IBM 1401

[edit]
IBM 1401 Data Processing System. From the left:
1402 Card Read- Punch, 1401 Processing Unit,
1403 Printer.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The IBM 1401 was a variable wordlength decimal computer that was announced by
IBM on October 5, 1959. The first member of the highly successful IBM 1400 series, it
was aimed at replacing electromechanical unit record equipment for processing data
stored on punched cards. Over 10,000 units were produced and many were leased or
resold in less developed countries after they were replaced with newer technology.
The 1401 was withdrawn on February 8, 1971.
Cont ent s
1 History
2 Architecture
3 Booting and Sample Program
4 Hardware implementation
5 Software
6 Art inspired by the IBM 1401
7 1401 culture
8 Character and Op codes
9 Modifiers for Select Stacker (K) instruction
10 Modifiers for five-character Branch on Indicator (B) instruction
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
Hist ory
From the announcement:
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[edit]
Avolunteer repairing an IBM 1401 at
the Computer History Museum
Closeup of a swing- out card cage
(or gate in IBM parlance) showing some
of the 1401' s SMS circuit cards
From the announcement:
The all- transistorized IBM 1401 Data Processing System places the features found in
electronic data processing systems at the disposal of smaller businesses, previously
limited to the use of conventional punched card equipment. These features include: high
speed card punching and reading, magnetic tape input and output, high speed printing,
stored program, and arithmetic and logical ability.'
The 1401 may be operated as an independent system, in conjunction with IBM punched
card equipment, or as auxiliary equipment to IBM 700 or 7000 series systems.
[ 1]
Monthly rental for 1401 configurations started at US$2,500.
[ 2]
"IBM was pleasantly surprised (perhaps shocked) to receive 5,200 orders in just the first five
weeks more than predicted for the entire life of the machine!"
[ 3]
By late 1961, the 2000
installed in the USA were about one quarter of all electronic stored- program computers by all
manufacturers. The number of installed 1401s peaked above 10,000 in the mid- 1960s. "In all,
by the mid- 1960s nearly half of all computer systems in the world were 1401- type systems."
[ 3]
The system was marketed until February 1971.
[ 4]
Commonly used by small businesses, the IBM 1401 was also frequently used as an off- line
peripheral controller for mainframe computers. In such installations, with an IBM 7090 for
example, the mainframe computers used only magnetic tape for input- output. It was the 1401
that transferred input data from peripherals, such as the IBM 1402 Card Read- Punch, to tape,
and transferred output data from tape to the card punch, the IBM 1403 Printer, or other
peripherals.
Elements within IBM, notably John Haanstra, an executive in charge of 1401 deployment,
supported its continuation in larger models for evolving needs (e.g., the IBM 1410) but the 1964
decision at the top to focus resources on the System/360 ended these efforts rather suddenly.
Then, faced with the competitive threat of the Honeywell 200 and the 360's incompatibility with
the 1401 design, IBM pioneered the use of microcode emulation, in the form of ROM, so that
some System/360 models could run 1401 programs.
[ 5]
Two 1401 systems are being restored to operating order at the Computer History Museum in
Mountain View, California, complete with a raised floor typical of the mainframe era (and modern
data centers), used to hide cabling.
[ 6][ 7]
Archit ect ure
Each alphanumeric character in the 1401 was encoded by six bits, called B,A,8,4,2,1.
The B,A bits were called zone bits and the 8,4,2,1 bits were called numeric bits, terms
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IBM 1401 Console and, below, the Auxiliary
Console.
taken from the IBM 80 column punched card.
For digits 1 through 9, the bits B,A were zero, the digit BCD encoded in bits 8,4,2,1.
Digit 0 was encoded 8,2.
For alphabetic characters the setting of bits was derived from the zone and digit
punches of the IBM 80 column punched card character code: B,A from 12, B from
11, and A from 0; the setting of bits 8,4,2,1 from BCD encoding of the 1 through 9
punches. Thus the letter A, 12,1 in the punched card character code, was encoded
B,A,1.
