CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
Mobile and wireless networks have made tremendous growth in the last fifteen
years. Nowadays many mobile phones have also a WLAN adapter. One may suppose
that near soon many mobile phones will have WiMAX adapter too, besides their !,
"!, WLAN, #luetooth et$. adapters. %sing &' for both, ".(! or ! 'ubli$ Land
Mobile Networks )'LMN* on one side and WLAN on the other, raised resear$h on
their integration. +egarding the ,!, its fo$us is towards seamless integration of
$ellular networks su$h as !-M and !. Multimode user terminals are seen as must
have for ,!, but different se$urity me$hanisms and different .o- support in different
wireless te$hnologies remain a $hallenge. /owever, integration among different
wireless networks )e.g. 'LMN and WLAN* is fun$tioning in pra$ti$e even today. #ut,
different wireless networks from a single terminal are used e0$lusively, that is, there
is no $ombining of different wireless a$$ess te$hnologies for a same session )e.g.,
12' download*. 2he proposed Open Wireless Ar$hite$ture )OWA* in is targeted to
provide open baseband pro$essing modules with open interfa$e parameters to support
different e0isting as well as future wireless $ommuni$ation standards. 2he OWA is
targeted to MA34'/5 layers of future ),!* mobile terminals. 2he referen$ed work
above provides a ground for definition of a $on$ept for beyond ,! mobile networks,
referred in this paper as (! mobile networks. . &n the proposed $on$ept the mobile
user is on the top of all. 2he (! terminals will have software defined radios and
modulation s$heme as well as new error6$ontrol s$hemes $an be downloaded from the
&nternet on the run. 2he development is seen towards the user terminals as a fo$us of
the(! mobile networks. 2he terminals will have a$$ess to different wireless
te$hnologies at the same time and the terminal should be able to $ombine different
flows from different te$hnologies.
CHAPTER-2
2. EVOLUTION FROM 1G TO 5G
3ell phones are used millions and billions of users worldwide. /ow many of us
know the te$hnology behind $ell phones that is used for our $ommuni$ation7 & have
also intrigued about the type of te$hnology used in my phone. What are 8!, "!, !
and,!te$hnologies7
8!, "!, ! 9 ,! ):!: stands for :!eneration:* are the generations of wireless
tele$om $onne$tivity. 8! )2ime ;ivision Multiple A$$ess and 1re<uen$y ;ivision
Multiple A$$ess * was the initial wireless tele$om network system. &t=s out6dated now.
2he analog >bri$k phones? and >bag phones? are under 8! te$hnology. 3ell phones
era began with 8!.
2he ne0t era, "! has taken its pla$e of 8!. 3ell phones re$eived their first ma@or
upgrade when they went from 8! to "!. 2his leap effe$tively took $ell phones from
analog to digital. "! and ".(! were versions of the !-M and 3;MA $onne$tions.
And !-M is still the most popular te$hnology, but with no internet. 1ortunately,
!'+-, an additional servi$e, is provided over !-M for the purpose of internet a$$ess.
!'+- has been developed and thus, A!'+- was $reated. &t=s more se$ure and faster
than !'+-.
2hen ! $ame, the new Wireless 3;MA te$hnology. &t is the first wireless
tele$om te$hnology that provides broadband6speed internet $onne$tion on mobile
phones. &t has been spe$ially made for the demand of internet on smart phones.
1urther development led to the $reation of .(!, whi$h provides blaBing fast internet
$onne$tion on phones, up to the speed of C." M#'-. A smart phone $an be $onne$ted
to a '3 to share its internet $onne$tion and ! and .(! are ideal for this. #ut, as this
W3;MA te$hnology is not available in all regions, its not as popular as !-M yet.
#efore making the ma@or leap from "! to ! wireless networks, the lesser6known
".(! was an interim standard that bridged the gap. 1ollowing ".(!, ! ushered in
faster data6transmission speeds so you $ould use your $ell phone in more data6
demanding ways. 2his has meant streaming video )i.e. movie trailers and television*,
audio and mu$h more. 3ell phone $ompanies today are spending a lot of money to
brand to you the importan$e of their ! network. 2he above systems and radio
interfa$es are based on kindred spread spe$trum radio transmission te$hnology.
