Communication Systems (1 Module) : Claudio Sacchi, PH.D

COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS (1
st
module)
Lecturer: Claudio Sacchi, Ph.D
University of Trento, International Master in
Telecommunications Enineerin, !cademic "ear
#$%&'#$%(
!ssistant lecturer: Cosimo
Stallo, Ph.D
)isitin *rofessor: Prof. Luc
)andendor*e
PART 2: NOISE IN
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
#
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TECHNICAL INTROUCTION TO THERMAL
NOISE
Thermal noise measured PSD+
,hite a**ro-imation+
E.uivalent model for am*lifier thermal noise.
THERMAL NOISE PARAMETERI!ATION IN
TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
/oise fiure+
Some cases of technical interest a0out noise *arameters
com*utation.
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
&
TABLE OF CONTENTS
MAN"MAE NOISE AN INTERFERENCE
Introduction+
Man'made noise features+
Man'made noise modelin+
Co'channel interference and ad1acent channel interference+
Phase noise.
(
TECHNICAL INTROUCTION TO
THERMAL NOISE
2
THERMAL NOISE MEASURE PS
#HAT$S THERMAL NOISE %
Thermal noise is the electronic noise enerated 0y thermal
aitation of electrons inside an electrical conductor+
It is also 3no4n as 5ohnson'/y.uist noise, 0ecause it 4as
measured 0y 5.6. 5ohnson at 6ell La0s in %7#8 and
descri0ed in details 0y 9. /y.uist :6ell La0s; in %7&$+
The t&ue thermal noise PSD has the follo4in e-*ression:
( )
2
1
( )
2
1 2
n h
h
RkT h
S f
kT
f

= =
+
<3 = %.&>7?%$
'#&
:,@9A;BC Bolt'm())$s *o)st()t
<h=D.#D?%$
'&(
:,@9A;s Pl()*+$s *o)st()t
<T=thermodynamic tem*erature :BC;
D
#HAT$S THERMAL NOISE %
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x 10
12
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
x 10
-21
frequency (Hz)
T
h
e
r
m
a
l