Encodings of punched card characters with two or more digit punches can be found
in the Character and Op codes table.
IBM called the 1401's character code BCD, even though that term describes only the
decimal digit encoding.
[ 8]
The 1401's alphanumeric collating sequence was
compatible with the punched card collating sequence.
Associated with each memory location were two other bits, called C for odd parity
check and M for word mark.
Each memory location then, had the following bits:
C B A 8 4 2 1 M
The 1401 was available in six memory configurations: 1.4K,
[ 9]
2K, 4K, 8K, 12K, or 16K
locations. A very small number of 1401s were expanded to 32K by special request.
Each memory location was addressable, addresses were 0 through 15999.
Some operations used specific memory locations (those locations were not reserved
and could be used for other purposes). Read a card stored the 80 columns of data from a card into memory locations 001- 080. Index
registers 1, 2 and 3 were in memory locations 087- 089, 092- 094 and 097- 099 respectively. Punch a card punched the contents of
memory locations 101- 180 into a card. Write a line printed the contents of memory locations 201- 332.
The 1401's instruction format was
Opcode
with [A-or-I-or-unit-address [B-address]] [modifier]
word mark
Opcodes were one character. Memory addresses ("I" a branch target, "A" and "B" data) and unit address were three characters. The
opcode modifier was one character. Instruction length was then 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, or 8 characters. Most instructions had to be followed by a
word mark (a requirement commonly met by the word mark with the opcode of the next instruction).
See Character and Op codes for a list of operations.
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A three character memory address in an instruction was an encoding of a five character memory address. The three low order digits of
the five character address, 000 to 999, were specified by the numeric bits of the three characters. The zone bits of the high- order
character specified an increment as follows: A 1000, B 2000, B and A together 3000, giving an addressability of 4,000 memory
locations. The zone bits of the low- order character specified increments of 4000, 8000, or 12000, to address 16,000 memory locations
(with an IBM 1406 Storage Unit). For example, the three character address "I99" was a reference to memory location 3000 + 999, or
3999.
The zone bits of the middle character of a three character memory address specified index registers, one of many optional features.
Operands referenced by the A- address and B- address were: a single memory location, a variable length field, or a variable length
record. Variable length fields were addressed at their loworder position, their length defined by a word mark set at their highorder
position. The only limit on the length of such fields was the available memory. Instructions applicable to variable length fields included:
Add, Subtract , Multiply, Divide, Compare, Move Characters to A or B Word Mark , Move Characters and Edit . One or more adjacent
variable length fields could make up a variable length record. A variable length record was addressed at its highorder position, its length
defined by a group- mark character with a word mark or a record- mark character in its loworder position. The instruction Move Characters
to Record or Group Mark could be used to assemble a block of records. A variable length record, or block of records, to be written to
magnetic tape was addressed at its highorder position, its length defined by a group- mark character with a word mark immediately
following its loworder position.
A sequence of operations on adjacent fields could be "chained", using the addresses left in the address registers by the previous
operation. For example, addition of adjacent data fields might be coded as "A 700,850", "A 695,845", "A 690,840". With chaining, this
could be coded as "A 700,850", "A", "A" - omitting data address from the 2nd and 3rd instructions.
[ 10]
Boot ing and Sample Program
When the LOAD button on the IBM 1402 Card Read- Punch was pressed, a card was read into memory locations 001- 080, a word mark
was set in location 001, the word marks in locations 002- 080 were cleared, and execution started with the instruction at location 001. That
was always the dyadic Set Word Mark (it was the only instruction not requiring a following word mark) to set word marks for the two
following instructions. Execution of instructions in the card deck continued, loading the program into memory, setting word marks, and then
branching to the program's start address.