While the !-M A;!A standard ):".D!:*, ;A32 $ordless phones and Mobile
2
WiMAXstandards formally also fulfil the &M26"EEE re<uirements and are approved
as ! standards by &2%, these are typi$ally not branded !, and are based on
$ompletely different te$hnologies.
,!, whi$h is also known as >beyond !? or >fourth6generation? $ell phone
te$hnology, refers to the entirely new evolution. ;evelopers are now going for ,!
)O1;MA*, whi$h will provide internet up to the speed of 8 !#'-F &t is said to be able
to over$ome the problems of weak network strength and should provide a mu$h wider
network, making sure that the users get high6speed $onne$tivity anytime anywhere.
No doubt, ,! will open new doors of revolutionary internet te$hnologies, but for now,
! and .(! are the best. ,! will allow for speeds of up to 8EEMbps. ,! promises
voi$e, data and high6<uality multimedia in real6time form all the time and anywhere.
2.1 1G WIRELESS SYSTEM
1irst !eneration wireless te$hnology )8!* is the original analog
)An analog or analogue signal is any $ontinuous signal for whi$h the time varying
feature )variable* of the signal is a representation of some other time varying
<uantity*, voi$e6only $ellular telephone standard, developed in the 8DGEs. 2he main
differen$e between two su$$eeding mobile telephone systems, 8! and "!, is that the
radio signals that 8! networks use are analog, while "! networks are digital.
Although both systems use digital signalling to $onne$t the radio towers )whi$h
listen to the handsets* to the rest of the telephone system, the voi$e itself during a $all
is en$oded to digital signals in "! whereas 8! is only modulated to higher fre<uen$y,
typi$ally 8(E M/B and up.
One su$h standard is NM2 )Nordi$ Mobile 2elephone*, used in Nordi$ $ountries,
Aastern Aurope and +ussia. Others in$lude AM'- )Advan$ed Mobile 'hone -ystem*
used in the %nited -tates, 2A3- )2otal A$$ess 3ommuni$ations -ystem* in the
%nited Hingdom, I2A!- in Iapan, 36NetB in West !ermany, +adio$om "EEE in
1ran$e, and +2M& in &taly. Analog $ellular servi$e is being phased out in most pla$es
worldwide. 8! te$hnology repla$ed E! te$hnology, whi$h featured mobile radio
telephones and su$h te$hnologies as Mobile 2elephone -ystem )M2-*, Advan$ed
Mobile 2elephone -ystem )AM2-*, &mproved Mobile 2elephone -ervi$e )&M2-*,
and 'ush to 2alk )'22*.
HeysJ
8. ;eveloped in 8DGEs and $ompleted in early 8DDEKs
3
". 8! was old analog system and supported the 8st generation of analog $ell
phones speed up to ".,kbps
. Advan$e mobile phone system )AM'-* was first laun$hed by the %- and is a
8! mobile system
,. Allows users to make voi$e $alls in 8 $ountry
FIG 2.1 1G Mobile Po!e
4
2.2 2G WIRELESS SYSTEM
"! )or "6!* is short for se$ond6generation wireless telephone te$hnology. -e$ond
generation "! $ellular tele$om networks were $ommer$ially laun$hed on
the !-M standard in 1inland by +adiolin@a )now part of Alisa Oy@* in 8DD8. "!
network allows for mu$h greater penetration intensity. "! te$hnologies enabled the
various mobile phone networks to provide the servi$es su$h as te0t messages, pi$ture
messages and MM- )multimedia messages*. "! te$hnology is more effi$ient. "!
te$hnology holds suffi$ient se$urity for both the sender and the re$eiver. All te0t
messages are digitally en$rypted. 2his digital en$ryption allows for the transfer of
data in su$h a way that only the intended re$eiver $an re$eive and read it.
