1.

CURRENT AFFAIRS MCQS CSS/PMS(LATEST)

By Zulqarnain Sewag in NOA-National Officers Academy (Lahore Campus)
IMPORTANT MCQs FOR CURRENT AFFAIRS
1. The name of Pakistans ambassador to the US is Sherry Rehman
2. Pakistan is a non permanent member of UN Security Council
3. The US Envoy to Pakistan and Afghanistan is Marc Grossman
4. OIC has been recently renamed as Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Previously it was Organisation of Islamic Conference.
5. The US ambassador to Pakistan is Cameron Munter
6. The current Chairman senate is Farooq H. Naek
7. Pakistan leased out Shamsi airbase to UAE
8. Abbotabad Operation was carried out on May 2 2011
9. Abbotabad Commission is headed by Justice Javed Iqbal
10. The President enjoys immunity from criminal proceedings Under Article 248 of the Constitution
11. Leon Panetta is the US Defence Secretary
12. 12. A K Anthony is the current defence Minister of India
13. S M Karishna is the minister of external affairs of India
14. P Chidambram is the Home affairs Minister of India
15. Pranab Mukharjee is the Finance Minister of India
16. Hina Rabbani is Minister for foreign affairs
17. Abdul Hafeez Sheikh is the Finance Minister of Pakistan
18. Khursheed Shah is minister for the religious affairs
19. Makhdoom Amin Fahim is the minister for trade
20. Maula Bux Chandio is the law Minister
21. Hillary Rodham Clinton is the current Secretary of the US
22. Joe Biden is the US vice President
23. Ekmelu din Ihsanoglu is the Secretary General of OIC
24. Reko Diq contains copper and gold and is situated in District Chagai ( Balochistan)
25. 2012 Olympics are going to be held in London
26. Headquarters of Asian Development are situated (ADB) at Manilla ( Phillipines)
27. 27. Headquarters of OIC are situated at Jedda
28. 28. Headquarters of SCO are situated at Shanghai
29. Headquarters of ECO are situated at Tehran
30. The current secretary General of UN is Ban Ki Moon ( South Korea)
31. Steve Jobs is the founder of apple I phone
32. Pratibha Patil is the President of India
33. Yingluck Shinawatra is the Prime Minister of Thailand
34. Muhammad Hamid Ansari is the Vice President of India
35. Yaseen Anwar is the current Governor of State Bank of Pakistan
36. Transparency International is headquartered at Berlin (Germany)
37. Lufthansa is the Airline of Germany
38. Nabil-el Araby is the current secretary General of the Arab League. ( He is from Egypt)
39. 39. National Flower of Pakistan is Jasmine
40. National Sport of Pakistan is Hockey.
41. Leader of the Opposition in the Senate is Abdul Ghafoor Haideri.
42. Markhor is the national animal of Pakistan.
43. Arfa Karim, the youngest software engineer, belongs to Pakistan.
44. RAW stands for research and analysis wing (intelligence agency of India).
45. Mossad is the intelligence agency of Israel.
46. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf is the head of state of Liberia. She is one of the three Noble Peace Prize winners for the year 2011.
47. Chinese Premier is Wen Jiabao
48. Hu Jintao is the President of China
49. Abdullah Hussain Haroon is Pakistans permanent representative in the UN.
50. World Trade Organisation (WTO) came into being in 1995
51. David Cameroon is the Prime Minister of UK.
52. Angelina Merkel is the German Chancellor.
53. Christine Lagarde is the new head of IMF.
54. Robert B. Zoellick is the head of World Bank.
55. Headquarters of ECO are situated at Tehran.
56. RCD was established in 1964.
57. Ali Akbar Salehi is the Foreign Minister of Iran.
58. Zalmai Rassoul is the foreign minister of Afghanistan.
59. Last Presidential elections in Afghanistan were held in 2009.
60. After Pashton , Tajik are the second largest ethnic group in Afghanistan. Hazara are the third largest group in Afghanistan.
61. Headquarters of South Waziristan are at Wana during summer and Tank during Winter.
62. Headquarters of North Waziristan are at Miramshah
63. Headquarters of Khyber Agency are at Landi Kotal
64. South Waziristan is the largest agency in size in FATA.
65. FATA comprises of seven agencies.
66. APP is the news agency of Pakistan whereas AP ( Associated Press) is the news agency of the US
67. AFP is the news agency of France.
68. Interfax is the news agency of Russia. It is the news agency of Ukraine also.
69. Reuters is the news agency of UK.
70. PTI is the news agency of India.
71. Xinhua is the news agency of China
72. Yonhap is the news agency of south Korea
73. SPA is the news agency of Saudi Arabia.
74. MFN stands for most favoured nation.
75. SCO was established in 2001.
76. G8, association of the richest and most developed countries of the world comprises of US, UK, France, Germany, Canada, Italy, Russia, Japan. It has
no formal structure.
77. Scandinavian states are Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway.
78. TAPI stands for Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India.
79. Bonn Conference was held in November 2011 to discuss post with drawl scenario in Afghanistan.
80. Pakistan boycotted Bonn Conference because of NATO attack on Salala check post.
81. Next Conference will be held in Chicago in May 2012.
82. Mansoor Ijaz is an American national ( not Pakistani) who has ignited memogate controversy.
83. Hussain Haqqani, Pakistans former ambassador to the US, had to resign as a result of memogate scandal.
84. Rao Qamar Suleman is the current Air Chief Marshal of Pakistan
85. Asif Sandila is the current Naval Chief of Pakistan
86. Chairman NAB is Admiral Fasih Bukhari.
87. PNS Mehran was attacked on 22 May 2011.
88. South Sudan Became a Nation on July 9, 2011. South Sudan's capital is Juba. Salva Kiir, South Sudan's president, signs the interim
Constitution
89. Kvitova and Djokovic won Wimbledon Titles in 2011.
90. Yoshiko Noda is the Prime Minister of Japan.
91. Saudi Arabia has recently granted right to vote to women.
92. Palestine became member of UNESCO on 31 October 2011.
93. Mario Monti is the Prime minister of Italy. He has replaced Berlusconi.n
94. Tahrir square is in Egypt.
95. First ever elections were held in Tunis on 24 Oct 2011.
96. On Oct 11, 2011, U.S. Attorney general Eric H. Holder announcedm from Washington that the Quds Force of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps
paid assassins from a Mexican drug cartel $1.5 million to kill Adel al-Jubeir, Saudi Arabia's ambassador to the United States.
97. South Sudan is the 193rd member of the UN.
1. George J Mitchell is President Obamas special envoy to the Middle East.

United Nations
1) The United Nations was established on 24 Oct 1945.
2) Official languages of UN are English, Russian, French,Chinese, Arabic,Spanish
3) There are currently 193 member states.
4) The first meetings of the General Assembly, with 51 nations represented, and the Security Council, took place in Westminster Central Hall in
London in January 1946.
5) Headquarters of UN are situated at international territory New York
6) Headquarters of World Bank and IMF are situated at Washington
7) Headquarters of FAO are situated at Rome
8) Headquarters of UNESCO are situated at Paris
9) Headquarters of UNICEF are situated at New York
10) Headquarters of International Court of Justice are situated at The Hague (The Netherlands)
11) Security Council consists of 15 members ( Five Permanent and Ten Non Permanent)
12) The Secretary-General is appointed by the General Assembly, after being recommended by the Security Council.
13) Veto Power is enjoyed by the Permanent members only
14) Headquarters of IAEA are at Vienna
15) Headquarters of ILO are at Geneva
16) Headquarters of Universal Postal Union are at Bern (Switzerland)
17) Headquarters of World Health Organisation are at Geneva
18) Headquarters of UNHCR are at Geneva
19) Ban Ki Moon is the Secretary General of UN . He is from South Korea.
20) International Court of Justice comprises of 15 judges.
21) Session of UN is held in September every year

Provinces/Territories
Punjab Governor: Latif Khosa Chief Ministers: Mian Shahbaz Shareef

Sindh Governor: Dr. Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan Chief Ministers: Qaim Ali Shah PA Speaker : Nisar Ahmed Khuhro

Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Governor: Syed Masood Kausar Chief Ministers: Ameer Haider Khan Hoti

Balochistan Governor: Zulfikar Ali Magsi Chief Ministers: Aslam Raisani

Gilgit-Baltistan Governor: Pir Karam Ali Shah Chief Ministers: Syed Mehdi Shah

Kashmir Governor: Raja Zulqarnain Khan Chief Ministers: Sardar Attique

Important Personalities
Bangladesh President: Zillur Rahman Prime Minister: Sheikh Hasina

