Classifying Organisms Answers

1. Classify organisms
2. Animalia
3. Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, and Plantae
4. It has true roots, stems, and leaves.
5. Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
6. Gymnosperm
7. Odonata
8. X
9. animals E and F
10. Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, and Plantae
11. Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, and Fungi
12. water birds
13. should refer to the shape of the bean.
14. No; this part of the dichotomous key has been written correctly.
15. Yes; "Go to step 4" and "Pinto beans" should have switched places.
16. Odonata
17. A club moss is a vascular plant that does not produce seeds, but does produce spores in conelike tips.
18. Liverwort
19.
2a. The bean is light-colored. White northern
2b. The bean is dark-colored. Go to step 3
20. Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

Classifying Organisms Explanations
1. A dichotomous key is a tool that allows the user to determine the identity of items in the natural world, such
as trees, wildflowers, mammals, reptiles, rocks, and fish. Keys consist of a series of choices that lead the
user to the correct name of a given item.
2. Organisms in the Animalia kingdom are heterotrophic and must consume or eat other organisms for nutrition.
They cannot manufacture complex organic compounds from the environment like autotrophic organisms are
able to do.
3. Some of the species in the Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, and Protista kingdoms perform photosynthesis and all
of the species in the Plantae kingdom perform photosynthesis.
4. Look at the chart provided. To find the answer, you have to go through several steps:
1. First, find the row in the Trait column that says "Produces Spores." The question says that the species does
NOT produce spores, so you look for kinds of plants that have "No" on the "Produces Spores" row. There
are three types of plants that do not produce sporesalgae, angiosperms, and gymnosperms.
2. The question says that the species lives on land. The three kinds of plants that we identified as possible
matches in step onealgae, angiosperms, and gymnospermscan all live on land. So, the species from the
question could still be any of these three kinds of plants.
3. The question says that the species has many cells. According to the table, angiosperms and gymnosperms
both have many cells, but algae do not. So, our species could not be an alga.
4. Of the answer choices, only "has true roots, stems, and leaves" is a characteristic of both angiosperms and
gymnosperms, so that is the correct answer.
5. Only life forms in the Eubacteria and Archaebacteria kingdoms do not contain any nuclei.
6. 1--This organism is a plant--so go to #2
2--This organism has vascular tissue--so go to #4
4--This organism produces seeds--so go to #7
7--This organism does NOT produce flowers--so it is a gymnosperm.
7. #1 - The insect does have wings, so go to #2.
#2 - The insect has 2 pairs of wings, so go to #3.
#3 - The insect has long antennae.
Therefore, the insect belongs to the Order Odonata.
8. Of these 4 insects, only Insect X has a single set of wings.
9. According to the chart:
Animals A and B will go in Box 1
Animal C will go in Box 3
Animals D, E, and F will go in Box 4
Animals E and F are both in Box 4, so they cannot be separated into two different categories.
10. Unlike the other kingdoms, all of the species in the Archaebacteria, Fungi, and Plantae kingdoms have a cell
wall. Some of the species in the Eubacteria and Protista kingdoms have cell walls. Species from the
Animalia kingdom do not have cell walls.
11. All of the species in the Eubacteria and Archaebacteria kingdoms are single-celled and some of the species
in the Protista and Fungi kingdoms are single-celled.
12. The bird shown has webbed feet. This gives an advantage to water birds because the webbed feet act as
paddles to move the bird through water. Birds of prey would need grasping feet with sharp claws to catch
their prey. Perching birds would also need grasping feet to hold on to branches. Flightless birds would need
feet adapted to walking on land, so their feet need to be longer and flatter, similar to a human foot.
13. Study the given chart. The most basic classification of the beans is found at the top of the chart, and is based
upon the bean's shape (round vs. oval).
So, the first step of the dichotomous key should refer to the shape of the bean.
14. According to the chart, if a bean is black, then it is a black bean. If it is reddish-brown, then it is a kidney
bean.
So this part of the dichotomous key has been written correctly.
15. According to the chart, if a bean has spots, it is a pinto bean. If it does not have spots, then an additional step
(step 4) will be needed to identify the bean.
So yes, Kyle made an error - "Go to step 4" and "Pinto beans" should switch places.
16. #1 - The insect does have wings, so go to #2.
#2 - The insect has 2 pairs of wings, so go to #3.
#3 - The insect has long antennae.
Therefore, the insect belongs to the Order Odonata.
17. Start by finding "club mosses" on the dichotomous key. They are found in line 6.b, which indicates that this
plant produces conelike tips.
To find more information about the club moss, locate the line on the dichotomous key that links to line #6.
This is line 5.b, which indicates that this plant does not have hollow stems.
Next, locate the line that links to line #5. This is line 4.a, which indicates that this plant does not produce
seeds.
Next, locate the line that links to line #4. This is line 2.b, which indicates that this plant has vascular tissue.
So, the dichotomous key indicates that a club moss is a vascular plant that does not produce seeds, but does
produce spores in conelike tips.
18. 1--This organism is a plant--so go to #2
2--This organism does NOT have vascular tissue--so go to #3
3--This organism has a spore-producing capsule that opens by splitting lengthwise--so it is a liverwort.
19. According to the chart, if a bean is light colored, then it is a white northern. If it is dark-colored, at least one
more step (step 3) is required to identify the bean.
20. Multicellular organisms can be found in all of the kingdoms except for the Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
kingdoms.