-e$ond generation te$hnologies are either time division multiple a$$ess )2;MA*
or $ode division multiple a$$ess )3;MA*. 2;MA allows for the division of signal
into time slots. 3;MA allo$ates ea$h user a spe$ial $ode to $ommuni$ate over a
multiple0 physi$al $hannel. ;ifferent 2;MA te$hnologies are !-M, ';3, i;AN, &-6
8L. 3;MA te$hnology is &-6D(. !-M has its origin from the !roup spe$ial Mobile,
in Aurope. !-M )!lobal system for mobile $ommuni$ation* is the most admired
standard of all the mobile te$hnologies. Although this te$hnology originates from the
Aurope, but now it is used in more than "8" $ountries in the world. !-M te$hnology
was the first one to help establish international roaming. 2his enabled the mobile
subs$ribers to use their mobile phone $onne$tions in many different $ountries of the
worldKs is based on digital signals ,unlike 8! te$hnologies whi$h were used to
transfer analogue signals. !-M has enabled the users to make use of the short
message servi$es )-M-* to any mobile network at any time. -M- is a $heap and easy
way to send a message to anyone, other than the voi$e $all or $onferen$e. 2his
te$hnology is benefi$ial to both the network operators and the ultimate users at the
same time.
&n $omparison to 8!=s analog signals, "!=s digital signals are very reliant on
lo$ation and pro0imity. &f a "! handset made a $all far away from a $ell tower, the
digital signal may not be enough to rea$h it. While a $all made from a 8! handset had
generally poor <uality than that of a "! handset, it survived longer distan$es. 2his is
due to the analog signal having a smooth $urve $ompared to the digital signal, whi$h
had a @agged, angular $urve.
HeysJ
5
8. 1ielded in the late 8DGEs and finished in the late 8DDEs
". 'lanned for voi$e transmission with digital signal and the speeds up to L,kbps
. "! was the digital handsets that we are used today
,. "! network allows for mu$h greater penetration intensity.
FIG 2.2 2G Mobile Po!e
2." 2.5G WIRELESS SYSTEM
".(! is a stepping stone between "! and ! $ellular wireless te$hnologies. 2he
term :se$ond and a half generation: is used to des$ribe "!6systems that have
implemented a pa$ket swit$hed domain in addition to the $ir$uit swit$hed domain. &t
does not ne$essarily provide faster servi$es be$ause bundling of timeslots is used for
$ir$uit swit$hed data servi$es )/-3-;* as well.
2he first ma@or step in the evolution of !-M networks to ! o$$urred with the
introdu$tion of !eneral 'a$ket +adio -ervi$e )!'+-*. 3;MA"EEE networks
similarly evolved through the introdu$tion of 80+22. -o the $ellular servi$es
$ombined with enhan$ed data transmission $apabilities be$ame known as =".(!.=
!'+- $ould provide data rates from (L Hbit4s up to 88( Hbit4s. &t $an be used for
servi$es su$h as Wireless Appli$ation 'roto$ol )WA'* a$$ess, Multimedia Messaging
-ervi$e )MM-*, and for &nternet $ommuni$ation servi$es su$h as email and World
Wide Web a$$ess. !'+- data transfer is typi$ally $harged per megabyte of traffi$
transferred, while data $ommuni$ation via traditional $ir$uit swit$hing is billed per
minute of $onne$tion time, independent of whether the user a$tually is utiliBing the
$apa$ity or is in an idle state.
6
80+22 supports bi6dire$tional )up and downlink* peak data rates up to 8(.L kbps,
delivering an average user data throughput of GE68EE kbps in $ommer$ial networks
.
&t
$an also be used for WA', -M- 9 MM- servi$es, as well as &nternet a$$ess.
2.# 2.$5G %EDGE&
!'+- networks evolved to A;!A networks with the introdu$tion of G'-H
en$oding. Anhan$ed ;ata rates for !-M Avolution, Anhan$ed !'+- )A!'+-*, or
&M2 -ingle 3arrier )&M26-3* is a ba$kward6$ompatible digital mobile phone
te$hnology that allows improved data transmission rates, as an e0tension on top of
standard !-M. A;!A was deployed on !-M networks beginning in "EEMinitially
by 3ingular )now A292* in the %nited -tates.
A;!A is standardiBed by !'' as part of the !-M family, and it is an upgrade
that provides a potential three6fold in$rease in $apa$ity of !-M4!'+- networks. 2he
spe$ifi$ation a$hieves higher data6rates )up to "L.G Hbit4s* by swit$hing to more
sophisti$ated methods of $oding )G'-H*, within e0isting !-M timeslots.
HeysJ
8. &n between "! and ! there is another generation $alled ".(!