Afghanistan President: Hamid Karzai Vice President : Mohammed Fahim and Karim Khalili

Russia President: Dmitry Medvedev Prime Minister: Vladimir Putin

Iran Leader of Iran: Ali Khamenei President: Mahmoud Ahmadinejad First Vice President: Mohammad-Reza Rahimi:

Iraq President: Jalal Talabani Prime Minister: Nouri al-Maliki

Israel President : Shimon Peres Prime Minister: Benjamin Netanyahu

United Kingdom Monarch: Elizabeth II

France President: Nicolas Sarkozy (UMP) Prime Minister: Franois Fillon (UMP)

Germany President : Christian Wulff (CDU Chancellor: Anglina Merkal


Canada
Monarch: Elizabeth II Governor General: David Johnston Prime Minister: Stephen Harper
Organisations

SAARC Secretariat: Kathmandu, Nepal Official languages: English Establishment: December 8, 1985 SAARC Secretariat was
established in Kathmandu on 16 January 1987 Members: (8) Afghanistan , Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka

ASEAN Secretariat: Jakarta, Indonesia Official languages: English Secretary-General: Surin Pitsuwan Establishment Bangkok
Declaration: 8 August 1967 Charter signed on: 16 December 2008 Members: (10) Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore , Thailand,
Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.

OIC Secretariat: Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Official languages: Arabic, English, French Establishment: September 25, 1969 Secretary-
General : Ekmeleddin hsanolu (Turkish) Members: 57 member states It changed its name from the Organisation of the Islamic
Conference on 28 June 2011 and renamed as Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

ECO Secretariat: Tehran, Iran Official languages: English Establishment: 1985 successor organisation of Regional Cooperation for
Development (RCD), founded in 1964, which ended activities in 1979. Secretary-General: Yahya Maroofi (Afghani) Members: 10 member
states Iran, Pakistan, Turkey Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

SCO Secretariat: Beijing, China Official languages: Chinese and Russian Establishment: 2001 Secretary-General: Muratbek
Sansyzbayevich Imanaliyev Members: (6 Members) China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan successor organization
Shanghai Five, founded in 1996; after the inclusion of Uzbekistan in 2001, the members renamed the organisation. Observers: (4 )Pakistan,
India, Iran and Mongolia Dialogue Partner: Belarus, Sri Lanka and Turkey Guests: ASEAN, CIS and Turkmenistan

NOBEL PRIZES FOR 2011
Nobel peace prize 2011


1) Winners are Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and Leymah Gbowee of Liberia and Tawakul Karman of Yemen for their non-violent struggle for the
safety of women and for womens rights to full participation in peace-building work.

Nobel Literature prize 2011

Tomas Transtrmer for condensed translucent images which give us fresh access to reality.

Nobel Economics prize 2011

Thomas J. Sargent and Christopher A. Sims for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy.

Nobel Physiology or Medicine prize 2011

Bruce Beutler, Jules A. Hoffmann and Ralph M. Steinman for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity. Nobel Chemistry
prize 2011

Dan Shechtman for the discovery of quasicrystals.

Nobel Physics prize 2011 Saul Perlmutter, Adam G. Riess & Brian P. Schmidt for his contributions to the discovery of the acceleration of the
expansion of the universe.
(PREPARED BY ZULQARNAIN-0313-4040037)
Posted 12th May 2012 by BEST CSS ACADEMY,NOA
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98.
abby10 July 2012 01:40
very informative post indeed.. being enrolled in http://www.wiziq.com/course/3822-current-affairs-2012-
for-ias-upsc-and-other-exams, Online Video Coaching I was looking for such articles online to assist
me.. and your post helped me a lot :)
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BEST CSS ACADEMY,NOA26 July 2012 05:24
welcome

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12

IJTEHAD in ISLAM
IJTEHAD
The modern age has raised large number of new problems for the Islamic Ummah. The Quran and Sunnah provide the concrete
bases on which answers to these problems can be found. Muslims all over the world are now devoting their attention to a
reinterpretation of Islam in the context of modern times. Generally speaking, the desire for religious reconstruction and moral
regeneration in the light of the fundamental principles of Islam has throughout their historical destiny, been deeply rooted among
Muslims-Progressivists as well as traditionalists. Both the sections seem conscious of the fact that the only way for the Muslims of
today, for an active and honorable participation in world affairs, is the reformation of positive lines of conduct suitable to
contemporary needs in the light of social and moral guidance offered by Islam. This, however, entail a great and heavy
responsibility of all those engaged in the onerous task of reconstruction.
Literal Meaning of Ijtehad
Ijtehad literally means exertion. It is an endeavor of qualified jurists to discover the injunctions of Shariah on a legal question.
Fiqhi Meaning of Ijtehad
The idea of Ijtehad has its origin in well known verse of Holy Quran:
And to those who exert we show Our path.
We find it more definitely adumbrated in a tradition of the Holy Prophet S.A.W. when Maad was appointed ruler of Yemen, the
Prophet S.A.W is reported to have asked as to how he would decide matters coming up before him. I will judge matters
according to the book of God, said Maad. But of the book of God contains nothing to guide you? Then I would act on the
precedents of the Prophet of God. But if the precedents fail? Then I will exert to form my own judgment.
IJTEHAD + CONSENSUS = IJMA
Examples from Quran, Hadith, khilafat, Fiqh
Quran:
Quran says: "As for the thief, both male and female, cut off their hands", but during the year of famine - which resembled the
case of plight, Caliph Umar suspended the penalty for theft in view of the verse "Whosoever is forced to transgress the laws
without violating the laws, then there is no sin against him"
Another example concerns the time of waiting (iddah - the period after which a woman can marry - a safeguard for ascertaining
the correct fatherhood of a child) for the pregnant wife who becomes widowed. In view of the verse "For those who carry life in
their wombs, their period is until they deliver their burden", there was an opinion that when a man dies and leaves a pregnant
wife, her time of waiting expires at the birth of the child. While in view of the verse "If any of you die and leave widows behind,
they shall wait concerning themselves four months and ten days" there was another opinion that the time of waiting expires
either when she gives birth or after 4 months 10 days, whichever is the longest duration. In other words, if the woman gives birth
8 weeks after her husband's death, she still has to wait the remaining 2 months and 10 days. It was resolved that each of the
verses was interdependent and, were connected ingeneral to the other. The second verse in linked to the first which gives the
understanding that the women whose husband has died, is under iddah for four months and ten days if she is free from
pregnancy. However if she is pregnant, her iddah expires when she has given birth.
Hadith:
An example of this is a hadith whereby Umar al-Khattab and Ammaar ibn Yaasir exercised ijtihad about tayammum. While Umar
decided to delay his prayer, Ammaar decided to roll himself on the ground to perform tayammum and offered the prayer. Later,
he told Rasulullah () about it who responded, It is enough for you to strike the ground with your hands, then blow into
them, then wipe up your face and the palms of your hands with them. Rasulullah () corrected Ammaar about the acceptable
nature of tayammum.

Khilafat:
The companions of the Prophet were the first to resort to analogy [A form of Ijtihad] when confronted with the problem of the
election of Abu Bakr to Khilafat. The Prophet (Pbuh) having asked Abu Bakr to lead the prayers they elected him as their leader,
for one who is the leader in religious affairs must also be the leader in worldly affairs. The cause for election is quite apparent and
they were justified in electing Abu Bakr as their leader.
The companions were unanimously in agreement concerning the application of analogy. An example is the directive from the
Caliph umar to Abu Musa al-Ashari which read; know the similitude and weigh the cases against them!
Hazrat Ali, when consulted by Caliph Uthman on the punishment which should be meted out to those who drank wine, he
advised; We apply the punishment for calumny, namely eighty lashes of the whip, because if a person becomes intoxicated, he
knows not what he says, and in such a condition he commits calumny. Thus, through this analogy, drinking of wine was linked to
calumny. Other examples of Ijtehad by orthodox Caliphs are as follows; Punishment as prescribed by the Quran for the thief,
male or female, is to cut off their hands, but the Caliph Umar suspended it in the year of famine because of necessity and in
order that people might keep alive. The consensus of jurists followed this rule.
Similarly workers and artisans such as tailors and goldsmiths were not responsible for the loss of things given to them to work
upon. Hadrat Ali argued, although the workers or the manufacturers do not seem to be responsible for the loss of such things, if
there is no responsibility they will become quite negligent with the result that the owners will have to suffer a great loss.
Therefore, the artisans and workers must be held responsible, hence Alis proposal was adopted by consensus.
Caliph Umar , observed the principle of sound analogy (Tawil) in the interpretation of the Quranic verse: Alms are only for the
poor and the needy, and those who collect them and for those whose hearts are to be reconciled, and to free the captives and
the debtors, and for the cause of Allah and the wayfarer, a duty imposed by God. (9:60)
The words, those whose hearts are to be reconciled, refer to a group of weavers who were included among the recipients of the
alms. The verse is silent as to the cause why this group was included among the recipients of alms.
The sole object was to win them over to the side of Islam on account of their influence and the high esteem in which they were
held in their tribe. Caliph Umar refused to give them alms when Islam had gained in strength saying: These were payments from
the Prophet (Pbuh) to you in order to win you over for Islam. Now Allah has given power to Islam and made your support
unnecessary. So you either remain faithful to Islam or the sword will be the arbitrator between us.
There is a report about Umar, the second Caliph, that one day, during the month of Ramadan; he announced the end of fast,
when the sun apparently set. After a while he was informed that the sun was again seen in the sky (as it had not actually set).
Upon this he reportedly remarked: the matter is easy; we exercised Ijtehad. This is an early example of the use of this term by
the companion standing for discretionary judgment.