Cells Answers
1. lysosome
2. cell wall
3. plasma membrane
4. It divides into more cells.
5. nucleus
6. chloroplasts
7. nucleus
8. mitochondria
9. cytoplasm
10. It stores substances such as food, water, and wastes.
11. the production of proteins.
12. animals, move
13. unicellular
14. It controls the entry and exit of substances.
15. cells
16. glucose
17. the watery environment of the cytoplasm
18. ribosomes
19. a group of similar cells that perform a common function
20. a structure composed of a number of tissues that work together to perform a specific task

Cells Explanations
1. A lysosome is a membrane-bound sac found in cells that contains digestive enzymes which break down
complex molecules or structures. The molecules are broken down into simpler molecules that can be used as
materials to build new cells.
2. A cell wall is a rigid layer that surrounds a plant cell, providing structural support. Other functions of cell
walls in plant cells are protection and the transport, absorption, and storage of nutrients and wastes. Cell
walls are most commonly found in plants, but they can also be found in other organisms, such as bacteria.
3. The plasma membrane, also known as the cell membrane, controls what goes in and out of the cell,
including the nutrients cells require.
4. It is difficult for cells to function properly when they get too large. So, once they reach a certain size, cells
tend to divide. In fact, cell division is what causes organisms to get bigger. Larger organisms have more
cells than smaller organisms. The size of the individual cells may or may not be bigger.
5. The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that contains an organism's genetic material and helps control
and regulate cellular processes. The nucleus contains the DNA, which is the genetic blueprint for the
organism and contains the instructions for regulating the cell's activities.
6. Chloroplasts are specialized organelles found in all higher plant cells. These organelles contain the plant
cell's chlorophyll, hence providing the green color. This is where photosynthesis occurs.
7. The nucleus is the largest, most prominent organelle; a round or oval body that is surrounded by the nuclear
envelope and contains the genetic information necessary for control of cell structure and function.
8. Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell. They are organelles that generate (by chemiosmosis) most of
the energy the cell needs to function and stay alive.
9. Cytoplasm is the substance between the cell membrane and the nucleus which primarily consists of water
and holds organelles.
10. A vesicle is a small membrane-bound, fluid-filled space. Though they are still referred to as vacuoles by
many biologists, vesicles are smaller and have slightly different functions. In plant cells, the central vacuole
is important for maintaining turgor pressure.
In animal cells, vesicles store substances such as food, water, and wastes.
11. Proteins are large molecules made using the instructions contained in the genetic material of the cell.
Proteins are essential for the proper functioning of the cell.
12. Some unicellular organisms are similar to animals because they have the ability to move.
13. Unicellular organisms are one-celled organisms that are complete within themselves. Cells must function
independently at this level in order to keep these organisms alive.
14. The cell membrane is responsible for the controlled entry and exit of ions like sodium (Na) potassium (K),
calcium (Ca++).
15. A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Cells may exist as independent units of life
or form tissues in multicellular plants and animals.
Tissues may also be grouped together into organs, which, in turn, may be grouped together in organ
systems.
16. Glucose, a simple sugar, enters the cell through the plasma membrane. Once inside the cell, glucose is
broken down to make ATP, a form of energy.
17. Cytoplasm is the watery environment inside the cell. The fluid of the cytoplasm is a thick mixture of
proteins, carbohydrates, salts, fats, and building blocks for these nutrients. One of the primary functions of
the cytoplasm is to serve as a storage place for chemical substances indispensable to life.
18. Ribosomes are sub-cellular structures responsible for making proteins.
19. A tissue is a group of similar cells which perform the same function within a multicellular organism.
Tissues can group together to form organs, and organs can work together in organ systems.
20. The most basic unit of life is the cell. Cells may be grouped into tissues, which may, in turn, be grouped into
organs.
An organ is made of different tissues working together to carry out a certain function. Organs may be
grouped together into systems.




