". ".(! represents handsets with data $apabilities over !'+-
. #ut this had not brought out any new revolution
2.5 "G WIRELESS SYSTEM
&nternational Mobile 2ele$ommuni$ations6"EEE )&M266"EEE*, better known
as ! or rd !eneration, is a generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile
tele$ommuni$ations servi$es fulfilling spe$ifi$ations by the &nternational
2ele$ommuni$ation %nion. 2he use of "G 'e(!olo)* is also able to transmit pa$ket
swit$h data effi$iently at better and in$reased bandwidth. ! mobile te$hnologies
proffers more advan$ed servi$es to mobile users. 2he spe$tral effi$ien$y of !
te$hnology is better than 2G 'e(!olo)ie+. -pe$tral effi$ien$y is the measurement of
rate of information transfer over any $ommuni$ation system. ! is also known as
&M26"EEE.
8. 2ransmission speeds from 8"(kbps to "Mbps
7
". &n "EE(, ! is ready to live up to its performan$e in $omputer networking
)W3;MA, WLAN and #luetooth* and mobile devi$es area )$ell phone and
!'-*
. ;ata are sent through te$hnology $alled pa$ket swit$hing
,. Noi$e $alls are interpreted using $ir$uit swit$hing
(. A$$ess to !lobal +oaming
L. 3larity in voi$e $alls
C. 1ast 3ommuni$ation, &nternet, Mobile 2.N, Nideo 3onferen$ing, Nideo 3alls,
Multi Media Messaging -ervi$e )MM-*, ; gaming, Multi6!aming et$ are
also available with ! phones
FIG 2.5 "G Mobile Po!e
2., #G WIRELESS SYSTEM
8
,! refers to the fourth generation of $ellular wireless standards. &t is a su$$essor
to ! and "! families of standards. 2he nomen$lature of the generations generally
refers to a $hange in the fundamental nature of the servi$e, non6ba$kwards $ompatible
transmission te$hnology, and new fre<uen$y bands. ! te$hnologies make use of
2;MA and 3;MA. ! )2hird !eneration 2e$hnology* te$hnologies make use of
value added servi$es like mobile television, !'- )global positioning system* and
video $onferen$ing. 2he basi$ feature of ! 2e$hnology )2hird !eneration
2e$hnology* is fast data transfer rates. /owever this feature is not $urrently working
properly be$ause, &2% "EE is still making de$ision to fi0 the data rates. &t is e0pe$ted
that "mbit4se$ for stationary users, while ,Gkbits when moving or travelling. &2%
sell various fre<uen$y rates in order to make use of broadband te$hnologies. Network
authenti$ation has won the trust of users, be$ause the user $an rely on its network as a
reliable sour$e of transferring data.! te$hnology is mu$h fle0ible, be$ause it is able
to support the ( ma@or radio te$hnologies. 2hese radio te$hnologies operate under
3;MA, 2;MA and 1;MA.3;MA holds for &M26;- )dire$t spread*, &M26M3
)multi $arrier*. 2;MA a$$ounts for &M2623 )time $ode*, &M26-3 )single $arrier*.
1;MA has only one radio interfa$e known as &M2613 or fre<uen$y $ode. 2hird
generation te$hnology is really affordable due to the agreement of industry. 2his
agreement took pla$e in order to in$rease its adoption by the users. ! )2hird
!eneration 2e$hnology* system is $ompatible to work with the "! te$hnologies. !
)2hird !eneration 2e$hnology* te$hnologies holds the vision that they should be
e0pandable on demand. 2he aim of the ! )2hird !eneration 2e$hnology* is to allow
for more $overage and growth with minimum investment.
2he bandwidth and lo$ation information available to ! devi$es gives rise to
appli$ations not previously available to mobile phone users. -ome of the appli$ations
areJ
8. Mobile 2N O a provider redire$ts a 2N $hannel dire$tly to the subs$riber=s
phone where it $an be wat$hed.
". Nideo on demand O a provider sends a movie to the subs$riber=s phone.
. Nideo $onferen$ing O subs$ribers $an see as well as talk to ea$h other.
9
,. 2ele6medi$ine O a medi$al provider monitors or provides advi$e to the
potentially isolated subs$riber.
(. Lo$ation6based servi$es O a provider sends lo$aliBed weather or traffi$
$onditions to the phone, or the phone allows the subs$riber to find nearby
businesses or friends
6. mobile ultra6broadband )gigabit speed* a$$ess and multi6$arrier transmission.