Ijtehad and Four Imams:
It is interesting to note that the four Imams Abu Hanifa, Malik, Shafi and Ahmed Ibn Hanbal never advised to follow their views
unless their sources were ascertained.
Imam Abu Hanifa and Abu Yusuf are reported by Ibn Qyyaim al-Jawziah to have said, It is not legitimate for anyone to follow our
view until he has learned the source where from we derived those views.
Imam Mohammad, and Imam Yusuf both students of Imam Hanifa, rejected eighty percent of Ijtehad of their teacher Abu Hanifa
in the light of new sources and changed conditions. The Fiqh Hanafi as it exists today is based on the Ijtehad of both these
students, that is, Imam Yusuf and Imam Mohammad.
Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, reputed the most meticulous adherent to the traditions said, Do not imitate me, Malik, AlShafii or al-Thawri
but learn from the source from which they learned.
All these statements prove that interpretation is incumbent upon every man of learning. They also prove that the interpreter is
liable to err. Caliph Umars instructions to Abu Musa -al- Ashari given in a letter are noteworthy. After giving judgment, if upon
reconsideration you come to a different opinion, do not let the judgment which you have given stand in the way of retraction; for
justice may not be disregarded and you are to know that it is better to retract than to persist in injustice.
Ibn Qayyim writes, The shariah is all justice, kindness, common good and wisdom. Any rule that departs from justice to injustice
... or departs from common good (Maslaha) to harm (Mafsada) ... is not part of Shariah, even if it is arrived at by literal
interpretation.
Abu Ishaq Al-Shatibi in Maqasid al-Sharia writes, Allah made this blessed righteous Shariah accommodating and convenient and
thus won the hearts of human beings and invoked in them love and respect for law. Had they had to act against convenience
they could not have honestly fulfilled their obligations.
Modes of Ijtehad
There are three modes of Ijtehad undertaken by Muslim Jurists.
1. Literal interpretation:
Here the jurist stays as close to the meaning of the texts as is possible. The purpose is to discover the true intent of the law giver.
2. Analogy or Qiyas:
In the second mode, jurist attempts to extend the laws derived during the first mode to new situations not expressly covered by
texts. The form of analogy employed by Muslim jurists is strict and some of its forms are very similar to literal methods.
3. Interpretation based on purpose of law:
When the set of facts awaiting decision is neither stated expressly n texts nor can one of the laws derived in the first mode be
extended to this new situation through analogy, the jurist employs the theory of interpretation based on the purposes of shariah.
The essential difference is that in analogy the jurist solves the legal problem by extending the meaning from single text while
invoking the purposes or spirit of the laws means looking at all the texts or group of texts collectively in the light of their purpose.
In this mode the jurist is required to work on the basis of general principles conform with the purpose of shariah. The third mode
of Ijtehad has not been employed very frequently by fuqahaa s it is meant to be exercised by imams, that is, the rulers, who deal
mostly with public law rather than personal law and who usually employ the general principles of shariah to frame the laws or to
provide relief.
Need of Ijtehad
Allah (swt) addressed the whole of mankind through the Prophet hood of our master Muhammad (saw). He (swt) said:

Say (O Muhammad (saw)): O mankind! Verily I am sent to you all as the Messenger of Allah [TMQ 7:158]

O mankind! Verily, there has come to you a convincing proof (Muhammad [saw]) from your Lord [TMQ 4:174]

O mankind! Verily, there has come to you the Messenger (Muhammad [saw]) with the truth from your Lord. [TMQ 4:170]

O mankind! Fear your Lord and be dutiful to Him! Verily, the earthquake of the Hour (of judgment) is a terrible thing. [TMQ
22:1]

From these verses and others similar we understand that Allah (swt) has addressed humanity directly. Therefore for the one who
has heard the address of the Legislator, Allah (swt) - it becomes incumbent on him to believe in it and understand it. It also
becomes incumbent on him to act upon it, because it is Hukm Shar'ai (Shariah rule). So in principle a Muslim should understand
the Hukm (rule) of Allah from the speech of the Legislator directly. This is because the speech has been directed at all people by
the Legislator and not only at the Mujtahidin or the 'Ulama but all the Mukallafin (those who are legally responsible). Thus it
became an obligation on the Mukallafin to understand this speech so as to be able to act upon it, since it is impossible to act upon
the speech without comprehending it. Therefore, the inference (Istinbat) of Allah's Hukm became Fard on all the Mukallifin i.e.
Ijtihad became Fard on all the Mukallafin (legally responsible). Consequently, the basis of a Mukallaf (legally responsible) should
be that he adopts the Hukm of Allah himself from the speech of the Legislator because he has been addressed by this speech.

However, the reality of the Mukallifin (legally responsible) is that there is a disparity in their understanding and comprehension
and in their aptitude for learning. They also differ in terms of knowledge and ignorance. Therefore, it is impossible for all of them
to deduce Sharai rules from the evidences i.e. it is impossible for all Mukallafin to be Mujtahidin. Since the objective is to
understand the speech and act upon it then the understanding of the speech i.e. Ijtihad is Fard on all the Mukallafin (legally
responsible). However since it is impossible for all Mukallafin to understand the address for themselves due to the disparity of
their understanding and the disparity in learning, then the obligation of Ijtihad becomes one of sufficiency ('ala al-Kifaya). If some
undertake it the rest are absolved of the sin. Therefore, it became obligatory on those Muslims legally responsible that there
should be Mujtahidin amongst them who would derive the Sharai rules. There is a similarity in this respect to other sciences, not
everyone can become a doctor, physicist or chemist due to the disparity of peoples aptitude for learning.

The reality of the Mukallafin and the Hukm Shar'ai means that there would be two categories amongst the Muslims: the
Mujtahidin and Muqallidin. This is because the one who adopts the Hukm himself directly from the evidences is a Mujtahid, and
the one who questions the Mujtahid about a Hukm Shar'ai is a Muqallid; irrespective of whether or not the questioner asked
about the Hukm to learn and act upon it, to learn and teach it to others or just to learn it. The Muqallid is considered as one when
he asks someone who is not a Mujtahid but knows the Hukm Shar'ai and is able to tell others, whether the one who was asked is
knowledgeable or just a layman. Thus, they are all followers (Muqallid) of others in this Hukm even if they do not know the one
who deduced the Hukm, because the Mukallaf is required to adopt the Hukm Shar'ai and not follow any particular person. Being a
Muqallid means he has adopted a Hukm Sharai, which he did not deduce himself. It does not mean he followed a particular
person, since the subject matter is the Hukm Sharai and not the person. The difference between the Muqallid and the Mujtahid is
that the Mujtahid deduces the Hukm Sharai from the Shariah evidence himself and the Muqallid is the one who adopts the Hukm
Sharai irrespective of whether or not he knew the one who derived it, as long as he trusts the Hukm to be a Shariah rule. It is
not a permissible Taqleed to adopt the opinion of any person as a personal opinion or the opinion of such and such scholar,
thinker or philosopher without it being derived from the Islamic evidences. None of this is legitimate Taqleed. It is tantamount to
adopting something other than Islam and this is prohibited by the Shariah. Also, Allah has ordered us to adopt from the
Messenger Muhammad (saw) and not from anybody else whoever he may be. He (swt) said:

And whatsoever the Messenger (Muhammad [saw]) gives you, take it, and whatsoever he forbids you, abstain (from it). [TMQ
59:7]

Iqbal states that worldly matters are related to the rights of the people and are subject to change and modification.

