UNIT I

UNIT I
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SIGNAL
SIGNAL

Signal is a physical quantity that varies with

Signal is a physical quantity that varies with
respect to time , space or any other
respect to time , space or any other
independent variable
independent variable
Eg
Eg
x(t
x(t
)= sin t.
)= sin t.

the major classifications of the signal

the major classifications of the signal
are:
are:
(i) Discrete time signal
(i) Discrete time signal
(ii)
(ii)
Continuous time signal
Continuous time signal
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Unit Step &Unit Impulse
Unit Step &Unit Impulse
Discrete time Unit impulse is defined as Discrete time Unit impulse is defined as
[n]= {0, n [n]= {0, n 0 0
{1, n=0 {1, n=0
Unit impulse is also known as unit sample. Unit impulse is also known as unit sample.
Discrete time unit step signal is defined by Discrete time unit step signal is defined by
U[n U[n]={0,n=0 ]={0,n=0
{1,n>= 0 {1,n>= 0
Continuous time unit impulse is defined as Continuous time unit impulse is defined as
(t)={1, t=0 (t)={1, t=0
{0, t {0, t 0 0
Continuous time Unit step signal is defined as Continuous time Unit step signal is defined as
U(t)={0, t<0 U(t)={0, t<0
{1, t {1, t 0 0
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Periodic Signal & Periodic Signal & Aperiodic Aperiodic Signal Signal
A signal is said to be periodic ,if it exhibits A signal is said to be periodic ,if it exhibits periodicity.i.e periodicity.i.e., .,
X(t X(t +T)= +T)=x(t x(t), for all values of t. Periodic signal has the ), for all values of t. Periodic signal has the
property that it is unchanged by a time shift of T. A signal property that it is unchanged by a time shift of T. A signal
that does not satisfy the above periodicity property is that does not satisfy the above periodicity property is
called an called an aperiodic aperiodic signal signal

even and odd signal ?
even and odd signal ?
A discrete time signal is said to be even when, A discrete time signal is said to be even when, x[ x[- -n n]= ]=x[n x[n]. ].
The continuous time signal is said to be even when, The continuous time signal is said to be even when, x( x(- -
t t)= )= x(t x(t) For ) For example,Cos example,Cos n n is an even signal. is an even signal.
SIGNAL
SIGNAL
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Energy and power signal
Energy and power signal

A signal is said to be energy signal if it

A signal is said to be energy signal if it
have finite energy and zero power.
have finite energy and zero power.

A signal is said to be power signal if it

A signal is said to be power signal if it
have infinite energy and finite power.
have infinite energy and finite power.

If the above two conditions are not

If the above two conditions are not
satisfied then the signal is said to be
satisfied then the signal is said to be
neigther
neigther
energy nor power signal
energy nor power signal
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Fourier Series
Fourier Series
The Fourier series represents a periodic signal in terms of The Fourier series represents a periodic signal in terms of
frequency components: frequency components:
We get the Fourier series coefficients as follows We get the Fourier series coefficients as follows
:
:
The complex exponential Fourier coefficients are a sequence of The complex exponential Fourier coefficients are a sequence of
complex numbers representing the frequency component complex numbers representing the frequency component
0 0
k. k.

=
p
0
t ik
k
dt e ) t ( x
p
1
X
0

=

=
1 p
0 n
n ik
k
0
e ) n ( x
p
1
X

=
1 p
0 k
n ik
k
0
e X ) n ( x

=
k
t ik
k
0
e X ) t ( x
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Fourier series
Fourier series
Fourier series: a complicated waveform analyzed into a Fourier series: a complicated waveform analyzed into a
number of harmonically related sine and cosine functions number of harmonically related sine and cosine functions
A continuous periodic signal A continuous periodic signal x(t x(t) with a period T0 may be ) with a period T0 may be
represented by: represented by:
X(t X(t)= )=

k k=1 =1
( (A A
k k
cos cos k k t + B t + B
k k
sin sin k k t)+ t)+ A A
0 0
Dirichlet Dirichlet conditions conditions must be placed on must be placed on x(t x(t) ) for the series for the series
to be valid: the integral of the magnitude of to be valid: the integral of the magnitude of x(t x(t) ) over a over a
complete period must be finite, and the signal can only complete period must be finite, and the signal can only
have a finite number of discontinuities in any finite have a finite number of discontinuities in any finite
interval interval
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Trigonometric form for Fourier series
Trigonometric form for Fourier series

If the two fundamental components of a

If the two fundamental components of a
periodic signal areB1cos
periodic signal areB1cos

0t and C1sin
0t and C1sin

0t,
0t,
then their sum is expressed by trigonometric
then their sum is expressed by trigonometric
identities:
identities:

X(t
X(t
)=
)=
A
A
0 0
+
+

k k=1 =1
(
(
B
B
k k
2 2
+
+
A
A
k k
2 2
)
)
1/2 1/2
(C
(C
k k
cos
cos
k
k

t
t
-
-

k k
) or
) or

X(t
X(t
)=
)=
A
A
0 0
+
+

k k=1 =1
(
(
B
B
k k
2 2
+
+
A
A
k k
2 2
)
)
1/2 1/2
(C
(C
k k
sin
sin
k
k

t+
t+

k k
)
)
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