7. Mobile WiMAX )Worldwide &nteroperability for Mi$rowave A$$ess*
HeysJ
8. ,! is a $on$eptual framework and a dis$ussion point to address future needs
of a high speed wireless network
". &t offer both $ellular and broadband multimedia servi$es everywhere
. A0pe$ted to emerged around "E8E O "E8(
,. ,! should be able to provided very smooth global roaming ubi<uitously with
lower $ost
FIG 2., #G Mobile Po!e
2.$ 5G WIRELESS SYSTEM
10
(! )(th generation mobile networks or (th generation wireless systems* is a name
used in some resear$h papers and pro@e$ts to denote the ne0t ma@or phase of mobile
tele$ommuni$ations standards beyond the up$oming ,! standards )e0pe$ted to be
finaliBed between appro0imately "E88 and "E8*. 3urrently, (! is not a term
offi$ially used for any parti$ular spe$ifi$ation or in any offi$ial do$ument yet made
publi$ by tele$ommuni$ation $ompanies or standardiBation bodies su$h
as !'', WiMAX 1orum or &2%6+. New !'' standard releases beyond ,!
and L2A Advan$ed are in progress, but not $onsidered as new mobile generations.
2he implementation of standards under a (! umbrella would likely be around the
year of "E"E.
Heys J
8. (! is a $ompleted wireless $ommuni$ation with almost no limitationP
somehow people $alled it +AAL wireless world
". Additional features su$h as Multi6Media Newspapers, also to wat$h 2.N
programs with the $larity as to that of an /; 2.N.
. We $an send ;ata mu$h faster that that of the previous generations
,. (! will bring almost perfe$t real world wireless or $alled >WWWWJ World
Wide Wireless Web
5. +eal wireless world with no more limitation with a$$ess and Bone issues.
6. Wearable devi$es with A& $apabilities.
7. &nternet proto$ol version L )&'vL*, where a visiting $are6of mobile &' address
is assigned a$$ording to lo$ation and $onne$ted network.
8. One unified global standard.
9. 'ervasive networks providing ubi<uitous $omputingJ
2he user $an simultaneously be $onne$ted to several wireless a$$ess
te$hnologies and seamlessly move between them )-ee Media independent
handover or verti$al handover, &AAA GE"."8, also e0pe$ted to be provided by
future ,! releases*. 2hese a$$ess te$hnologies $an be a ".(!, !, ,! or (!
mobile networks, Wi61i, 'AN or any other future a$$ess te$hnology. &n (!,
the $on$ept may be further developed into multiple $on$urrent data transfer
paths.
". THE 5G TECHNOLOGY
".1 WHAT TECHNOLOGY IS 5G-
11
(! 2e$hnology stands for (th !eneration Mobile te$hnology. (! te$hnology has
$hanged the means to use $ell phones within very high bandwidth. %ser never
e0perien$ed ever before su$h a high value te$hnology. Nowadays mobile users have
mu$h awareness of the $ell phone )mobile* te$hnology. 2he (! te$hnologies in$lude
all type of advan$ed features whi$h makes (! te$hnology most powerful and in huge
demand in near future.
2he giganti$ array of innovative te$hnology being built into new $ell phones is
stunning. (! te$hnologies whi$h are on hand held phone offering more power and
features than at least 8EEE lunar modules. A user $an also hook their (! te$hnology
$ell phone with their Laptop to get broadband internet a$$ess. (! te$hnology
in$luding $amera, M' re$ording, video player, large phone memory, dialling speed,
audio player and mu$h more you never imagine. 1or $hildren ro$king fun #luetooth
te$hnology and 'i$o nets has be$ome in market.
".2 WHAT 5G TECHNOLOGY OFFERS-
(! te$hnology i+ )oi!) to be a new mobile revolution in the mobile market.
2hrough (! te$hnology now you $an use worldwide $ellular phones and this
te$hnology also strike the $hina mobile market and a user being profi$ient to get
a$$ess to !ermany phone as a lo$al phone. With the $oming out of $ell phone alike to
';A now your whole offi$e in your finger tips or in your phone. (! te$hnology has
e0traordinary data $apabilities and has ability to tie together unrestri$ted $all volumes
and infinite data broad$ast within latest mobile operating system. (! te$hnology has a
bright future be$ause it $an handle best te$hnologies and offer pri$eless handset to
their $ustomers. May be in $oming days (! te$hnology takes over the world market.