One- card programs could be written for various tasks. Commonly available were a one- card program to print the deck of cards following
it, and another to duplicate a deck to the card punch. From Tom Van Vleck's web site
[ 11]
here is a one- card program which will print
"HELLO WORLD". Pressing LOAD (above) begins execution at location 001 (the first ","). The program is: set word marks (opcode ","
operands 008 015), set more word marks, clear storage - part of the print area 333- 300 (opcode "/" operand 333), clear storage - the
rest of the print area 299- 200 (opcode "/" using a chained address), move "HELLO WORLD" to the print area (opcode "M", operands
079 and 250), print a line (opcode "2"), eject the page in the printer (opcode "F" modifier "1"), and halt (opcode "." operand 065 - a
branch address, to this same halt command, if start is pressed).
, 008015,022029,036043,050054,055062,063065,069080/333/M0792502F1.065HELLO WORLD
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IBM 1403 high speed line printer in
the "Haus zur Geschichte der IBM
Datenverarbeitung" museum,
Sindelfingen, Germany
Asingle width SMS card of the type
used in the 1401
Hardware implement at ion
Most of the logic circuitry of the 1401 was a type of diode- transistor logic (DTL), that IBM
referred to as CTDL. Other IBM circuit types used were referred to as: Alloy (some logic, but
mostly various non- logic functions, named for the kind of transistors used), CTRL (a type of
resistor- transistor logic (RTL)). Later upgrades (e.g., the TAU- 9 tape interface) used a faster
type of DTL using "drift" transistors (a type of transistor invented by Herbert Kroemer in 1953) for
their speed, that IBM referred to as SDTDL. Typical logic levels of these circuits were (S & U
Level) high: 0 V to - 0.5V, low: - 6 V to - 12 V; (T Level) high: 6 V to 1 V, low: - 5.5 V to - 6 V.
These circuits were constructed of discrete components
(resistors, capacitors, transistors) mounted on single
sided paper- epoxy printed circuit boards either 2.5 by
4.5 inches (64 by 110 mm) with a 16- pin gold plated
edge connector (single wide) or 5.375 by 4.5 inches
(136.5 by 110 mm) with two 16- pin gold plated edge
connectors (double wide), that IBM referred to as SMS
cards (Standard Modular System). The amount of logic
on one card was similar to that in one 7400 series SSI
or simpler MSI package (e.g., 3 to 5 logic gates or a
couple of flip- flops on a single wide card up to about 20 logic gates or 4 flip- flops on a double
wide card).
The SMS cards were inserted in sockets on hinged swing out racks, that IBM referred to as gates.
Like most machines of the day, the 1401 used magnetic- core memory. The cores were about 1 mm in diameter and used a four- wire
arrangement (x, y, sense, and inhibit). The memory was arranged in planes of 4000 cores each, each core storing one bit. A stack of
eight such planes stored the six data bits, word mark bit, and parity bit for 4000 memory locations. Together with eight additional planes
with fewer cores on them for additional storage functions, this made up a 4K memory module.
[ 12]
One such module could be housed
within the 1401's primary enclosure. Systems were commonly available with 8K, 12K, or 16K of memory, the additional modules being
contained in an add- on box, the 1406 Core Memory Unit, which was about two feet square and three high. Operands in memory were
accessed serially, one memory location at a time, and the 1401 could read or write one memory location within its basic cycle time of
11.5 microseconds.
[ 13]
All instruction timings were cited in multiples of this cycle time.
[ 14]
Sof t ware
Software for the 1401 included:
IBM 1401 Symbolic Programming System assembler.
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1403 line printer opened, with 729
tape drives in the background.
Autocoder on Tape, a more advanced assembler, required at least 4K memory and four
tape drives.
Autocoder on Disk, similar to, but not compatible with, Autocoder on Tape, required one or
more 1311 disk drives.
FARGO (Fourteen- o- one Automatic Report Generation Operation), a predecessor of RPG,
required 4K memory.
FORTRAN II required at least 8K memory; the 1401 Fortran compiler is described in Haines,
L.H. (1965), below. The Fortran compiler, to generate code for small memories, used a
pioneering form of interpreted "p- code" although, of course, its programmers had no name
for what it was that they did.
FORTRAN IV required at least 12K memory and either 4 tape drives or 1 IBM 1311 disk drive.
COBOL required at least 4k memory and 4 tape drives.
