RET 630 Differential Protection

HandsOnRelaySchool
TransformerProtectionOpenLecture
OpenLecture
TransformerDifferentialProtection
Introduction:
Transformerdifferentialprotectionschemesare
ubiquitoustoalmostanypowersystem.
Whilethebasicpremiseoftransformerdifferential
protectionisstraightforward,numerousfeaturesare
employedtocompensateforchallengespresentedby
thetransformerapplication.
ChallengestoUnderstandingTransformer
DifferentialProtection
CurrentMismatchCausedbytheTransformationRatio
andDifferingCTRatios
CurrentMismatchCausedbyDifferingCTRatios
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
ZeroSequenceElimination
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CTRemanence,
andCTTolerance
InrushPhenomenaandHarmonicContentAvailability
OverExcitationPhenomena
SwitchOntoFaultconcerns
CurrentMismatchCausedbythe
TransformationRatioandDifferingCTRatios
CurrentMismatchCausedbyDifferingCTRatios
andCTTolerance
CurrentMismatchCausedbytheTransformationRatioand
DifferingCTRatios
KirchhoffsCurrentLaw:Atanynode,thesumofcurrents
flowingintothatnodeisequaltothesumofcurrentsflowingout
ofthatnode(fig1).
Node
I
1
I
2
I
3
I
1
+ I
2
+ I
3
= 0
DifferingCTRatios
BecauseofthetransformationratioandprobableCTratio
mismatch,transformerwindingcurrentscannotbedirectly
compared,buttheMVAoneachsidecanbecompared.
Node
I
1
I
2
I
3
I
1
+ I
2
+ I
3
= 0
Transformer
MVA
2
MVA
3
MVA
1
+ MVA
2
+ MVA
3
= 0
MVA
1

Tocalculatethesecondarycurrentequaltooneperunit,the
followingcalculationsareusedoneachsideofthetransformer:
3
3 *

CTR V
rVA Transforme
WindingTap
L L
3 * CTR V
rVA Transforme
WindingTap
L L

ForwyeconnectedCTs:
FordeltaconnectedCTs:
DifferingCTRatios
DifferingCTRatios
Duringtesting,thedesiredstartingcurrentvaluesisdetermined
bymultiplyingthedesiredperunitcurrentbythetaptofindthe
equivalentsecondarycurrentforeachside.
Test Desired
I WindingTap PU
Toconvertameasuredtripcurrenttoaperunitcurrent,divide
thecurrentbythetapforthatwinding.
WindingTap
I
PU
measured
measured

