Sie sind auf Seite 1von 44

3D Reservoir

Characterisation
Geophysical Analysis
Lithology &
Saturation, porosity
Structural/ Strat.
Model
3D Seismic
Interpretation
Reservoir
UTP COURSE : ReservoirGeophysics
Attributes Attributes
Field Economics
Up or Down
Scale ??
Final Reservoir
Sedimentology
Model
Characterisation
Model/Static
Fluid Flow Modelling
Well Test
Permeability
PVT/MDT
Production History
Matching and
Forecast
Facies
Hi Res-Sequence
Stratigraphy &
Environment
Sequence boundary
Maximum Flooding
Surface
Petrophysical/
Wire Line
Property
Model
Reservoir
Simulation
Dynamic
Optimum
Field
Development
Plan
Geostatistics
Variogram
Uncertainity
Final Reservoir
Model
Model
Planning
Block
Acquisition
Frontier
Exploration
Prospect
Evaluation
Drilling
Discovery Volumes Appraisal
Reserve &
Economic
LIFE OF FIELD
Exploration Exploration
Appraisal Appraisal
Reservoir
Static Model
Simulation
Production
Forecast
PVT
RFT
DST
Development
Plan
Infill
Drilling
Field Development Field Development
EOR EOR
FLOODIG FLOODIG
IJECTIO IJECTIO
SECODARY SECODARY
RECOVERY RECOVERY
PRODUCER & PRODUCER &
IJECTOR IJECTOR
Secondary Recovery Secondary Recovery
Exploration Success Through
Innovative Solution
ACQ/PROCESSIG - Seismic Data Acquisition
- Seismic Data Processing
- Survey and Positioning
- Seismic Survey Design
- OBC 4 C / Shear Seismic
GEOPHYSICAL EXPERTISE
SEISMIC
ITERPRETATIO

SEISMIC METHOD
QUATITATIVE
GEOPHYSICS
- AVO & Rock Physics
- Seismic Inversion
- Structural Modeling & Imaging
Seismic Attribute Analysis
-Reservoir Modelling
-Full Field Development
- Time Lapse Seismic
ITERPRETATIO
3D Visualisation
Seismic Interpretation
RESERVOIR
GEOPHYSICS
SEISMIC SECTIO FROM ORTH VIETAM
5 5
TOP CARBOATE RESPOSE IDETIFIED FROM
GEOLOGICAL FIELD AALOG ( ORTH VIETAM )
Brazil
West Nile Delta
DEEPWATER IMAGES
6 6
Courtesy BG plc
L in e 3
5 0 0 m
West Africa
Courtesy BP
Courtesy Enterprise Oil/Shell
GORGE
DEEPWATER GEOLOGICAL MODEL
& SEISMIC RESPOSE
3D SEISMIC IMAGE
SHALE DIAPIAR
POCKMARK
SEDIMET
TRASPORT
FA LOBE
In Deep Water environment hi res 3D images provide excellent
tool to develop, Calibrate & Test Geological conceptual models.
Sand-rich environment
Petroleum System Processes
Seal Rock Seal Rock
Reservoir
Rock
Reservoir
Rock
Oil Oil
Water Water
Gas
Cap
Gas
Cap
Entrapment Entrapment
24803
120 F 120 F
350 F 350 F
Generation Generation
Migration Migration
Rock Rock
Source: AAPG
Source: AAPG
FORWARD & INVERSE SEISMIC FORWARD & INVERSE SEISMIC
PROBLEM PROBLEM
ACQUISITION
SYSTEMS
START
WAVELET
RECOVER
Structure
Velocity
Rock, Fluid, Lithology
END
M
O
D
E
L
L
I
N
G
I
N
V
E
R
S
I
O
N
t
9 9
EARTH PROPOGATION
EFFECT
CONVOLVE
EARTH MODEL
Vp, Vs,
Porosity
Structure
Saturation
SEISMIC RESPONSE
DECONVOLVE
RECOVER
GEOLOGY
M
O
D
E
L
L
I
N
G
I
N
V
E
R
S
I
O
N
t
*
*
THE SEISMIC EXPERIMENT
Interaction of Geology & Geophysics
SEISMIC SOURCE
GEOLOGICAL
STRUCTURE
Depth
Km
Courtesy GX Technology
Various wave modes Various wave modes
Up-going Wave
11 11
Down-going Wave
Identify various wave types:
a) Downgoing wave c) distortion in wave shape
Snells Laws of Reflection and
common depth point (CDP)
method
Snells Laws of Reflection and
Refraction
Sin i/V1 = Sin r / V2
Understanding Understanding Wave Behavior Wave Behavior
13 13
FAULTED SYNCLINAL STRUCTURE
M
O
D
E
L
L
I
N
G
Depth 2.0
km
3.0
I
N
V
E
R
S
I
O
N