IBM RPG (Report Program Generator) Basic RPG required at least 4K memory.
For the IBM Catalog of 1401 software, see IBM 1400 series.
Art inspired by t he IBM 1401
In October 2006, Icelandic avante- garde musician Jhann Jhannsson released the album 'IBM 1401, A User's Manual through music
publisher 4AD.
[ 15]
The concept is based upon work done in 1964 by his father, Jhann Gunnarsson, chief maintenance engineer of one
of the countrys first computers, and Elias Davidsson, one of the first programmers in the country. The album was originally written for a
string quartet, organ and electronics and to accompany a dance piece by long- standing collaborator friend, Erna marsdttir. For the
album recording, Johann has rewritten it for a sixty- piece string orchestra, adding a new final movement and incorporating electronics
and vintage reel- to- reel recordings of a singing IBM 1401 found in his fathers attic.
[ 16]
1401 cult ure
This section may cont ain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made
and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed.
(April 2009)
More well- known were various demo programs to play music on transistor radios placed on the
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Areel of half- inch, 7- track tape
being loaded onto an IBM 729 tape
drive. An IBM 1403 line printer is in the
foreground.
Thi s art i cl e cont ai ns spe ci al
charact e rs. Without proper rendering
support , you may see question marks,
boxes, or other symbols.
More well- known were various demo programs to play music on transistor radios placed on the
CPU
[ 17]
and computer "art", mostly kitschy pictures printed using Xs and 0s on chain printers.
[ 18]
The 1401 was made before FCC rules came into effect limiting unintentional radiation from
electronic devices. As a result the 1401 would radiate signals covering the entire AM radio band.
This had some utility as an AM radio placed on top of the computer would emit a stream of
audible notes until the program ended, at which time the sounds would stop. This allowed a solo
operator of a 1401 to do other work until they were needed to start another
program.
[ citation needed]
Each operation transmitted a specific note, thus allowing someone to put
together music by executing the right op codes in a specific order. As an operator this also had
the effect that specific jobs would play the same musical notes when then run. For example, an
operator familiar with the sounds could easily identify an Autocoder compiler execution from a
payroll job based on the sequence of notes.
[ citation needed]
Another feature of the 1401 was small muffin fans that blew cool air into the bottom of each gate,
up around the electronics and out the top. It was common to take two standard IBM punch cards,
stapled together into a circle, and with the top cut and folded over, and place them over the air
stream from a fan. The cards would stay centered on the air stream and spin round and round as
the computer operated. This allowed operators to check at a glance from outside the room
whether the computer was operating or not based on the motion of the cards.
[ citation needed]
The simplicity of the 1401 made it, if not a modern ruggedized machine, fairly reliable in
stressful conditions. Thus IBM 1401 systems were more extensively used for US military logistics
applications, in Vietnam and elsewhere, than were other, more advanced, systems.
During the 1970s, IBM installed many 1401s in India and Pakistan where they were in use well into the 1980s. Some of today's Indian and
Pakistani software entrepreneurs started on these 1401s. The first computer in Pakistan, for example, was an IBM 1401 installed at
Pakistan International Airlines.
[ 19]
Charact er and Op codes
The table is in Character Collating Sequence.
Note: If Word mark bit is set, then the C bit will be opposite of shown. Of course, the C bit was determined and checked automatically
by the machine - normally it was of no concern to the programmers. The only way the C bit could be entered was by manually using
the switches on the Auxiliary Console. A programmer might use these switches to make quick patches while debugging.
BCD
Charact er
Print -
A
Print -
H
Card
BCD
w/o M
Operat ion Definition & Not es
Blank C
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. . .
12- 3-
8
BA8 21 Halt
)
12- 4-
8
CBA84
Clear Word
Mark
Lozenge
[
12- 5-
8
BA84 1
<
12- 6-
8
BA842 Less Than

12- 7-
8
CBA8421 Group Mark
& & + 12 CBA
$ $ $
11- 3-
8
CB 8 21
* * *
11- 4-
8
B 84
] 11- 5- 8 CB 84 1
;
11- 6-
8
CB 842

11- 7-
8
B 8421 Delta (Mode Change)
- - - 11 B
/ / / 0- 1 C A 1 Clear Storage
, , , 0- 3- 8 C A8 21 Set Word Mark
% % ( 0- 4- 8 A84 Divide Optional special feature.