Needs:
Gap between message and meaning. E.g.; Share trading, concept of Islamic state
Issues of language
Two basic elements of law
a. Dignity
b. Flexible according to need
Law is there but situation is new. Eg; blood donation
Law is there but cause is developing. Eg; Riba, Globaliszation (Jet lag, Geographical lag)
Law itself is developing. Eg; Organ transplant
Law and cause both are developing. Eg; Cloning

Limitations of Ijtehad
The subject of Ijtehad occupies a recurring theme across much contemporary Islamic literature. A tool employed by Islamic
jurists, it holds the key to Islam's continual relevance and to defining an Islamic approach for solving problems in the 21st
Century. But there are certain teachings in which there is no element of ambiguity or modification required. These laws are fixed
for all ages.
Ijtehad cant be invoke in:
Creation of universe
Oneness of Allah
Faiths
5 pillars of Islam
Practical application of Ijtehad
Ijtehad by individual
Ijtehad by institution
Ijtehad by Individual (Individual Mujtahid):
A mujtahid is someone qualified to exercise Ijtehad, which literally means striving and technically means juridical endeavor and
competence to infer expert legal rulings from foundational proofs within or without a particular school of law.
There are various grades of mujtahid e.g.
Mujtahid Mutlaq [unrestricted in his ijtihad due to him having established his own usoolul fiqh with regards to general evidences
and universal principles],

Mujtahid Masala [competent to make ijtihad in a specific issue or group of issues]

Mujtahid Madh-hab [competent to make ijtihad based upon the usoolul fiqh of a complete mujtahid]

Mujtahid Murajih [competent to outweigh between the different ijtihad within a school, in later times this has also been applied
to scholars outweighing between different opinions from different schools, however, that obviously contains the bias of the
mujtahid murajihs own legal thought]

Mujtahid Mustakhrij [competent to trace and authenticate the ijtihad within a madh-hab and distinguish between the preferred
views]

There are also other grades of mujtahid which have been mentioned by the usooleeyeen and some have given them different
names with similar meanings.
From the basic requirements of a mujtahid there are the following.
[The requirements for ijtihad differ from madh-hab to madh-hab and on the type of ijtihaad that is being performed, also
circumstances are also relevant, there may be times when the most knowledgeable of a community does not possess every tool
of ijtihad that would ideally be required but he still uses all of his knowledge, resources and abilities to spend effort on reaching
the best decision he can.]:-
1. MUSLIM
Allah (swt) says Verily, We have sent down to you the Book as a clarification for all matters, a guidance, a mercy and good news
for the Muslims (an Nahl 16:89)
2. SANE
Nabi (saw) was reported by Ali to have said The pen is lifted for three one who sleeps till he awakes, a child till he becomes
mature and an insane person till he gains his sanity (ABU DAWOOD kitabul Hudood, AHMAD, NASAAI, IBN MAAJAH and graded
saheeh according to AL HAAKIM as reported by IBN HAJR AL ASQALAANI in Bulooghul Maraam min Adillatul Ahkaam [kitaabun
Nikaah no.927])
3. INTELLIGENT
Thus do We explain the signs in detail for a people who use their intellects (yaqiloon) (ar Room 30:28)
4. ARABIC LANGUAGE
Verily, We have sent it down as an Arabic Quran in order that you may understand. (Yusuf 12:2) This includes:-

i) Ilmul Lughah
ii) Ilmul Laghwah (dialects)
iii) Ilmun Nahw
iv) Ilmus Sarf
v) a) Amm/Khass b) Mantooq/Mafhoom c) Muhkam/Mutashabbih
5. ULOOMUL QURAN
This includes:-

i) Asbaabun Nuzool
ii) Ayaatul Ahkaam
iii) Makki/Madani
iv) Seven Readings
v) An Naasikh wal Mansookh
6. ULOOMUL HADEETH
This includes:-

i) Asbaabun Nuzool
ii) Ahadeethul Ahkaam
iii) An Naasikh wal Mansookh Abu Ala ibn ash Shikhir reports The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) abrogated some of his
commands by others, just as the Qur'an abrogates some part with the others. (MUSLIM [no.675])
iv) Daaeef/Hasan/Saheeh
v) Mawqoof/Marfu/Musnad
vi) Ilmur Rijaal
vii) Imud Diraayah
7. ILMUL IJTIHAAD WAL TAQLEED
8. Al Adillatul Ijmaliyyah (The general evidences) Al Qawaaid ul Kulliyyah or Qawaaid ul Usoolul Fiqh (The general principles
relating to deduction of laws)
9. Fataawatul Ulemaa and Fiqhul Madhaahib (The rulings of the previous scholars and schools of law) [for mujtahid murrajih]
10. Women can be mujtahid like Justice Fakhar un Nisa has given remarkable decision related to child custody that mother has
first right on child and then child has right on himself.
11. Slaves can be mujtahid
In present age, it is difficult to have all the qualities in one individual. There are people like Taqi Usmani, Dr. Zakir, Mufti Muneer
etc renowned capable personalities who can give their opinion in different issues but their Ijtehad would be individual Ijtehad
which is not acceptable. We need collective Ijtehad.
Ijtehad by Institution:
Parliament:
According to Allama Iqbal Parliament can undertake Ijtehad because collective wisdom will generate better results.
Cabinet:
According to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Cabinet can undertake Ijtehad. Rational of this opinion is selected wisdom that out of
general public selected members of cabinet can better decide the matter.
Courts:
Dr. Javed is of the view that Courts can undertake Ijtehad. Rational behind this opinion is legal wisdom that courts can better
decide the matter for maintaining law and order in society
Special Institutions:
Islamic Ideological Council
Federal Shariat Court
Shariat Appelant Bench
Universities/Research Institutions
Courts of non Muslim countries
Ijtehad at International level
Individual level:
On individual level internationally renowned respectable personalities like Imam Kaba and Mufti Azam Saudi Arabia and non
Muslim judges like Justice A.R. Cornalic and Justice Keh Ka Woos are undertaking Ijtehad for the welfare of nations.
Institutional level:
Following institutions are performing service of Ijtehad on international level.
Organization of Islamic Cooperation
Jamaiya Azhar
Bait ul qum
Islamic Research Foundation
Dar ul Uloom Deoband
Doors for Ijtehad are open or closed?
Imam Ibn al Qaffal: In the fourth century of Hijrah a person called Al-Qaffal issued a Fatwa closing the door of Ijtehad, thus he
was called Al-qaffal which means the one who closes something.
In 1111 hijrah Imam Ghazali gave fatwa of freezing Islamic hinking in time.
During the Mogul invasion, it was believed that all religious intellectual elites have become sufi and normal individuals are
treating the affairs of religion and politics. Secondly when the state is properly organized, individual Ijtehad is not acceptable.
Thirds reason is a concept that when an institution is obsolete, you cannot easily revive that.
Besides all the justifications mentioned above we can say that the door of Ijtehad is open and base of it is Istadlal. First istadlal
was committed by Iblees when he refused to bow down in front of Ibrahim A.S on the basis of reason that if we throw dust in air,
it will always come down. But if we inflame, it will always shoot up.
Misconceptions about Ijtehad

As mentioned earlier different extremes exist regarding the view of Ijtehad, some believe the doors of Ijtehad are closed whereas
others have broken the doors of Ijtihad altogether. The following are some of the key misconceptions that have crept into the
minds:

a) The doors of Ijtihad are closed i.e. it is impossible and not permitted to undertake Ijtehad today.

b) To undertake Ijtihad one has to be similar in knowledge to Imam Malik ibn Anas (d. 796) and it is not permissible or possible
for someone with less knowledge than him.

c) The scope of Ijtihad includes most things including definitive matters such as the prohibition of Riba (usury) and the prohibition
of having nation states with a multiplicity of rulers in the Muslim world. It allows for definitive Islamic rules to be altered in order
to apply to the modern age.

d) Ijtehad is only personal reasoning and not the hukm of Allah i.e. it is the reasoning of an individual and therefore cannot be a
shariah rule.

e) Ijtehad only occurs in those areas where the Islamic evidences have not discussed directly i.e. upon new issues.

f) Ijtehad is an individual obligation (Fard Ayn) and therefore Taqleed (following an opinion of a Mujtahid) is prohibited (haram).
Epilogue
Strict pre-requisites are described by Shah Wali Ullah and Imam Ghazali and other religious scholars but its difficult to find all
those requirements in one individual, practically its not possible. There is an opportunity of individual Ijtehad at international level
by Imam Kaba and Mufti Azambut but due to divided beliefs situation is again on the same place. So, its better and appropriate
that institutions should undertake Ijtehad. Universities and Research institutions give their individual opinion. Practicality of their
opinion is judged by special institutions. Then they get authentication form parliament and finally court supports the same
decision. This is a comprehensive process which is being followed for Ijtehad.
Posted 12th May 2012 by BEST CSS ACADEMY,NOA
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May
12

Critically Examine the main theoretical explanations of womens inequality in developing countries and discuss them with
reference to Case Studies.
Critically Examine the main theoretical explanations of womens inequality in developing countries and discuss them with
reference to Case Studies.