(
I
M
A
G
I
N
G
)
*
*
14 14
SEISMIC DIFFRACTION RESPONSE
M
O
D
E
L
L
I
N
G
Time 1.0
secs
2.0
I
N
V
E
R
S
I
O
N

(
I
M
A
G
I
N
G
)
*
*
3D VISUALISATION OF 3D VISUALISATION OF
GAS FIELD GAS FIELD
Fault
Gas
15 15
Horizon
Well
Path
CONVOLUTION MODEL OF SEISMIC TRACE CONVOLUTION MODEL OF SEISMIC TRACE

*
AI(t) RC(t) W(t) S(t
)
M O D E L I G

*
I V E R S I O
AI : Acoustic impedance RC : Reflection coefficient
W : Wavelet S : Seismic trace
2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1
V V
Rc
V V

=
+
VELOCITY MODELLIG
Figure 3.8.31 : Instantaneous Phase Map for E1213 reservoir. Comparison between 1984 and 2002 seismic data
Block S3 Block S3
Base survey (1984) Monitor survey (2002)
SEISMIC IN LIFE OF FIELD SEISMIC IN LIFE OF FIELD
By
DR DEVA GHOSH
Compiled by:
Salbiah Mad Sahad
SEISMIC INTERPRETATIONAL SEISMIC INTERPRETATIONAL
FRAMEWORK FRAMEWORK
By
DR DEVA GHOSH
P.R.S.B
Compiled by Salbiah Bt M
Sahad
Structure & Strat.
Mapping
Geological Models
Concept
3D Seismic
SEISMIC ITERPRETATIO VALUE CHAI
Recommendation
To Drill
Attribute Analysis
3D Seismic
Well Data
Rock Physics
Prospect
Evaluation
Resources
& Risks
3D VISUALISATION OF GAS FIELD 3D VISUALISATION OF GAS FIELD
Fault
Gas
Horizon
Well
Path
Depth map
GWC 1417m
Channels viewed using
transparency.
3D Visualisation of Channel Play
MALAY BASI N
Channels maybe
difficult to recognize
on traditional
displays.
SEISMIC WAVE
0
-
+
High Frequency
10 60 Hz (Cycles/sec)
Polarity (Hard) (Soft)
Amplitude (-)
(Reservoir)
25 25
0 Phase
90 Phase
180 Phase
Wavelength
= v /
= 3000/30
Resolution = 25 m
= 100 m
Low Frequency
6 35 Hz
SEISMIC VARIABLES & ITS ATTRIBUTES
AMPLITUDE
Sand quality NTG
Porosity
Fluid & Lithology
26 26
FREQUENCY
PHASE Resolution
Thin beds/Tuning
Channel detection
Seismic well match
Discontinuity faults
Unconformity
All seismic attributes are linear combination of these three basic variable. While
interpreting seismic data use has to be made of all information derived from these attributes
Class I :
Structural Attributes
Classification of Seismic Attributes Classification of Seismic Attributes
Class 2 :
Spectral Attributes
Flat spot
DHI Indicator : Flat Spot
Class 3 :
Lithology/Porefill
Attributes
Structure and fault volume Interpretation can be
done with transparency in 3D Viz
Semangkok Timur-1
Semangkok Timur-2
Semangkok Timur Deep-1
Ridan-2
EC
EC
Semangkok Timur-1
Semangkok Timur-2
Semangkok Timur Deep-1
Ridan-2
EC
EC
Semangkok Timur-1
Semangkok Timur-2
Semangkok Timur Deep-1
Ridan-2
EC
EC
Semangkok Timur-1
Semangkok Timur-2
Semangkok Timur Deep-1
Ridan-2
EC
EC
Semangkok Timur-1
Semangkok Timur-2
Semangkok Timur Deep-1
Ridan-2
EC
EC
Semangkok Timur-1
Semangkok Timur-2
Semangkok Timur Deep-1
Ridan-2
EC
EC
Stratigraphic channels Imaging on
Spectral Decomposition Abrupt termination on AVO envelope
attribute in a gas reservoir, Sarawak
Amplitude shut off and Phase change on a
producing field in Malay basin
Better imaging at higher frequency
At 45 Hz At 65 Hz
I-25 Channel System
RMS Amplitude Extraction
Diwangsa-1
I-25 Channel System
STRATIGRAPHIC CHAELIG MALAY BASI
Korbu-1
Analog
Best Chances of Finding
sands are in Point bars
3D Seismic Far Offset
Malay Basin Malay Basin Stratigraphic Stratigraphic Channel Play Channel Play
Low sinuosity meandering channel
Seismic Image has to be
interpreted in context of
Depositional Environment .
Determine :
Geometry ( L/W/D) Sinuosity
Flow direction
3D Seismic Image Geological Models & Analogues
3D Visualization & Channel (white)
cutting coal layer
ATTRIBUTE ANALYSIS
Seismic Waveform Seismic Waveform Facies Facies Identification Identification
Seismic Waveform classification using supervised
neural network of geological facies well motif
INTERPRETIVE GEOPHYSICS
SEISMIC IMAGE
CRISP FAULT
IMAGING
31 31
COHERENCY
Significance of Amplitude Significance of Amplitude
Quality of sand: Net Quality of sand: Net- -to to- -Gross. Gross.
Porosity. Porosity.
Pore fill: gas, oil or brine. Pore fill: gas, oil or brine.
Lithology Lithology, hard on soft shale, coal. , hard on soft shale, coal.
Thin bed Interference AVO Thin bed Interference AVO
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
1000.00
P
e
r
m
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y