0- 5- 8 C A84 1 Word Separator
\ 0- 6- 8 C A842 Left Oblique
0- 7- 8 A8421 Tape Segment Mark

N/A
0
A
Cannot be read from card
without a no- cost RPQ, in which
case it is read as 8- 2.
Punches as zero. Blank with
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"even-parity" on tape.
# # = 3- 8 8 21 Modify Address
Optional (requires more than
4000 characters of memory)
@ @ ' 4- 8 C 84 Multiply Optional special feature.
: 5- 8 84 1
> 6- 8 842 Greater Than
7- 8 C 8421 Tape Mark
? & & 12- 0 CBA8 2 Zero and Add Plus Zero
A A A 12- 1 BA 1 Add
B B B 12- 2 BA 2 Branch
C C C 12- 3 CBA 21 Compare
D D D 12- 4 BA 4 Move Numerical (Bits)
E E E 12- 5 CBA 4 1
Move
Characters and
Edit

F F F 12- 6 CBA 42 Control Carriage (Printer)
G G G 12- 7 BA 421
H H H 12- 8 BA8
Store B-
Address
Register
Optional special feature.
I I I 12- 9 CBA8 1
! - - 11- 0 B 8 2
Zero and
Subtract
Minus Zero
J J J 11- 1 CB 1
K K K 11- 2 CB 2
Select Stacker
and other
device controls
(Card and some others)
L L L 11- 3 B 21
Load
Characters to
Word Mark

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M M M 11- 4 CB 4
Move
Characters to
Word Mark

N N N 11- 5 B 4 1 No Operation
O O O 11- 6 B 42
P P P 11- 7 CB 421
Move
Characters to
Record or
Group Mark
Optional special feature.
Q Q Q 11- 8 CB 8
Store A-
Address
Register
Optional special feature.
R R R 11- 9 B 8 1
0- 2- 8 A8 2 Record Mark
S S S 0- 2 C A 2 Subtract
T T T 0- 3 A 21 Translate (1460 only)
U U U 0- 4 C A 4 Control Unit (Tape)
V V V 0- 5 A 4 1
Branch if Word
Mark
and/or Zone

W W W 0- 6 A 42
Branch if Bit
Equal
Optional special feature.
X X X 0- 7 C A 421
Move and Insert
Zeros
Optional special feature.
Y Y Y 0- 8 C A8 Move Zone (Bits)
Z Z Z 0- 9 A8 1
Move
Characters and
Suppress Zeros

0 0 0 0 C 8 2
1 1 1 1 1 Read a Card
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2 2 2 2 2 Write a Line
3 3 3 3 C 21 Write and Read
4 4 4 4 4 Punch a Card
5 5 5 5 C 4 1
Read and
Punch

6 6 6 6 C 42 Write and Punch
7 7 7 7 421
Write, Read,
and Punch

8 8 8 8 8
Start Read
Feed
Optional special feature.
9 9 9 9 C 8 1
Start Punch
Feed
Optional special feature.
Modif iers f or Select St acker (K) inst ruct ion
BCD Charact er Unit Meaning
Blank 1401
set program activity recording
at BBB only if A is, dd
1 1402 select last card read to stacker 1 if within 10 ms
2 1402 select last card read to stacker 8/2 if within 10 ms
4 1402 select previous card punched to stacker 4
8 1402 select previous card punched to stacker 8/2
= or # 1444 select previous card punched to stacker 2
L 1009 operate in load mode
$ 1402 overlap on
A 1009 suppress 3- second alarm
C DDC read request
D 1009 set direction to receive
DDC write request
E 1009 set direction to transmit
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Thi s art i cl e cont ai ns spe ci al
charact e rs. Without proper rendering
support , you may see question marks,
boxes, or other symbols.