n
o
i
s
e

P
S
D
>
#HITE APPRO,IMATION (1)
If the fre.uency is lo4 enouh, in *articular:
,e can a**ro-imate very 4ell the a0ove mentioned PSD
4ith a constant, i.e.:
The E4hiteF a**ro-imation of the PSD is -ull. &e(so)(/le
in most cases of technical interest :it is very difficult to
thin3 a0out communication systems 4hose *ass0and is of
the order of T9A;.
1 @ 290
2
kT
f THz T K
h
<< = =
( ) @ 1
2 2
n
kT
S f f R
= =
8
#HITE APPRO,IMATION (2)
Thermal noise can 0e assumed to 0e 0(uss1()"
d1st&1/uted 0y invo3in the Central Limit Theorem+
Thermal noise is 'e&o"me()+
Thermal noise sam*les are u)*o&&el(ted :0y the 4ay
considerin the E4hiteF assum*tion;+
THEREFORE: !,G/ modelin is (de2u(te for thermal
noise. ,e can use it, e-*loitin all its intrinsic advantaes H
The *ro0lem is to find a *arameteriAation of this model that
EsoundsF ood from an enineerin vie4*oint+
The idea is to *arameteriAe the !,G/ model of thermal
noise as a function of the tem3e&(tu&e.
7
E4UI5ALENT MOEL FOR
AMPLIFIER THERMAL NOISE
#HY AMPLIFIERS ARE INTERESTIN0 FROM A
6NOISE7 5IE#POINT %
It is 3no4n that the E0iestF :and most e-*ensive;
com*onents of a communication system are am*lifiers+
Po4er am*lifiers and lo4'noise am*lifiers are made 0y
EsaladsF of electronic com*onents :semiconductors, ca*acities,
resistors, etc.;+
It is easy to understand that am*lifiers are &ele8()t t9e&m(l
)o1se sou&*es+
Ior this reason, 4e ta3e a *articular attention to these
com*onents. Ior this reason, 4e 4ill sho4 a s*ecific model for
noisy am*lifiers, 0ased on tem*erature.
%$
E4UI5ALENT MOEL FOR
E4UI5ALENT NOISE TEMPERATURE
The e2u18(le)t )o1se tem3e&(tu&e of a eneric
0andlimited !,G/ source is defined as follo4s:
It is actually the t9e&mod.)(m1* tem3e&(tu&e of a
resistor *rovidin the same thermal noise *o4er of the
considered source.
eq n
P kB k = =
<P
n
= measured *o4er of the noise source
<6 = 0and*ass of the noise source
%%
E4UI5ALENT MOEL FOR
NOISELESS AMPLIFIER MOEL
In the follo4in, a noiseless am*lifier model is sho4n.
It is characteriAed 0y an in*ut resistance r
i
, an out*ut
resistance r
o
and a transfer function 9:f; :fre.uency'
selective ain;
%#
E4UI5ALENT MOEL FOR
A5AILABLE PO#ER AT THE OUTPUT OF
THE NOISELESS AMPLIFIER
The (8(1l(/le 3o:e&; at the out*ut of the
noiseless am*lifier model is iven as follo4s:
:?; 4e are considerin here the hy*othesis of im*edance
matchin :J
L
=r
o
; that allo4s the o*timal *o4er transfer.
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2
2
2
2
4 4 4
i
o
i
o s
o o o s i
H f V H f
V f
r
P f V f
r r r R r
| |
= = =
|
+
\
%&
E4UI5ALENT MOEL FOR
A5AILABLE PO#ER 0AIN
,e define the availa0le *o4er ain of the
am*lifier as follo4s:
,e are considerin the im*edance
matchin condition also for the in*ut J
s
=r
i
.
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
i
o o s
S
A
S S o s i o
H f r
P f V f R
R
g f
P f V f r R r r
| |
= = =
|
|
+
\
%(
E4UI5ALENT MOEL FOR
PO#ER SPECTRAL ENSITY AT THE
OUTPUT OF A NOISELESS AMPLIFIER
LetKs su**ose that the in*ut sinal to the am*lifier is a
4hite Gaussian noise *rocess 4ith e.uivalent noise
tem*erature e.ual to
s
+
The e-*ression of the PSD of the EcoloredF noise at the
out*ut of the noisless am*lifier is the follo4in one:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
o A S A s
noiseless
f g f f g f k = =
%2
E4UI5ALENT MOEL FOR
PO#ER SPECTRAL ENSITY AT THE
OUTPUT OF A NOISY AMPLIFIER
!s *reviously mentioned, am*lifiers are the most
relevant thermal noise sources of a communication
system+
Therefore, am*lifiers (dd t9e&m(l )o1se that is
internally enerated. Therefore:
( ) ( ) ( )
int
( )
o A s
noisy
f g f k f = +
%D
E4UI5ALENT MOEL FOR
A5AILABLE PO#ER AT THE OUTPUT OF A NOISY
AMPLIFIER (1)
The (8(1l(/le )o1se 3o:e& at the out*ut of the noisy am*lifier is
iven 0y the follo4in e-*ression:
Usually am*lifiers are characteriAed 0y t4o *arameters: the
m(<1mum (8(1l(/le 3o:e& =(1) and the )o1se e2u18(le)t
/()d:1dt9 6
/
. They can 0e related to the availa0le *o4er ain as
follo4s:
( ) ( ) ( )
int
0 0 0
o o s A
N f df k g f df f df
+ + +
= = +

( )
+
=
0
df f g gB
A N
%>
E4UI5ALENT MOEL FOR
A5AILABLE PO#ER AT THE OUTPUT OF A
NOISY AMPLIFIER (2)
Therefore, 4e can 4rite:
/o4 4e can define the e--e*t18e )o1se tem3e&(tu&e
of the am*lifier as:
( ) ( )
int
0 0
o o s N
N f df k gB f df
+ +
= = +