Outlines:
1. Introduction
2. What do we mean by women rights?
3. What do we mean by inequality?
4. Inequality and its types
5. Historical background about woman status in the developing world
6. Women in south Asia
Women in Pakistan
Women in India
Woman in Nepal
Women in Bangladesh
Women in Afghanistan
7. Women in Arab world
Women Saudi Arabia
8. Woman and UN
9. God and Social Stratification
10. Is equality of women is just a roar or real?
11. Mukhtar Mai: A case Study
12. Naseem Bibi: A case Study
13. Rights of women
Spiritual rights
Economical rights
Social rights
Political rights
Educational rights
Cultural rights
14. Modes of Violation of women Rights in the Developing World
Female genital mutilation
Honor killing
Karo kari
Forced prostitution
Forced marriages
Forced abortion
Harassment by Morality Squads
Infanticide
Rape
Health issues
Verbal abuse
Acid throwing
Political killings/ imprisonment
Dowry issues
Punishment on giving birth to daughter
Love exploitations
Trafficking
Victims of gender discrimination in society
Low importance on women education
15. How to eradicate this menace
Following of UN Charter
Human rights organizations due role
Education and awareness programs
Health reforms for women
Tacking the socio-economic problems of women
Moral support
Role of media
Role of civil society
Solving the issues of unemployment, poverty
16. Conclusion

Introduction
The first woman was created from the rib of a man. She was not made form his head to top him, nor from his feet to be
trampled on by him but out of his side to be equal to him.
(Men and Women Quotes)
Being a woman is terribly difficult task since it consists principally in dealing with men.
(Joseph Conrad)
Violence against women is the manifestation of historically unequal power relation between men and women, which have led to
domination over and discrimination against women by men and to prevention of full advancement of women.
(UN declaration 1993)
A man willing to work, and unable to find work, is perhaps the saddest sight that fortune's inequality exhibits under this sun.
(Thomas Carlyle)

I do not think I ever opened a book in my life which had not something to say upon woman's inconstancy. Songs and proverbs,
all talk of woman's fickleness. But perhaps you will say, these were all written by men."

"Perhaps I shall. Yes, yes, if you please, no reference to examples in books. Men have had every advantage of us in telling their
own story. Education has been theirs in so much higher a degree; the pen has been in their hands. I will not allow books to prove
anything.
( Jane Austen, Persuasion)
The basic message of every divine message is always there to make a man man. All are equal in the divine sight. But we men,
having beliefs in the commands of divinity, do not materialize them. These differences have made our green world a bloody
some. Women rights around the world are an important indicator to understand the global well-being. Despite tremendous
changes of the 20th century, discrimination and violence against women remains fully rooted in cultures around the world. The
most widely cited reason for gender inequality is the developing countries relates to the social customs, values, traditions and
beliefs. Social exclusion, honor killing, harassment in offices, feudal exploitation, female genital multination, restricted mobility
and early marriages are the issues that deny the fundamental rights of woman. Although it is a global issue but it is more
prevalent in the developing countries where inequalities include both discrimination and disempowerment of women.
The question on how gender inequality shapes peoples life is on one that has been echoing widely through minds of modern
society in recent decades. The biological difference between men and women constitute as one of the main reason this inequality.
The males were always branded the breadwinners of the family, whilst a females place was remained at home. Throughout the
history, Women keep of fighting for their equal rights, opportunities, place and treatment. Although womens inferior status to
men exist in almost all developing countries like India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Nepal,
Burma and also in central Asian states but the reasons, intensity, shape and manifestation differ seeing the circumstances quite
substantially as we move from one socio-economic class and region to another. The inability of women to make their own life
choices that is the root of many injustices they suffer.
The afflicted world in which we live is characterized by deeply unequal sharing of the burden of adversities between women and
men. In ancient times and even now at some places women are known as the root cause of all evils. Top of the list are the socio-
economic constraints that compels a woman to even sell herself knowing it will never recover again.
What do we mean by Women Rights?
[M]en, though they know full well how much women are worth and how great the benefits we bring them, nonetheless seek to
destroy us out of envy for our merits. It's just like the crow, when it produces white nestlings: it is so stricken by envy, knowing
how black it is itself, that it kills its own offspring out of pique.
( Moderata Fonte, The Worth of Women: Wherein Is Clearly Revealed Their Nobility and Their Superiority to Men)
According to Oxford dictionary, Womens Rights are the rights that promote a position of social and legal equality, of women to
men.
They are the rights, claimed for the women, equal to those of men, as regards to suffrage and right to vote, as regards to
property, etc.
The start of mankind was from Adam and Eve (May peace be upon them). Eve is the first woman and mother of the human race;
God created Eve from Adam's rib and placed Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. Women have been given the equal status
from the day start. But women in the developing countries have been suffering from many issues and problem in the past, though
this sticky situation in the society has not been fully rooted out, but almost melt down. Women are still yearning to get their equal
rights in the society in almost all the developed counties. Women had to go through many aches from the day of the birth till they
die. In Third world countries people had been very much conservative and narrow minded towards giving equal status to their
women. However, in Muslim society women remained impregnable in contrast to other societies and religions. History has seen
many changes and one of those changes was the restoration of the rights of the women in the society. Only in the last hundred
years, women have been seen rightfully as equals to men. History, however, is not recent, and there are numerous examples to
how the female gender was given inferior status to males. Surprisingly, the evolutions of women's rights were not particularly in
chronological order. In different times and different societies, the status of females advanced or retrogressed depending on a
variety of reasons. Women have seen some good days where they ruled and run over the states like Razia Sultana, Jhansi Ki
Raani, who were brave and courageous as well. Women have seen rise and fall in the war of getting their rights and got success
majorly yet it needs more to be improved. Because in recent times woman of developing countries is facing suchlike issues from
the birthday to the day of death. Though todays woman is not like the ancient one. But still she needs more awareness,
education and moral as well as real legal support to stand up side by side to contribute in such a festinating time. This fact should
be acknowledge that females have excessive ability to face the critical situations and challenges as they have the quality to resist
with greater patience then that of males.

What do we mean by Inequality?
In a world of increasing inequality, the legitimacy of institutions that give precedence to the property rights of "the Haves" over
the human rights of "the Have Nots" is inevitably called into serious question.
(David Korten)
When the gap between the rich and the poor is so huge that you cant help pointing it out thats when you risk being labeled a
pervert.
(Benson Bruno)
The disposition to admire, and almost to worship, the rich and the powerful, and to despise, or, at least, to neglect persons of
poor and mean condition is the great and most universal cause of the corruption of our moral sentiments.
Adam Smith
Scottish political economist (1723-1790)
Inequality is basically a difference between the realization and provision of rights. Ineauality means shortage, limitization,
difference in power, status, value, importance, say, affairs, dealings, consultancy, share and work etc.
Historical background of women status in developing countries:
As of today, we do not need expert reports by the authoritative analytical institutions to realize that the reasons for such a
situation in our community lie in global inequality, poverty and illiteracy.
(Nursultan Nazarbayev)

Our inequality materializes our upper class, vulgarizes our middle class, brutalizes our lower class.
Matthew Arnold
English essayist (1822-1888)

In ancient times, before Islam women were treated in worst manners, their rights were shattered, they were not given any
respect in the society, and female infants were lively buried as they were considered as a symbol of disgrace in ones family. They
were considered as slaves, property or just autoerotic objects. But in Islam women were given equal rights in the society. And
awarded more respect that in any other religion or society. Muhammad (PBUH) put the example by giving respect to his own
daughter Hazrat Fatima (A.S) by standing up and stretching his own cloak for her honor signifying the high status of a daughter.
In other civilizations like Egyptian civilization, women had the equal rights in all necessary parts of life. Yet there had been some
discrimination prevailed in all the times of the history to deprive the women from their rights. They had to abide by many
restrictions which were physically and morally awful to them. As time passed and society modernized, many changes took place
which brought several positive moves in favor of women rights.
Women is South Asia
Can one preach at home inequality of races and nations and advocate abroad good-will towards all men?
(Dorothy Thompson)
Culturally and historically, South Asia is remained bleak in terms of women rights. In Hindustan woman was presented as the root
cause of all misdeeds and was burnt alive with the death of her husband. In Pakistan and Bangladesh she has always been
remained the victim of so-called mullahs and tribal leaders as well as in villages she is exploited in the hands of feudal lords.
Same is the case with the other countries of the South Asian states. Member countries of the SAARC have remained at their
lowest ebb in empowering the woman but in the current era a ray of hope is hoping the hopes of hope hoppers.
Women in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan and Nepal
Being the similar culture, rites, rituals and traditions in the South Asian countries especially the India and Pakistan, the treatment
of women both at household and offices is similar up to a greater extent. Same type of laws and traditions are found here and
there. Hindustan where once the woman was burnt alive with the demise of her husband and considered the source of all evils is
still struggling for her rights. Situation of woman in Pakistan is also not hidden. Tribal belts and villages of all the provinces show
the hot and hard lined treatment of the women in the hands of ever dominating men. But the situation differs in the metropolitan
cities where writ and rule of the law is strong and awareness is every where like a forest fire. Women are never considered
women in the history of Afghanistan. They are always remained there confined to the house walls. Bangladesh being the former
part of Hindustan, then Pakistan and then being the separate entity is not differ from the parent countries. Women have same
fate there. Nepal being the immediate neighbor depicts the unequal treatments of women in her society.
Woman in Arab world
Arab world, a world of cruel and illiterate people, who used to burry their daughters alive before the advent of Islam are still
dominant in terms of women rights. Arab countries from Yemen to Egypt and Palestine to Libya do not differ in the treatment of
women. In real sense the mindset of the Arabs is not changed. It is almost same as it was centuries ago. Basically it is the
mindset, a set of beliefs which shows the practices of the people. Mindset of a person truly depicts the personality of the keeper.
Recent Arab uprising is one of the major examples of this uproar.
Women Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia, where the Islam was ad vented, and women due rights were first propagated, is still denying rights to women.
Women are still fighting for their rights. Issue of driving for woman is a hot issue of the day. Women are not allowed to drive or
ride on bike and men are not allowed to drive other than the closely relatives. The kingdom is facing a dilemma of how to get
367000 girls to school on buses that can only be driven by men. If any movement is started in this regard in the kingdom, it is
forcefully shut down by the authorities.
Women and UN
The form of law which I propose would be as follows: In a state which is desirous of being saved from the greatest of all
plaguesnot faction, but rather distractionthere should exist among the citizens neither extreme poverty nor, again, excessive
wealth, for both are productive of great evil . . . Now the legislator should determine what is to be the limit of poverty or of
wealth.
Plato
Greek philosopher (427-347 B.C.)

Sidelined once, women of the rejected and denied world are now gaining momentum within the UN system. If there were no UN,
it may take more a century for woman to get her rights.
Milestones at UN: A Glance

Women of the world have always fought to defend their rights within the global decision-making body to be there in the United
Nations since it came into being.. These are given some milestones of the movement for equality within the womens savior, the
UN:

1946
Commission on the Status of Women created; independent entity in 1947.

1947
Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict adopted.

1975
First UN Conference on Women in Mexico City; annual meeting as of 1987.

1976
UN Development for Women is created; becomes UNIFEM in 1984.

1979
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination (CEDAW) adopted.

1994
UN Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women appointed.

2000
UN Security Council Resolution 1325 mandates gender lens on conflicts.

2006
High level panel on coherence named to study gender reform of UN.

2010
UN approves creation of UN Women as new agency.

God and Social stratification
God touches and moves, warns and desires all equally, and He wants one quite as much as another. The inequality lies in the
way in which His touch, His warnings, and His gifts are received.
(Johannes Tauler)

If it is as evil to do lechery as the Bible and the Lord Himself tell us, then who is the more blameworthy: the one who instigates
it, or the one who doesn't so much do it as suffer what men do to her? You know very well that it is the male who does it, and
whoever says otherwise is wrong and is lying through his teeth, unless he has no teeth -- and would to God he hadn't.
(Anonymous, the Southern Passion)
Gender inequality or Social stratification gender stratification is basically the structured form of social inequality in which a ranked
group of people who brings about unequal financial rewards, such as a persons income, and power or property, that is normally
brought upon by money in a society. This system comes in many different ways and forms. They may be slavery; castes, social
class, race, and gender are just few of the issues that are afflicted by this system. Gender inequality or also known as gender
stratification, is actually the unequal distribution of a societys wealth, power, and privilege between the tow basic genders
females and males. it is crystal cleared from the reported reports that the majority of the women are the oppressed as in turn the
men being the oppressor. The idea of the oppressed and the oppressor is against the justice of God. He created all the human
beings on equal grounds with same importance and status. That is why none of the divine religion denies the women rights and
status but the followers of that religion do being the part of their beliefs but not of actions. Therefore, in the sight of God, all
people whether male or female, black or white are equal. No one has greater importance but those who practice piety. Al-Quran
There are we men who practice this impractical but it is not the commandment of God. God is just and preaches just and equity.

Inequality of women is just a roar or real?
Inequality of women is about the deprivation of fundamental rights not being properly dedicated to the women. It is real to some
extent but there has been a rapid change since past few years in most of the developing countries. The problem is that once we
compare the so called women right in western countries with eastern countries we come to know that the western talk of
womens liberation is actually a disguise from the exploitation of her body, deprivation of her honor and degradation of her soul.
The Western society has actually reduced women status to concubines, to mistresses, to society butterflies, which are mere tools
in the hands of sex marketers and pleasure seekers, which are disguised behind the colorful screen of art and culture. West is the
trend setter of this abuse. Once we talk about the developing countries. Every country adopts and catches the ideas and practices
being done by any developed nation. This evil has also been transformed from the developed countries those are now penetrated
in the society of developing countries. Women in underdeveloped countries are awarded with more safety and social respect as
compare to the developed countries, which a women deserves to have but still they are desperate to get their rights which should
be equal to men. But the brutal cases are now a days going to be reported about the womens in equality. That is why human
rights activists are more active now days regarding the women rights.
Mukhtar Mai: A Case Study
Women have served all these centuries as looking glasses possessing the magic and delicious power of reflecting the figure of
man at twice its natural size.
( Virginia Woolf, A Room of One's Own)
Mukhtar Mai, 30 years divorced women, belonging to Gujar family from a Village in Jatoi, Muzaffar Garh being the district in the
Southern Punjab, Pakistan, was one day in mid 2002, caught, trapped and gang raped by four men named Abdul Khaliq, Allah
Ditta, Fayyaz Hussain and Ghulam Farid, on the issue of her 12 years brother, Abdul Shakoor who was alleged in a matter. The
decision was taken to the local Punhcayat and it made the traditional conservative decision justifying the Mais rape as good. But
thanks to the media which highlighted the issue and the roar was roared in the deaf ears of the respective areas bureaucrats as
well as the upper courts and politicians. As a result a so motto action was taken, case if was exploited by the local police station
but she was granted justice by the court and the culprits were caught and punished. Although they are recently released in
December, 2011 fulfilling there time in the Jail. Actually this was the issue that was highlighted by the media and as result a
victim got justice otherwise there a countless incidents in the jurisdiction of South Asia that are hardly reported and justified.
Countless such incidents are exploited by the local Punchayats, feudal lords and politicians, deciding against the wishes of women
creating inequality not only in Pakistan but the whole South Asia.
.

Naseem Bibi: A Case Study
Eyes glimmering with worry, Tasleem Bibi peered through the slits of her pitch-black veil. Seventeen years earlier, her father ad
struck a devilish deal to stay out of the Jail. A rival family was demanding that Tasleem marry to their son. Her hand in marriage
had been promised when she was just five years old. Her father was accused of killing another man in a bitter land dispute. To
keep the case out of court, her family agreed to high price and five women.
She is the victim of Vani, an ugly tradition where young women are traded between the rival families in resolution of their
disputes. Although, it was outlawed a few years back, vani is still prevalent in the conservative pockets across Pakistan.
The woman is traded like an animal. Once married, she is little better than a slave. A vani wife is treated like dirt; the men wear
her like a pair of shoes. Most of the defenders of this bleak custom, being the pessimistic tribal elders, say, this way prevent
bloodshed between the warring clans.

Gender Inequality and Its Types

Everyone has an equal right to inequality.
(John Ralston Saul)

Women inequality has many faces and manifestations from region to region, customs to custom and country to country. Normally
there are counted seven types of inequality.
1) Mortality inequality:
Mortality in equality which is based on the matters of life and death and shows the predominance of the male sex is going to be
common especially in developing world. It is mostly found in the regions of Africa, china and south Asia.

(2) Natality inequality:
Under this type of inequality boys being neo-Nate is given more importance than the girls. People wish to have their children
more as boys and special focus is given on the first child born to any couple. It is seen that women are delivered divorced it they
fail to give birth to a mail child. For this purpose selective and coercive abortion is forced compelling a woman to please the
wishes of males.
(3) Basic facility inequality:
In this form of inequality women especially girls are denied the basic necessities of life. Education being the prime need and
demand of the time is fully conferred on male child but Toto denied to a female child. Afghanistan is on top in this matter.
(4) Special opportunity inequality:
In this type of inequality women are denied the opportunities e.g. of higher education and high job trainings.
(5) Professional inequality:
Professional inequality is based on denying the due job and work promotions and job benefits.

(6) Ownership inequality:
It comprises the inequality in the inheritance and properties. Islam granted this right to woman but the followers of Islam are not
fully inclined to give due share to woman except the Shia Muslim Sect. Hinduism and some other religions also do not grant this
right to woman.
(7) Household inequality:
In houses biasness is found among the members of the family and a male child in any perspective is given more preference than
a female child.

Types of Women Rights
It is a wise man who said that there is no greater inequality than the equal treatment of unequals.
Felix Frankfurter
Women must have their basic spiritual rights so that they can easily practice their religion with their own will and freedom.
Women must have their economical rights they can share the burden of their family and contribute to the countrys economy.
Women should have their social rights because the equal members of the society and they should the equal freedom and
availability of the opportunities which are available to men. Women should have the equal educational rights so that they can get
the similar educational facilities available to their opposite gender. Likely women must have the legal rights which can protect
them from all social evils. Women should have the right to vote with their own will and should have reasonable representation in
the politics.
Modes of Violation of women Rights in the Developing World

The worst form of inequality is to try to make unequal things equal.
(Aristotle)
Women in developing countries have been facing with severe challenges. There are a lot of social abuses and customary
restrictions imposed on them even in todays society as we are in 21st century. Problems as, female genital mutilation which is a
custom in Somali), killing for the sake of honor is common in developing countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India (case is
quoted where Shafilea Ahmed was the victim of a suspected honor killing. The 17-year-old's body was found months after she
had returned from a trip to Pakistan in 2003. On the trip she drank bleach. The coroner said he saw it as a 'desperate measure' to
avoid a forced marriage). Force prostitution is different countries is very common, where parents or husband forces the women to
sell the body unwillingly. Selling of women (case is quoted where: In 1983, Zana Muhsen and her sister Nadia, from Birmingham,
were pushed by their father to visit Yemen and forced to marry. Zana, now 35, escaped eight years later. Her father had sold her
for a few thousand dollars. The experience is recounted in her book; 'Sold' Slavery is also common in Arab countries where
women are treated as the slaves of her husband. Same is the case in some of Pakistan rural areas where women are treated as
property, forced marriage (case is quoted where Narina Anwar, 29, and her two sisters claim they were tricked by their parents
into going on a family holiday to a remote village in Pakistan, where they were held captive for five months in an attempt to force
them to marry three illiterate villagers. These girls were later rescued as they contact the police and media). Karo Kari is also a
customary tradition in the tribal areas of Pakistan; Karo Kari is the form of honor killings. Every year several women are murdered
in the name of honor by the male family members (and these are only the registered cases. On 11th June 2000, four women and
one man were killed in the Dera Jamali village in Sindh. Last year on the same dates a 13 year old girl, Sara, was subjected to
this honor killing in Goth Khosa. Two young boys Imtiaz and Arshad were also killed in the same case. The boys had never met
the young girl in their lives. But the brother of Sara declared it an honor killing to get less punishment in law. This law also gives
some leniency to the killers in such cases. He actually wanted to grab the land of these boys and used this accusation to kill the
boys along with his sister. Secondly In the village of Moratha there was a case of Karo Kari (honor killing). The motive of the
killing was that the murderer wanted to marry a married woman. He killed the husband of that woman and his own innocent
sister and he was released from jail after a few months). In the underdeveloped countries, forced abortion, restricted freedom of
movement outside the house, harassment by morality squads, infanticide, rape (Mukhtaran Mai scandal), health problems, Acid
dropping on the faces, verbal abuse, less emphasis on women education and the discrimination of being women in most of the
social matters is common in very common. Political killings/imprisonment is also very common (Dr. Afia Siddiqi, who was
sentenced to jail for 86 years , on an accusation of attempt to murder) and the women in Jammu and Kashmir have been the
worst victims of Indian state terrorism during the past 22 years where approximately 15000 women have been martyred due to
the state terrorism. (Report on Women's Day on March 08). The common reason being found is that the most of developing
countries have the male dominated society and the women being lower in power have always been victimized in all the aspects.
Is there any brighter side of women rights in the developing world?
Despites of the deprivation and pains of getting the equal status, todays women are cherishing and enjoying their life more than
their status which few are fighting for. Women have got the equal rights in all sectors and parts of the life in most of the
developed countries which were not vested to them in past. They have become the symbols of the society; they have got the
equal rights in every walk of life. They are being given special quota in jobs which confirms their selection beyond the merit. They
have been facilitated with separate and Co-educational institutions in most of the developing countries, where they can study
according to their own choice without any restrictions being imposed on them. Women have got the right to vote and not only
this they have got the facility to join the politics and represent their gender too. We have the example of Benazir Bhutto, who was
the first youngest lady P.M of Pakistan; Bangladesh had his lady prime minister too. Suu kui and Sonia Gandhi are also the other
prime examples while discussing the bright side.
Women have participated in Showbiz and become the modern and liberal due to their freedom they have got. In recent days we
have a scandal of Veena Malik, who has probably done an act of giving a nude photo shoot which is against her religion but she
has done that due to the freedom she has got and society has accepted in silently either she committed that act or not.
Furthermore, Women have been educated than the past, this is not the case in all the developing countries but in most. In
Pakistan literacy rate is already very low, but still women are much efficient in contributing the literacy rate by getting more
education. The trend to get women educated is changing positively then the past.
How to Eradicate This Inequality:
Under-representation of women and other inequality among researchers is a problem that will not solve itself as women acquire
competence.
(Tarja Halonen)

It is the belief that extremes and excesses of inequality must be reduced so that each person is free to fully develop his or her
full potential. This is why we take precious time out of our lives and give it to politics.
(Paul Wellstone)
Inequality of women rights has been consistently under consideration in all the society in the past century and has got maximum
results, Women rights have been protected in the Charter of United Nations 1948. Where it is stated, the charter of United
Nations forbids discrimination on the basis of race, sex, language or religion. Furthermore there are several human rights
organizations which are actively working and fighting to protect the women rights especially in the underdeveloped countries.
Moreover educational programs for women have been ongoing for last many years which have got success in creating awareness
in women towards getting their fundamental rights. Several health reforms have been in action to fights with the dangerous
diseases especially breast cancer. Gender inequality in education may hamper growth through its impact on child health. Better
educated females have healthier children, which have been found to increase growth in the long run as said by Napoleon
Bonaparte. Media has played a vital role by providing a bridge to pass on the actual information and facts of the society where
women were deprived of their rights. Media has contributed a lot by plays T.V dramas, films, talk shows, which has created
awareness in the society about the rights of the women.
Provision of Education to Masses
Eradication of socio economic constraints
Awareness about the hazard of sex abuses in literature
Community based programmed
Overcoming the issue of poverty by giving due share to women in the production
Safeguarding women at work place
Enacting strict laws and their full enforcement
Providing jobs to women to overcome the issue of inequality by making the women economically strong
Making the customs, rites and rituals women friendly
Giving women a due political representation in local, provincial and national Bodies/Assemblies
Giving women a due share in national decision making process
Equal representation of women at each and every forum to negate the concept of inequality
Protection of women rights through Police and Vigilant teams
Making the best health care centers for mother and neo-Nate
Recruitment of women as judges, bureaucrats, land registration officers, and police officers.
Giving due share to women in inheritance and properties
Using media as an instrument and propagator of women rights
Due role of civil society
Due role of the Religious leaders of any religion
Government special loans to empower the women

Conclusion:
There is always inequality in life. Some men are killed in a war and some men are wounded and some men never leave the
country. Life is unfair.
(John F. Kennedy)
Women rights have been infringed and victimized in different orders and in different periods. Today Woman is much securer then
it was in the past. Still the need is to improve the areas where the developing countries should concentrate, like the education of
the women, steps to eradicate poverty from the society so that the basic needs should be fulfilled. Women should be encouraged
to come ahead in all the field of life, because the only key to success is that there should be no discrimination between male and
female, so that the society may prosper and develop in smooth ways. Otherwise no country would be able to stand in the row of
developed nations.