DDC reset
F 1009 send EOF
. 1402 overlap off
) 1402 reset overlap
Modif iers f or f ive-charact er Branch on Indicat or (B) inst ruct ion
BCD Charact er Unit Meaning
Blank 1401 Unconditionalno word mark needed in next character
1 1009 in run condition
1011 punch in backspace operation
1011 reader parity indicator on
1231 auto select
1285 error
1412 control- check indicator on
1418 late read
1419 document to be read
1428 late read or late reading mode change
1445 printer error
7340 hypertape unusual end
7740 transmission complete with abnormal status
DDC transmission error
2 1009 buffer available
1011 punch ready
1011 reader ready
1231 full buffer
1285 end of line
1412 reader- not- ready signal on
1418 ready to engage
1419 document under read head (PDS 4)
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1428 ready to engage
7340 hypertape normal end
7740 transmission complete successfully
DDC transmission ended by GMWM
3 1009 good transmission occurred
1011 punch not ready to receive data
1231 ready to read
1285 reader transporting
1412 read- check indicator on
1418 document under selected read station
1419 valid amount field
1428 document under selected read station
7340 hypertape control unit 7641 busy
7740 receive request
DDC read request
4 1009 reply- bad indicator on
1011 punch not ready to read
1231 empty hopper
1285 marked line
1412 amount- field indicator on
1419 valid process- control field
7340 hypertape attention
7740 7740 attention
DDC write request
5 1009 error reply acknowledgement
1011 punch overextended
1231 read error or overrun
1285 header information
1412 process- control indicator on
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1418 document end
1419 valid account- number field
1428 document end
1445 printer busy
6 1009 program attention required
1011 punch supply reel low or chad box full
1231 timing mark check
1285 ready to read a line
1412 account- number indicator on
1418 character on line
1419 valid transit- number field
1428 character on line
1445 carriage busy
DDC write in progress
7 1009 end of message
1285 reader ready
1412 transit- number indicator on
1418 empty hopper and transport (end of file)
1419 valid serial- number field
1428 empty hopper and transport (end of file)
1445 carriage channel 9
DDC read in progress
8 1009 end of file
1285 end of file
1412 document- spacing- check indicator on
1418 ready to read
1419 auto- select
1428 ready to read
1448 carriage channel 12
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DDC system A stopped
9 1403 carriage tape channel 9
0 1404 validity error
' or @ 1403 carriage tape channel 12
> 1448 end of block
/ 1401 unequal compare
S 1401 equal compare
T 1401 low compare
U 1401 high compare
V 1301 disk error
1311 disk error
1405 read or write parity check or read back check error
W 1301 wrong- length record
1311 wrong- length record
1405 wrong- length record
X 1301 uniqual- address compare
1311 uniqual- address compare
1405 uniqual- address compare
Y 1301 any disk- unit error condition
1311 any disk- unit error condition
1405 any disk- unit error condition
Z 1401 arithmetic overflow
1403 printer error (record mark)
( or % 1401 process check with process check switch off
1440 I/O check stop switch off
\ 1301 access busy
1311 access busy
J 1419 I/O channel- busy indicator
TAU tape busy
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SIO serial input- output busy
K TAU end of reel (writing) or tape mark (reading)
L TAU tape error
N 1301 access inoperable
1311 access inoperable
1405 access inoperable
P 1403 printer busy
Q 1407 inquiry request
R 1403 carriage busy
! 1402 punch error
* 1407 inquiry clear
+ or & 1442 last card (Reader unit 2)
A 1402 last card if SS A is on
B 1401 SS B
7340 hypertape attention response
C 1401 SS C
D 1401 SS D
E 1401 SS E
7340 hypertape end response
F 1401 SS F
G 1401 SS G
H 1402 reader busy
I 1402 punch busy
? 1402 reader error
< 1448 early warning
Ref erences
1. ^ "1401 Data Processing System" . IBM Archives . October 5, 1959 . Retrieved June 2, 2010.
