = 0, <
AP: = = k, =1+
1
Q
6 - 11
Multiple Input Biquad (MIB)

Modication of the Tow-Thomas biquad with feedforward inputs

Position of the Lossless integrator changed

Passive compensation possible

V
o1
V
1
=
R
R
3
s
2
+ s

o
Q
R
R
3

RQ
R
1






+
R
R
2

o
2
s
2
+

o
Q
s +
o
2

o
=
1
RC
- R
C
C
R
V
1
-
-
+
+
+
R
QR
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
V
o
1
6 - 12
Multiamplier Biquads versus SABs

SABS- Single amplifer circuits that together with a 2nd

order RC network used to realize an arbitrary 2nd order
transfer function

Multiamplier circuits

Advantages

Simultaneous availability of different transfer functions

at different outputs

Ease of tuning and noninteractive adjusting of lter

parameters, becuase the design equations are seen to
be decoupled by the insertion of additional opamps

Disadvantages

Increased expense of additional opamps and power

consumption

Sensitivity is not signicantly better than well designed

SABs