Human Body Systems Answers
1. systems.
2. cells
3. protects the organs of the body.
4. waste
5. hormones.
6. immune system
7. control
8. nervous
9. carbon dioxide
10. digestive; circulatory
11. reproductive
12. provide oxygen to the body and eliminate carbon dioxide from the body.
13. immune
14. nervous
15. sensing changes in the external environment
16. movement
17. digestive
18. digestive
19. circulatory

Human Body Systems Explanations
1. The level of organization in living things, from simplest to most complex, is cells, tissues, organs, and
systems.
Cells are the smallest units of living things that can carry out the processes of life. Tissues are groups of
cells carrying out a particular function, organs are groups of tissues carrying out a particular function, and a
system is a group of organs carrying out a particular function.
2. The function of the digestive system is to take in food and break down the food into simple molecules
that the cells of the body can use. The simple molecules are absorbed into the blood and transported to the
cells that will use them.
3. The musculoskeletal system includes both the skeletal system and the muscular system. The skeletal part of
the system has the special function of protecting the organs of the body. For example, the rib cage
protects the heart and lungs, and the bones of the skull protect the brain.
4. The excretory system eliminates waste materials from the body. The waste materials are unwanted
byproducts of metabolism and include water, salts, urea, and toxins.
5. The function of the endocrine system is to produce hormones. These hormones are released into the blood
and affect other systems of the body. An example is insulin, which is released by the endocrine system and
stimulates the uptake of glucose into cells.
6. The function of the immune system is to protect the body from foreign substances including bacteria and
viruses. The skin is one of the organs of the immune system. It protects the body from foreign substances by
providing a physical barrier.
7. The nervous system is the major control system of the body. The nervous system communicates with the
other systems of the body, controlling and directing the activities and actions of the body.
8. The main function of the nervous system is to sense changes in both the internal and the external
environment. The nervous system sends signals to various parts of the body in response to the changes.
These signals trigger actions that allow the body to react to the changes.
9. The respiration reaction that occurs in cells produces carbon dioxide and water. The waste product carbon
dioxide is transported to the lungs and removed from the body by the respiratory system.
10. The digestive system breaks down food into small nutrient particles. Then, the nutrients are absorbed into
the bloodstream through the circulatory system.
11. The reproductive system plays the key role in allowing organisms to have offspring and pass on their
unique genetic information.
12. The main function of the respiratory system is to provide the body with the oxygen the cells need and
to eliminate carbon dioxide waste from the body. The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory
system. In the lungs, oxygen is absorbed into the blood and carbon dioxide is released from the blood.
13. The function of the immune system is to protect the body from foreign substances and disease. This
occurs by preventing foreign substances from entering the body and by attacking and destroying foreign
substances that are in the body.
14. The brain and spinal cord are the key components of the nervous system.
15. One of the functions of the nervous system is to sense changes in the external environment, such as
detecting heat or cold. The nervous system then responds to these changes. For example, the nervous system
may help trigger sweating in response to heat.
16. One of the main functions of the musculoskeletal system is to allow movement of the body. The skeletal
part of the system is made up of the bones that provide a framework for movement. The muscular part of the
system is made up of the muscles that create movement.
17. The mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines are the key components of the digestive system.
18. The mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines are the key components of the digestive system.
19. The circulatory system is made up of the heart and the blood vessels. The purpose of the circulatory
system is to distribute blood throughout the body. The blood travels through the blood vessels, while the
heart acts as the pump.