2. ^ Columbia University, Computing History Project
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[edit]
3. ^
a

b
Spicer, Dag. "Back to Life: The story behind CHM' s IBM 1401 Restoration" . Computer History Museum. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
4. ^ "FAQ' s for Products and Services" . IBM Archives . Retrieved June 2, 2010.
5. ^ Pugh, Emerson W. (1995). Building IBM: Shaping an Industry and Its Technology . MIT. p. 273. ISBN 0-262-16147-8.
6. ^ "1401 Restoration Project" .
7. ^ "1401 "Rebuilding the IBM," by Philip E. Ross, IEEE Spectrum, November 2009" .
8. ^ IBM and BCD
9. ^ K is used in this article for 1000, not 1024.
10. ^ IBM (April 1962). IBM 1401 Data Processing System: Reference Manual . p. 20. A24-1403-5.
11. ^ "Tom Van Vleck: 1401s I have known" .
12. ^ Rob Storey. "Core memory frame from an IBM 1401" . Retrieved 2012-07-15.
13. ^ "The IBM 1401" . IBM 1401 Restoration Project . Computer History Museum. Retrieved 2012-07-15. "The 1401s clock frequency is 86,957
cycles per second, or about 87 kiloHertz! This corresponds to an 11.5 micro-second system clock cycle time. ... The 1401 CPU does
everything in a character-serial manner. In order to add say two N-digit numbers, the CPU takes several cycles to fetch the instruction itself and
then one cycle for every character of the instructions two operands or arguments, or 2N cycles total."
14. ^ IBM Corporation (1961). "IBM 1401 Principles of Programming, Section 7" (PDF). IBM Personal Study Program . IBM Corporation. p. 19.
Retrieved 2012-07-15. "The timing of the IBM 1401 is described in terms of the time required for one complete core storage cycle, which is 11.5
microseconds ... The time required for any internal processing instruction is always a multiple of this interval of time."
15. ^ "Jhann Jhannsson profile" . 4AD web site. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
16. ^ "Jhann Jhannsson: IBM 1401, A User' s Manual" . work's web site. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
17. ^ "1401-music-Movie" .
18. ^ Gansing, Kristoffer (2007). "Working Paper version - Humans Thinking Like Machines - Incidental Media Art in the Swedish Welfare State" .
University of Malm, School of Arts & Communication. Retrieved May 2011. A full version to be published in Place Studies in Art, Media,
Science and Technology, VDG Weimar , 2009
19. ^ "History of PIA" .
Furt her reading
Bashe, Charles J.; Johnson, Lyle R; Palmer, John H.; Pugh, Emerson W. (1986). IBM's Early Computers. MIT. p. 717. ISBN 0- 262-
02225- 7. Chapter 12 Broadening the Base pages 465- 494, a history of IBM's 1401 and 1403 development
IBM (April 1966). IBM 1401 System Summary (PDF). A24- 1401- 1. Brief descriptions of the machine features, components,
configurations, and special features
IBM (April 1962). IBM 1401 Data Processing System: Reference Manual (PDF). A24- 1403- 5.
Ext ernal links
IBM 1401 documents on bitsavers.org
A Century of Smart: The IBM 1401 (1959) . IBM Social Media. 2009- 11- 16. Retrieved 2009- 11- 17. Video captures thoughts and
reflections of some of the original 1401 team members from a reunion held in Endicott, NY in 2009. Includes footage from IBM 1401
marketing films.
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IBM 1401 videos and sounds
1401s I have Known , Tom Van Vleck
Haines, L. H. (1965). "Serial compilation and the 1401 FORTRAN compiler" . IBM Systems Journal 4 (1): 7380.
doi:10.1147/sj.41.0073 .. This article was reprinted, edited, in both editions of Lee, John A. N. (1967(1st), 1974(2nd)). Anatomy of a
Compiler . Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Music inspired by the IBM 1401: Johann Johannsson's "IBM 1401: A User's Manual"
Categories: IBM transistorized computers 1959 introductions
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