(
m
d
)
Series1
Fluvial channels
Fluvial channels
Proximal lower
shoreface
Distal lower
shoreface
Flood
plain
RESERVOIR QUALITY FROM SEISMICAMPLITUDE & FACIES RESERVOIR QUALITY FROM SEISMICAMPLITUDE & FACIES
POOR POROSITY GOOD

Seismic
Amplitude
Sedimentology & Facies
RESERVOIR
EFFICIECY
0.01
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
Porosity (%)
Reservoie Efficiency of K Reservoir In a Malaysia Field as aFunction Of Depositional Facies
Poor SAND QUALITY . Good
POOR POROSITY GOOD
Bunga Zetung 1
Bunga Zetung 1
For Data From 20 to 30 Hz
Direct Hydrocarbon Indicators (DHI) Direct Hydrocarbon Indicators (DHI)
ot all bright spots are DHI.For example: the
following can cause a bright spot
Hard shale on soft shale. Hard shale on soft shale.
Brine sand.
Anisotropy.
DHIs are best studied in the AVO-Inversion domain.
However, on the stacked section the DHIs have
recognizable patterns that an experienced
interpreter can detect.
Structural conformity
GAS
3. ) INSTANTANEOUS 3. ) INSTANTANEOUS
FREQUENCY : DROP ( Gas FREQUENCY : DROP ( Gas
Play) Play)
Amplitude Interpretation Amplitude Interpretation: :
Direct hydrocarbon Indicators Direct hydrocarbon Indicators
Gas masking at crest
Gas-water contact
1.) STRUCTURE CONFORMABLE 1.) STRUCTURE CONFORMABLE
AMPLITUDE AMPLITUDE
Red Low
Frequency
35 35 2.) FLAT SPOT OF FLUID 2.) FLAT SPOT OF FLUID
CONTACT CONTACT
2D
3D
4.) AMPLITUDE SHUT OFF 4.) AMPLITUDE SHUT OFF
& PHASE REVERSAL & PHASE REVERSAL
Gas-water contact