CurrentMismatchCausedtheTransformationRatio
andbyDifferingCTRatios
andCTTolerance
B A
I I
C B
I I
A C
I I
a
I
b
I
c
I
Transformersfrequentlyemploy
DeltaWyeconnections.Not
onlydotheseconnections
introducea30degreephase
shift,buttheyalsochangethe
makeupofthecurrents
measuredbytheCTs.For
differentialschemes,the
currentI
A
I
B
cannotbedirectly
comparedtocurrent I
u
.
Primary
Winding
A
WB Wb
Wc WC
B A
I I
C B
I I
A C
I I
a
I
b
I
c
I
Secondary
Winding a
Differential A
Differential B
Differential C
Forelectromechanicaldifferential
relaysliketheHU,BDD,andCA,
thesolutionfordeltawye
transformersistosimplyconnect
theWinding2CTsecondary
circuitsinadeltatomatchthe
primarymainwindings.
AngularDisplacementConventions:
ANSIYY, @0;Y ,Y@X1lagsH1by30
ANSImakeslifeeasy
Eurodesignationsuse30 incrementsofLAGfromtheX1bushingto
theH1bushings
Dy11=X1lagsH1by11*30=330
or,H1leadsX1by30
Thinkofaclock eachhouris30degrees
0
6
3 9
8
7
10
11
1
2
5
4
Dy1 = X1 lags H1 by 1*30 = 30, or
H1 leads X1 by 30 (ANSI std.)
Therearealsoseveraltransformerrelaymanufacturerconventionscommonly
usedfordefiningthetransformerconnections.Thefollowingareexamplesfor
ABCrotationexceptwherenoted:
SEL387Method:Inthisconventioneachwindingisgivenanumber011,
whichcorrespondstothenumberof30degreeleading angleincrements.
Beckwith3311CustomMethod:Inthisconventioneachwindingisgivena
number011,whichcorrespondstothenumberof30degreelaggingangle
incrementsrelativeofahypotheticalwyewinding.
GET60Method:Inthisconventioneachwindingisgivenananglewhich
correspondstothelagging anglerelativetothedesignatedreference
winding.
W1 W2 IEC
BeckwithCustom
GE(Ref
W1)
SEL TestAngles(ABCRotation)
W1 W2 W1 W2 W1A W1B W1C W2A W2B W2C
Y Y Yy0 0 0 Yy0 12 12 0 120 120 180 60 60
DAB Y Dy1 11 1 Dy30 1 12 30 90 150 180 60 60
Y DAB Yd11 0 11 Yd330 12 1 0 120 120 150 30 90
DAC Y Dy11 1 0 Dy330 11 12 30 150 90 180 60 60
Y DAC Yd1 0 1 YD30 12 11 0 120 120 150 30 90
DAC DAC Dd0 1 1 Dd0 11 11 30 150 90 150 30 90
DAB DAB Dd0 11 11 Dd0 1 1 30 90 150 150 30 90
DAC DAB Dd10 1 11 Dd300 11 1 30 150 90 150 30 90
DAB DAC Dd2 11 1 Dd60 1 11 30 90 150 150 30 90
Sowhatdoesallthismeanwhiletesting?
Hereisalistofcommonrelays,commonconnections,andtestangles(assumingset
topositiveangleslead):
andCTTolerance
Inallwyeconnectedwindings,thegroundprovidesawayforcurrent
toenterthedifferentialzonewithoutbeingmeasuredbyaphase
differentialCT.Thiscanunbalancethedifferentialduringexternal
phasetoneutralfaults.Ifthedifferentialprotectionistoresist
improperlytrippingforexternalfaults,thiscurrenthastobe
removedfromdifferentialcalculations.
B A
I I
C B
I I
A C
I I
a
I
b
I
c
I
ThefirstremovalmethodistosimplyconnecttheCTsecondarycircuitin
delta.Thisstraightforwardmethodisusedinelectromechanicalandinsome
digitalrelayretrofitdifferentialapplications.
Primary
Winding
A
WB Wb
Wc WC
B A
I I
C B
I I
A C
I I
a
I
b
I
c
I
Secondary
Winding a
Differential A
Differential B
Differential C
IndigitalapplicationswithwyeconnectedCTsecondarycircuits,theground
currenthastoberemovednumerically.Thisisdonebyeitherconvertingthe
currentstodeltaquantitiesorbydirectlysubtractingcalculatedzerosequence
currentfromthedifferentialquantity.
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CT
Remanence,andCTTolerance
TheXaxisistheRestraintCurrentis
themeasureofcurrentinthe
transformer.Differentialrelay
sensitivityisinverselyproportionalto
restraintcurrent.Relay
manufacturersuseavarietyof
calculationslikethemaximumofthe
windingcurrentsortheaverageof
thecurrents.
TheYaxisistheDifferential/Operate
currentisthesumofallwinding
currentsafteramplitudeandangle
compensation.
TheMinimumPickupregionisusedbetween
zeroandapproximately0.5perunitrestraint
current.ItprovidessecurityagainstCT
remanenceandaccuracyerrorsandisusuallyset
between0.3and0.5pu.
TheSlope1 regionisusedbetweentheminimum
pickupregionandtheslope2breakpoint.Slope
1providessecurityagainstfalsetrippingdueto
CTaccuracy.ClassCCTaccuracyis+/10%,
therefore20%shouldbetheabsoluteminimum
settingwithgreaterthan30%preferred.ForLTC
applications,another+/10%isadded.
TheSlope2 regionisusedabovetheslope2
breakpoint,whichisnormallysetat2pu.Slope2
providessecurityagainstfalsetrippingduring
throughfaulteventswhereCTsaturationislikely.
Above2pucurrent,asignificantDCcurrent
componentwillbepresentandtherefore
saturationislikely.Slope2isnormallysetat60
80%.
CurrentMismatchCausedtheTransformationRatioandby
DifferingCTRatios
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CTRemanence,and
CTTolerance
InrushPhenomenaandHarmonicContent
Availability
Whenatransformerisenergized,astepchangeinmagnetizingvoltageoccurs.
Thisstepchangeinmagnetizingvoltageresultsinoverfluxingthetransformer
core,causingmagnetizingcurrentsofupto10pu.
Duringinrush,transformersalsogeneratesignificantamountsofeven
harmonics.Theseevenharmonicscanbeusedtopreventundesired
differentialrelayoperationbyrestrainingthedifferentialiftheeven
harmoniccontentisaboveapresetlevel.
andCTTolerance
Overexcitationoccurswheneverthetransformervoltageistoohighforthe
frequency. Overexcitationisexpressedasapercentage:
I
tuns]omc
I
nomnuI
F
tuns]omc
F
nomnuI
1uu = Pcrccnt 0:cr Excitotion _
Transformersarenormallyratedforatleast105%overexcitation.Levelsabovethis
candamagethetransformer.
Aspercentoverexcitationincreases,magnetizingcurrentwillincrease.Without
appropriatelogic,thiscanleadmisoperationofthedifferentialschemeaheadof
dedicatedV/Hzrelays.
Thisadditionalmagnetizingcurrentisrichin5
th
harmoniccurrent.
Thisplotshowsthesamefaultrecordfilteredfor5
th
harmoniccontent.
Moderndigitalrelayshavelogic
thatincreasesthedifferential
elementsminimumpickupsetting
ifsignificant5
th
harmoniccurrent
isdetected
andCTTolerance
Ifatransformerexperiencesaninternalfaulton
energization,theharmonicrestraintfeatureona
restraineddifferentialcoulddelaytripping.
Thereforerelayscommonlyemployasecondary,
unrestraineddifferentialelement.Ofcoursethis
elementmustbesetabovethemaximum
expectedinrushcurrent,normally812pu.
InGEBDDandorWestinghouseHUtypes,an
instantaneousovercurrentunitinserieswiththe
differentialprovidesthisfeature.
Indigitalrelays,aseparatesetpointisprovided.To
testtheseelements,parallelcurrentchannelsas
necessaryandapplycurrentstoonesideofthe
differential.
UnderstandingTransformer
J.ScottCooper
MantaTestSystems,Inc.
2013MassachusettsAve.NE
SaintPetersburg,FL33703
scottc@mantatest.com

RET 630 Differential Protection

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