1. References:
i. Daily Dawn.com
ii. Brainqoute.com
iii. Un.org
iv. Any Faces of Gender Inequality, an essay by Amartya Sen.

Note: studies all case studies and issues from Daily English news paper, dawn.com
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Concept of veil in Islam
Concept of veil in Islam
In Islamic discourse a great deal of emphasis is placed on the issue of hijab for women with much debate about the extent and
nature of that covering. This is obviously an important issue for Muslim women, but an equally significant topic is that of Modesty.
The Prophet (S.A.W) passed by an Ansari man who was counseling his brother on modesty (He was advising him not to be too
much shy or modest).
The Prophet (S.A.W) said: Leave him (and do not advise him like this); for modesty is part of faith. (Bukhari and Muslim).
The Prophet (S.A.W) also said, Modesty results in good alone and nothing else. (Bukhari and Muslim)

Modesty is a term that is used often but one that is not clearly understood. One way to conceptualize it would be to think in terms
of moving from an outer layer to the inner workings of a system. The covering or hijab is the surface layer of modesty that
everyone sees and that is very obvious to all. However, a woman could wear hijab and modesty may not go any deeper than
that; it could be an artificial form of modesty or one done to satisfy another person.Going deeper, the next layer may consist of
what is commonly known as self-consciousness or shyness. At this level the woman not only wears hijab, but also acts in a way
that is reserved and respectful. An important behavior in this category is lowering of the gaze. And say to the believing women
that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty. [24:3 1 Emphasis is often placed on men lowering their eyes, but this
is also a requirement for women. Eyes should be turned away from everything that is forbidden. This includes not looking at any
non-mahram man, at the awrah of another woman, or with bad intentions at another person. In one hadeeth qudsi, the Prophet
(S.A.W), reported that Allah (S.W.T) says, "Looking at a non-mahram (men relatives to whom women cannot get tnarried) is one
of the poisoned arrows of Satan. Whoever will stop it because of fearing me, I will bless him with such Emaan, the sweetness of
which he will feel in his heart" (Tabarani).
Humility in speech:
Another characteristic at this level is humility in speech. As with everything in Islam, a woman's speech should be in moderation.
It should be neither too loud nor too soft (so as to be alluring). Idle, senseless, excessive conversation should be avoided since it
has no benefit and distracts from more important responsibilities. When a woman engages in conversation she should keep it
decent and respectable and void of such harmful vices as backbiting, mockery, suspicion, and gossip. She should be humble and
not boast about her abilities and achievements. "Successful indeed are the believers who are humble in their Salah, and who shun
vain conversation, and who are payers of zakat" [23:1-4].
Avoid contact with non.mahram:
Being placed between two pillars of Islam demonstrates the very significance of this pronouncement. A woman should also
attempt to avoid contact and conversation with non-mahram men. When this is necessary, such as for educational purposes or in
the work environment, the discussion should be limited to pertinent matters and the woman should speak in a straight-forward
and virtuous manner.
As with the hijab, these rules of etiquette may be observed for various reasons. The woman may act modestly because of cultural
norms, her own innate disposition, or to impress or satisfy other people. This may have no connection whatsoever to the
innermost level of modesty as any non-believer may follow the same code of conduct.. The center of this innermost level is the
heart, alongside Emaan. A true believing woman does not engage-in these behaviors for other people; rather, she does it for the
sake of Allah. She does not do so out of shyness from other people; she does it out of shyness from Allah. She is humble in the
presence of Allah because she knows that everything she has, her wealth, her status, her abilities, are only from Him. This
understanding highlights the interconnection between modesty and Emaan. The Prophet (S.A.W) said, Indeed, modesty and
Emaan are companions. When one of them is lifted, the other leaves as well. (Baihaqi). And when this happens, the moral fiber
of society is jeopardized.
Evidence from Quran:
Surah an-Nur ayah 31 says:
And say to the faithful women to lower their gazes, and to guard their private parts, and not to display their beauty except what
is apparent of it, and to extend their headcoverings (khimars) to cover their bosoms (jaybs), and not to display their beauty
except to their husbands, or their fathers, or their husband's fathers, or their sons, or their husband's sons, or their brothers, or
their brothers' sons, or their sisters' sons, or their womenfolk, or what their right hands rule (slaves), or the followers from the
men who do not feel sexual desire, or the small children to whom the nakedness of women is not apparent, and not to strike their
feet (on the ground) so as to make known what they hide of their adornments. And turn in repentance to Allah together, O you
the faithful, in order that you are successful.

Surah al-Ahzab ayah 59 says:
O Prophet! Say to your wives and your daughters and the women of the faithful to draw their outergarments (jilbabs) close
around themselves; that is better that they will be recognized and not annoyed. And God is ever Forgiving, Gentle.

Explanation through Hadith:
Hadiths
What exactly is the meaning of each of these rules? For this, we need to look to the Sunna, because the Sunna shows us how the
Prophet (sAas) explained the Quran.

Sahih Al-Bukhari Volume 6, Book 60, Hadith # 282
Narrated Safiya bint Shaiba (Radhiallaahu nha) "Aisha (Radhiallaahu nha) used to say: "When (the Verse): "They should draw
their veils over their necks and bosoms," was revealed, (the ladies) cut their waist sheets at the edges and covered their faces
with the cut pieces.

Sahih Al-Bukhari Volume 1, Book 8, Hadith # 368
Narrated 'Aisha (Radhiallaahu nha) Rasulullah (Sallallaahu layhi Wasallam) used to offer the Fajr prayer and some believing
women covered with their veiling sheets used to attend the Fajr prayer with him and then they would return to their homes
unrecognized .

Abu Dawood Book 32, Hadith # 4090
Narrated Umm Salamah, Ummul Mu'minin (Radhiallaahu nha): When the verse "That they should cast their outer garments over
their persons" was revealed, the women of Ansar came out as if they had crows over their heads by wearing outer garments.

Abu Dawood Book 32, Hadith # 4091
Narrated Aisha, Ummul Mu'minin (Radhiallaahu nha) "May Allah have mercy on the early immigrant women. When the verse
"That they should draw their veils over their bosoms" was revealed, they tore their thick outer garments and made veils from
them.

Imaam Malik's MUWATTA Book 20 Hadith # 20.5.16
Yahya related to me from Malik from Hisham ibn Urwa that Fatima bint al-Mundhir (Radhiallaahu nha) said, "We used to veil our
faces when we were in Ihram in the company of Asma bint Abi Bakr As-Siddiq (Radhiallaahu nha).
Conclusion
Islam emphasizes on four types of veil. It includes covering of satter, veil form mahram, veil from non-mahram and concept of
Haya. From above discussion we found that in Quran and Hadith there is no specific way mentioned for veil so to prevent herself
from exploitation, woman can use scarf,hijab,jilab,abaya,cloak etc. the purpose is to secure herself from bad intentions of people
around and to keep the spirit of Haya sustained. Muslim women in many Muslim societies are not free to make a choice to wear
or not wear the veil. The majority of veil-wearing women in Pakistan do not make a decision to wear the veil. On the contrary
their male family members make decisions in this regard. In conservative families, girls start to wear the veil from a very young
age as tradition and custom. Even small girls of 6 or 7 years old start to wear the veil, and this is decided by the family, and not
by the girl. Women are forced to wear veil on the basis of religion, tradition and custom of the family. For many women, the veil
is a precondition to allow them to go out of the home. In Iran, Saudi Arabia and some other countries, state laws force women to
wear a specific dress. It is not a choice but a compulsion. In many areas, it is not a state law but local religious clerics force
women to wear the veil. For them, every woman without a veil or burqa is not modest and is like a prostitute. They regard the
veil as a sign of modesty, honour and nobility of the family. So women are not free to make a choice. This discussion is between
men on what a woman should wear and what they should not wear. Both male politicians and religious clerics are men dictating
to women.
In 2010, France declared restriction on veil of face. They prevented hijab as it is a religious symbol which should not be displayed.
Biggest fashion industry of the world is operating in France and it was their entire gimmick to prohibit hijab on one side and boost
up their fashion industry on the other side.