KUMANG-1KUMANG-2
W
ES
T
AR
EA
EA
ST
AR
EA
Mo
del
KUMANG-3_Prop
I II
III
GWC 1018 m TVDSS
STRUCTURE COFORMABLE AMPLITUDES A DHI
BU-1 B80
BU-3 B80
BU-4 B80
BUD-1 B80
BU-3 B100
BU-3 D10
920
930
940
950
960
970
980
990
1000
BU-1 B80
BU-3 B80
BU-4 B80
BUD-1 B80
BU-3 B100
BU-3 D10
920
930
940
950
960
970
980
990
1000
In all closures related to Structure ( 4 way Dip or Fault )
Amplitudes conform to structure if related to Hydrocarbon
BU-3 D10
BU-4 D10
BU-2 D34
BU-3 D34
BU-4 D34
BUD-1 D34
BU-4 D36
BU-1 D60
BU-2 D60
BU-4 D60
Normal Water Line
Normal Water Line
0.433 psi/ft
Gas Line
0.08 psi/ft
1660 1680 1700 1720 1740 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040
Formation Pressure (psia)
1000
1010
1020
1030
1040
1050
1060
1070
1080
1090
1100
1110
1120
1130
1140
1150
1160
1170
1180
1190
1200
1210
1220
1230
1240
1250
1260
1270
1280
1290
1300
1310
1320
1330
1340
1350
1360
1370
1380
1390
1400
1410
D
e
p
th
(
m
T
V
D
s
s
)
BU-3 D10
BU-4 D10
BU-2 D34
BU-3 D34
BU-4 D34
BUD-1 D34
BU-4 D36
BU-1 D60
BU-2 D60
BU-4 D60
Normal Water Line
Normal Water Line
0.433 psi/ft
Gas Line
0.08 psi/ft
1660 1680 1700 1720 1740 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040
Formation Pressure (psia)
1000
1010
1020
1030
1040
1050
1060
1070
1080
1090
1100
1110
1120
1130
1140
1150
1160
1170
1180
1190
1200
1210
1220
1230
1240
1250
1260
1270
1280
1290
1300
1310
1320
1330
1340
1350
1360
1370
1380
1390
1400
1410
D
e
p
th
(
m
T
V
D
s
s
)
Gas Water Contact
PRESSURE PLOT
ear Angle Far Angle
AVO Process
AVO CLASSES
23
AVO RESPOSE I TURBIDITE
EAR FAR
Both the primary target and a potential prospect show typical Class II type anomaly,
predrill. The primary target was discovery
SEISMIC SECTIO
EXPLORATIO PITFALL
Abandoned Clay Channel
FULL STACK AMPLITUDE
Channels
GSM 2008
Stack amplitude cannot
distinguish H.C sand from
clay channel
Importance of Low
Seismic Inversion Seismic Inversion
SEISMIC INVERSION
Well AI
Inverted AI
(10-80 Hz)
Wavelet Seismic
AI from
Inversion
TRVE
Acoustic
Impedance
Importance of Low Frequency
Inverted AI
(0-80 Hz)
FIG. 2 : (0 - 10Hz) LOW FREQUENCIES OF PRIME IMPORTANCE IN RECOVERING PROPER IMPEDANCE
3D SEISMIC
GEOLOGY
GEO-STATISTICS
WELL/PETROPHYSICAL
IVERSIO
OUTPUT
Importance of Low
Frequency 0- 8Hz
SABAH, KINARUT
LITHOLOGY SECTION
Full Refl
Knr 2S2 Knr 2 Knr 1
Shale
Sand
TD=8300ftah
Base Kinarut sand
Top
Lower
Kamunsu
sand
Knr 3
GWC
Vp / Vs
2.0
1.5
Shl
Snd
SIMULTANEOUS
INVERSION
3D SEISMIC
SAND
SHALE
FIG. 2 : (0 - 10Hz) LOW FREQUENCIES OF PRIME IMPORTANCE IN RECOVERING PROPER IMPEDANCE
3D REPRESETATIO OF AVO ATTRIBUTE
Vs
POISSONS
RATIO
SHEAR
IMPEDANCE
B THI BED
RESOLUTIO
ACOUSTIC
IMPEDANCE
Vp

RATIO
ELASTIC IMPEDANCE
IVERSIO IMPROVED
SEISMIC RESOLUTIO
Courtesy CSMP
Coal
Channel
AI EI
Coal Coal- -HC Discrimination in Elastic Domain HC Discrimination in Elastic Domain
Gas sand
Coal
AI
AI
Coal
HC Sand
EI
Q.I. Analysis
DHI
In EI domain coal effect can
Coal Masks HC & Channel
Response
In EI domain coal effect can
Overlap zone
Poissons Ratio
EI
Courtesy PETRONAS - PTT
Coal
EI
Seismic Amplitude Inversion
WORKFLOW
3D Seismic
(ear, Mid, far)
Well Data
Rock Physics
Geological Analysis
ACOUSTIC
IMPEDACE
Vs
Vp

POISSOS
RATIO
SHEAR
IMPEDACE
ELASTIC
IMPEDACE
Seismic Properties
Vp , Vs ,Sigma, Rho
REFLECTIVIT
Y
A.I./ E.I.
Pressure/
Saturation
Porosity
Sand
%
Probalistic HC Prediction & Volume
Reservoir /Fluid
Properties
Porosity, Sand %,

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen