MM091372

POLYMER AND COMPOSITE MATERIAL

Credit: 3 SKS
Semester: 7
LECTURE 2
DEPARTMENT OF MATERIALS AND METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER (ITS) SURABAYA
Dr. Eng. Hosta Ardhyananta, S.T., M.Sc.
NIP. 19801207 2005 01 1 004
Texture of polymers
Texture of polymers is geometrical arrangement of
atoms in polymer chain
The geometrical arrangement of atoms can be divided:
1. Arrangements fixed by the chemical bonding in the
molecule such as cis and trans isomers, or d and l forms,
called as configuration.
2. Arrangements arising from rotation about single bonds
such as manifold forms polymer chain, called as
conformations.
In the molten state, polymer chains move freely
Glass-transition temperature is where polymeric
materials undergo a marked change is properties
associated with the cessation of local molecular motion
Crystalline polymer is geometric regular structure
The properties of crystalline polymers are highly
desirable
Crystalline polymers are strong, tough, stiff, and
resistant to solvents and chemicals
Further improvements can be brought in first, by
increasing intermolecular forces through the
selection of highly polar polymers and by using stiff
polymer chains, second, by fiber form by the
process of orientation or drawing.
To understand the texture of polymers : explain the
schematic illustration of polymer texture below
?
?
?
Fig. 1-2. The interrelation of the states of bulk
polymers.
HISTORY OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE
Early investigation
Natural polymers have been utilized throughout the
ages
Man has been dependent on animal and vegetable
matter for shelter
Asphalt; amber during Greeks; gum mastic during
Romans.
In the beginning, the term colloid was proposed for
polymer.
Colloidal state of matter was considered to be like
the gaseous, liquid, and solid states
Physical aggregates of small molecule
Before the work of Raoult and vant Hoff in 1880s,
there is no suitable methods were available for
estimating molecular weights
The rise of polymer science
Macromolecular hypothesis came about in 1920s,
because of the efforts of Staudinger (1920), who
received the Nobel Prize in 1953
He proposed long-chain formulas for polystyrene, rubber
and polyoxymethylene
More careful molecular-weight measurements as did by
x-ray
Flory (1937) elucidated mechanism for chain-reaction
polymerization, Nobel Prize in 1974
Natta (1955) first recognized the presence of
stereospecific regularity in vinyl polymers, Nobel Prize in
1963
Early industrial developments
The modern plastics industry began with the
utilization of natural rubber for eraser
Goodyears discovery of vulcanization in 1839
In 1851 hard rubber or ebonite was patented and
commercialized
Roda kereta kuda awalnya terbuat dari kayu, roda
kereta api terbuat dari logam
Cellulose nitrate or nitrocellulose, discovered in
1838, was succesfully commercialized by Hyatt in
1870
The oldest of purely synthetic plastics is the family of
phenol-formaldehyde resins, Bakelite (Baekeland
1909)
Texture of polymers
Texture of polymers is geometrical arrangement of
atoms in polymer chain
The geometrical arrangement of atoms can be
divided:
1. Arrangements fixed by the chemical bonding in
the molecule such as cis and trans isomers, or d
and l forms, called as configuration.
2. Arrangements arising from rotation about single
bonds such as manifold forms polymer chain, called
as conformations.
In the molten state, polymer chains move freely
Glass-transition temperature is where polymeric
materials undergo a marked change is properties
associated with the cessation of local molecular
motion
Crystalline polymer is geometric regular structure
The properties of crystalline polymers are highly
desirable
Crystalline polymers are strong, tough, stiff, and
resistant to solvents and chemicals
Further improvements can be brought in first, by
increasing intermolecular forces through the
selection of highly polar polymers and by using stiff
polymer chains, second, by fiber form by the
process of orientation or drawing.
To understand the texture of polymers : explain the
schematic illustration of polymer texture below
?
?
?
Fig. 1-2. The interrelation of the states of bulk
polymers.
HISTORY OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE
Early investigation
Natural polymers have been utilized throughout the
ages
Man has been dependent on animal and vegetable
matter for shelter
Asphalt; amber during Greeks; gum mastic during
Romans.
In the beginning, the term colloid was proposed for
polymer.
Colloidal state of matter was considered to be like
the gaseous, liquid, and solid states
Physical aggregates of small molecule
Before the work of Raoult and vant Hoff in 1880s,
there is no suitable methods were available for
estimating molecular weights
The rise of polymer science
Macromolecular hypothesis came about in 1920s,
because of the efforts of Staudinger (1920), who
received the Nobel Prize in 1953
He proposed long-chain formulas for polystyrene, rubber
and polyoxymethylene
More careful molecular-weight measurements as did by
x-ray
Flory (1937) elucidated mechanism for chain-reaction
polymerization, Nobel Prize in 1974
Natta (1955) first recognized the presence of
stereospecific regularity in vinyl polymers, Nobel Prize in
1963
Early industrial developments
The modern plastics industry began with the
utilization of natural rubber for eraser
Goodyears discovery of vulcanization in 1839
In 1851 hard rubber or ebonite was patented and
commercialized
Roda kereta kuda awalnya terbuat dari kayu, roda
kereta api terbuat dari logam
Cellulose nitrate or nitrocellulose, discovered in
1838, was succesfully commercialized by Hyatt in
1870
The oldest of purely synthetic plastics is the family of
phenol-formaldehyde resins, Bakelite (Baekeland
1909)