(! 2e$hnologies have an e0traordinary $apability to support -oftware and
3onsultan$y. 2he +outer and swit$h te$hnology used in 5G !e'.o/0 providing high
$onne$tivity. 2he (! te$hnology distributes internet a$$ess to nodes within the
building and $an be deployed with union of wired or wireless network $onne$tions.
2he $urrent trend of (! te$hnology has a glowing future.
12
CHAPTER-"
#. CONCEPTS FOR 5G MO1ILE NETWOR2S
2he (! terminals will have software defined radios and modulation s$hemes as
well as new error6$ontrol s$hemes that $an be downloaded from the &nternet. 2he
development is seen towards the user terminals as a fo$us of the (! mobile networks.
2he terminals will have a$$ess to different wireless te$hnologies at the same time and
the terminal should be able to $ombine different flows from different te$hnologies.
2he verti$al handovers should be avoided, be$ause they are not feasible in a $ase
when there are many te$hnologies and many operators and servi$e providers. &n (!,
ea$h network will be responsible for handling user6mobility, while the terminal will
make the final $hoi$e among different wireless4mobile a$$ess network providers for a
given servi$e. -u$h $hoi$e will be based on open intelligent middleware in the mobile
phone.
FIG #.1 5G Mobile Po!e Co!(e3'
TA1LE #.1 OSI L4*e/+ i! 'e 5G Mobile Te/5i!4l De+i)!
13
A33li(4'io! L4*e/
A33li(4'io! % Se/6i(e+ &
P/e+e!'4'io! L4*e/
Se++io! l4*e/
O3e! T/4!+3o/' P/o'o(ol
T/4!+3o/' L4*e/
Ne'.o/0 l4*e/ U33e/ !e'.o/0 l4*e/
Lo.e/ !e'.o/0 L4*e/
D4'4li!0 L4*e/
O3e! Wi/ele++ A/(i'e('7/e
P*+i(4l L4*e/
14
#.1 PHYSICAL LAYER
'hysi$al and Medium A$$ess 3ontrol layers i.e. O-& layer 8 and O-& layer ",
define the wireless te$hnology. 1or these two layers the (! mobile networks is likely
to be based on Open Wireless Ar$hite$ture.
#.2 NETWOR2 LAYER
2he network layer will be &' )&nternet 'roto$ol*, be$ause there is no $ompetition
today on this level. 2he &'v, )version ,* is worldwide spread and it has several
problems su$h as limited address spa$e and has no real possibility for .o- support
per flow. 2hese issues are solved in &'vL, but traded with signifi$antly bigger pa$ket
header. 2hen, mobility still remains a problem. 2here is Mobile &' standard on one
side as well as many mi$ro6mobility solutions )e.g., 3ellular &', /AWA&& et$.*. All
mobile networks will use Mobile &' in (!, and ea$h mobile terminal will be 1A
)1oreign Agent*, keeping the 3oA )3are of Address* mapping between its fi0ed &'vL
address and 3oA address for the $urrent wireless network. /owever, a mobile $an be
atta$hed to several mobile or wireless networks at the same time. &n su$h $ase, it will
maintain different &' addresses for ea$h of the radio interfa$es, while ea$h of these &'
addresses will be 3oA address for the 1A pla$ed in the mobile 'hone. 2he fi0ed &'vL
will be implemented in the mobile phone by (! phone manufa$tures.
FIG #.2 5G Mobile Te/5i!4l Ne'.o/0 L4*e/
2he (! mobile phone shall maintain virtual multi6wireless network environment.
1or this purpose there should be separation of network layer into two sub6layers in (!
mobiles i.e. Lower network layer )for ea$h interfa$e* and %pper network layer )for
15
the mobile terminal*. 2his is due to the initial design of the &nternet, where all the
routing is based on &' addresses whi$h should be different in ea$h &' network
worldwide. 2he middleware between the %pper and Lower network layers shall
maintain address translation from %pper network address )&'vL* to different Lower
network &' addresses )&'v, or &'vL*, and vi$e versa.