Laboratory Tools Answers
1. magnetism
2. 50-mL graduated cylinder
3. thermometer
4. spring scale
5. ruler
6. 27 mL
7. telescope, microscope
8. air pressure
9. to filter larger particles out of a mixture
10. First, put the specimen into focus using a low power lens, then switch to a higher power lens, if needed.

Laboratory Tools Explanations
1. A compass uses the property of magnetism to indicate direction.
In a compass, a magnetized pointer moves freely and aligns itself with the Earth's magnetic field.
2. Sergio must choose a tool that will accurately measure a volume of 25 mL of water.
A meter stick measures length, not volume.
A test tube is typically used to store or heat liquids; not to measure the volume of liquids.
A 400-mL beaker can be used to measure the volume of a liquid, but since its capacity is much larger than
25 mL, it would not be the best choice for accurately measuring 25 mL of water.
A 50-mL graduated cylinder is also used for measuring the volume of a liquid, and it has an appropriate
capacity for measuring a volume of 25 mL. A 50-mL graduated cylinder typically has markings at each
milliliter, making it much easier to accurately measure 25 mL of water.
3. The instrument shown is a thermometer, which is used to measure temperature.
4. The instrument shown is a spring scale. A spring scale measures weight or force.
When weighing an object using a spring scale, the object is hung from the hook, pulling the indicator
downward. This causes an increase in tension in the spring, resulting in an upward force. When the tension
force and the weight of the object become balanced, the reading becomes stable and the object's weight will
be shown by the indicator.
5. To find the area of the base of each wooden block, Jamie needs to know the length and width of the base.
Length and width can be measured using a ruler.
None of the other types of equipment listed are used to measure distance.
6. When reading the volume of a liquid in a graduated cylinder, you will notice that the surface of the liquid is
curved. This curvature is called the meniscus and is due the interaction between the molecules of the liquid
and the molecules of the container. A concave meniscus occurs when the surface of the liquid curves
upward, as seen in this case.
So, when reading the volume of a liquid with a concave meniscus, always read the bottom of the meniscus.
In this case, the bottom of the meniscus is even with the mark that corresponds to 27 mL. So, the volume of
the liquid is 27 mL.
7. A telescope is used to make distant objects appear clearer, while a microscope is used to make very small
objects appear clearer.
8. A barometer is an instrument used to measure air pressure.
9. A sieve is a tool that is primarily used to filter larger particles out of a mixture. Smaller particles and
liquids can pass through the holes or perforations in the mesh, but larger particles remain on top of the
mesh.
10. When operating a microscope, always put the object into focus using the lowest power lens first, then
switch to the higher power lenses and adjust the focus using the fine focus knob, if needed.
Never use the coarse focus knob or replace slides while the high power lens is selected. Because the high
power lens is so close to the slide, either of these actions could result in the lens being scratched or the slide
being cracked.
Laboratory Procedures Answers
1. You may be creating a health hazard for people, animals, and plants.
2. Take the damaged lamp to his teacher.
3. II and III only
4. increased rate of cancer near the landfills
5. Paula should put the herb specimens in the labs waste receptacle.
6. Wave the fumes toward your nose with your hand.
7. Be ready to light the burner as soon as the gas begins flowing through it.
8. Wear safety goggles.
9. Put the beaker in the broken-glass bin and get another one.
10. lowest; higher