#." OPEN TRANSPORT PROTOCOL %OTP& LAYER
2he mobile and wireless networks differ from wired networks regarding the
transport layer. &n all 23' versions the assumption is that lost segments are due to
network $ongestion, while in wireless networks losses may o$$ur due to higher bit
error ratio in the radio interfa$e. 2herefore, 23' modifi$ations and adaptation are
proposed for the mobile and wireless networks, whi$h retransmit the lost or damaged
23' segments over the wireless link only. 1or (! mobile terminals will be suitable to
have transport layer that is possible to be downloaded and installed. -u$h mobiles
shall have the possibility to download )e.g., 23', +2' et$. or new transport proto$ol*
version whi$h is targeted to a spe$ifi$ wireless te$hnology installed at the base
stations. 2his is $alled here Open 2ransport 'roto$ol 6 O2'.
#.# APPLICATION LAYER
+egarding the appli$ations, the ultimate re<uest from the (! mobile terminal is to
provide intelligent .o- management over variety of networks. 2oday, in mobile
phones the users manually sele$t the wireless interfa$e for parti$ular &nternet servi$e
without having the possibility to use .o- history to sele$t the best wireless
$onne$tion for a given servi$e. 2he (! phone shall provide possibility for servi$e
<uality testing and storage of measurement information in information databases in
the mobile terminal. 2he .o- parameters, su$h as delay, @itter, losses, bandwidth,
reliability, will be stored in a database in the (! mobile phone with aim to be used by
intelligent algorithms running in the mobile terminal as system pro$esses shall
provide the best wireless $onne$tion upon re<uired .o- and personal $ost $onstraints.
16
5. FEATURES
8. (! te$hnology offer high resolution for $raBy $ell phone user and bi6
dire$tional large bandwidth shaping.
". 2he advan$ed billing interfa$es of (! te$hnology makes it more attra$tive and
effe$tive.
. (! te$hnology also providing subs$riber supervision tools for fast a$tion.
,. 2he high <uality servi$es of (! te$hnology based on 'oli$y to avoid error.
(. (! te$hnology is providing large broad$asting of data in !igabit whi$h
supporting almost L(,EEE $onne$tions.
L. (! te$hnology offer transporter $lass gateway with unparalleled $onsisten$y.
C. 2he traffi$ statisti$s by (! te$hnology makes it more a$$urate.
G. 2hrough remote management offered by (! te$hnology a user $an get better
and fast solution.
D. 2he remote diagnosti$s also a great feature of (! te$hnology.
8E. 2he (! te$hnology is providing up to "( Mbps $onne$tivity speed.
88. 2he (! te$hnology also support virtual private network.
8". 2he new (! te$hnology will take all delivery servi$e out of business prospe$t
8. 2he uploading and downloading speed of (! te$hnology tou$hing the peak.
8,. 2he (! te$hnology network offering enhan$ed and available $onne$tivity @ust
about the world
,. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
,.1 CONCLUSION
17
&n this paper we have proposed (! mobile phone $on$ept, whi$h is the main
$ontribution of the paper. 2he (! mobile phone is designed as an open platform on
different layers, from physi$al layer up to the appli$ation. 3urrently, the ongoing
work is on the modules that shall provide the best .o- and lowest $ost for a given
servi$e using one or more than one wireless te$hnology at the same time from the (!
mobile phone.
A new revolution of (! te$hnology is about to begin be$ause (! te$hnology going
to give tough $ompletion to normal $omputer and laptops whose marketpla$e value
will be effe$ted. 2here are lots of improvements from 8!, "!, !, and ,! to (! in
the world of tele$ommuni$ations. 2he new $oming (! te$hnology is available in the
market in affordable rates, high peak future and mu$h reliability than its pre$eding
te$hnologies.
,.2 FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
(! network te$hnology will open a new era in mobile $ommuni$ation te$hnology.
2he (! mobile phones will have a$$ess to different wireless te$hnologies at the same
time and the terminal should be able to $ombine different flows from different
te$hnologies. (! te$hnology offer high resolution for $raBy $ell phone user. We $an
wat$h 2N $hannels at /; $larity in our mobile phones without any interruption. 2he
(! mobile phones will be a tablet '3. Many mobile embedded te$hnologies will
evolve.
18
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