Laboratory Procedures Explanations
1. By disposing of laboratory chemicals incorrectly, you may be posing a health risk for people, animals,
and plants. This is the most severe ethical consequence of disposing of chemicals incorrectly.
2. Never use damaged electrical equipment. Take the equipment to your teacher for repairs. Do not try to do the
repairs yourself.
3. When reading the volume of a liquid in a graduated cylinder, the cylinder should be placed on a flat surface
(like a lab table) and the person reading the volume should bend down so the surface of the liquid is at
eye level. It is important to take readings at eye level to avoid error caused by perspective. Also, graduated
cylinders should not be held up in a person's hand. When being held, the cylinder may be tilted, resulting in
a skewed reading.
When water or other liquids are contained in graduated cylinders, the surface of the water curves upward.
This curvature is called the meniscus and is caused by the interaction between the molecules of the liquid
and the molecules of the container. Readings should always be taken from the bottom of the meniscus.
4. The safety guidelines describe ethidium bromide as a dangerous substance because long term exposure to the
chemical can increase the rate of cancer. Landfills are not able to keep chemicals from seeping out into
water and dirt, thereby contaminating the environment.
5. Do not eat any part of a plant or plant seed that has been used in the laboratory. After plant material has been
used in the laboratory, it should be properly disposed of. Do not store the plant material unless specifically
instructed to by your teacher.
6. When smelling substances in a lab, you should never put your nose right up to the substance. You can get an
idea of the smell by waving your hand above the test tube and getting the smell from the air.
7. When using a Bunsen burner, be ready to light the burner as soon as the gas begins flowing through it.
Every moment between opening the valve and lighting the gas, dangerous gas is escaping into the air around
the burner. This gas is harmful when inhaled and is highly flammable.
To keep gas from escaping, it is important to shut the gas valve when the burner is not being used. Burners
should be used in out-of-the-way places where people will not run into them.
8. Safety goggles should always be worn when you are working with chemicals in a lab. The chemicals could
easily splash into your eyes causing serious, and possibly irreversible, damage.
9. It is dangerous to work with beakers and test tubes that have cracked or broken glass. Not only could you cut
your hand on the glass, but dangerous chemicals could also leak through the cracks and get on your hands.
10. When operating a microscope, always put the object into focus using the lowest power lens first. Then, if
needed, switch to a higher power lens and adjust the focus using the fine focus knob.
Never use the coarse focus knob or replace slides while the higher power lens is selected. Because the
higher power lens is so close to the slide, either of these actions could result in the lens being scratched or
the slide being cracked.



Measurement Answers
1. 4 liters
2. accuracy
3. 4,400 centimeters
4. low accuracy and high precision.
5. 73,000 grams
6. 32 meters
7. 4,000 g
8. 1,100 mm
9. 390 millimeters
10. nearest hundredth of an inch

Measurement Explanations
1. Since there are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter, divide 4,000 milliliters by 1,000 to convert to liters.

2. The level of closeness between a measured quantity and the actual or standard value is called accuracy.
3. Since there are 100 centimeters in 1 meter, multiply 44 meters by 100 to convert to centimeters.

4. Accuracy is the level of closeness between a measured quantity and the actual or standard value. Precision is
the level of closeness between multiple measurements of the same quantity. On the target, the marks are far
from the bulls-eye but close together. This represents low accuracy and high precision.
5. There are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, multiply 73 kilograms by 1,000.
73 kg 1,000 g/kg = 73,000 grams
So, Justin weighs 73,000 grams.
6. Since there are 100 centimeters in 1 meter, divide 3,200 centimeters by 100 to convert to meters.

7. Since there are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram, multiply 4 kilograms by 1,000 to convert to grams.
4 kg 1,000
g
/
kg
= 4,000 g
8. There are 10 millimeters in every centimeter. So, multiply 110 centimeters by 10.
110 cm 10
mm
/
cm
= 1,100 mm
So, Peter is 1,100 mm tall.
9. Since there are 10 millimeters in 1 centimeter, multiply 39 centimeters by 10 to convert to millimeters.

10. When data values are rounded, their level of accuracy is reduced.
Sunlight - 1.09 inches
Partial Sunlight - 0.81 inch
Artificial Light - 0.78 inch
No Light - 0.44 inch
When rounding to the nearest hundredth of an inch, the differences in plant growth are still clear. The level
of accuracy in the data is not altered significantly. So, Vanessa should round her data values to the nearest
hundredth of an inch.