( )
+
=
0
int
1
df f
gkB
N
e

%8
E4UI5ALENT MOEL FOR
AITI5E MOEL FOR NOISY AMPLIFIERS
Iinally 4e can 4rite:
,e can derive a 8e&. use-ul (dd1t18e model of the noisy
am*lifier :see fiure 0elo4;, 4here the internal noise is 0rouht
Eat the in*utF of the device. This 4ill ma3e easier the com*utation
of sinal to'noise ratios.
( ) ( )
0
o o s N N e s e N
N f df k gB gkB gk B
+
= = + = +

%7
E4UI5ALENT MOEL FOR
SI0NAL"TO"NOISE RATIO AT THE OUTPUT OF A
NOISY AMPLIFIER (1)
LetKs consider the system de*icted in the fiure 0elo4:
The (8(1l(/le s1=)(l sou&*e 3o:e& is S
s
+
LetKs su**ose that the sinal is 0and'limited and its JI
0and4idth is e.ual to a fraction of 6
/
.
#$
E4UI5ALENT MOEL FOR
SI0NAL"TO"NOISE RATIO AT THE OUTPUT
OF A NOISY AMPLIFIER (2)
Considerin the e.uivalent model of a noisy am*lifier,
4e can 4rite that:
,e can conventionally define also the sinal'to'noise
ratio (t t9e 1)3ut of the am*lifier as:
( ) ( )
S s s
O o s e N s e N
gS gS S S
N N gk B k B
| |
= = =
|
+ +
\
N s
s
S
B k
S
N
S
=
|
\
|

#%
E4UI5ALENT MOEL FOR
SI0NAL"TO"NOISE RATIO AT THE OUTPUT OF A
NOISY AMPLIFIER (>)
/o4 4e can e-*loit the *revious e.uation in order to
derive an e-*ression of the sinal'to'noise ratio at the
out*ut of the am*lifier as a function of the sinal'to'noise
ratio at the in*ut of the am*lifier, i.e.:
( ) ( )
S s e N s
s
e
s
O
N
S
B k
S
N
S
|
\
|
+
=
+
=
|
\
|
1
1
1
Note
O S
S S
N N
| | | |
<
| |
\ \
##
THERMAL NOISE PARAMETERI!ATION
IN TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
#&
NOISE FI0URE
EFINITION OF NOISE FI0URE
The )o1se -1=u&e I of an am*lifier is defined in the follo4in
4ay:
Given the *revious e.uations, 4e can derive a formulation of the
noise fiure de*endin on the e.uivalent noise tem*erature:
0
1
@ 290
s
O S
S S
K
N F N

| | | |
= = =
| |
\ \
0
1
e
F

| |
= +
|
\
#(
NOISE FI0URE
#HAT OES F REPRESENT %
,e can note from the *revious e.uation that:
Therefore a noisy am*lifier is characteriAed 0y a noise fiure
ILL% :enerally e-*ressed in d6;. This means that it is
EhotterF :from a noise vie4*oint; than the surroundin
environment+
! lo:")o1se (m3l1-1e& has a noise tem*erature lo4er than
environmental tem*erature. This means that it is EcolderF than
the surroundin environment. Therefore: %MIM#.
( )
0
1 = F
e
#2
NOISE FI0URE
NOISE AN 0AIN PARAMETERS OF
AMPLIFIERS
#D
NOISE PARAMETERS COMPUTATION:
SOME CASES OF INTEREST
CASE 1: CASCAE OF AMPLIFIERS
LetKs consider the cascade of t4o am*lifier staes. 6oth staes
are noisy+
LetKs su**ose that 0oth staes are linear and time'invariant
:LTI;+
Moreover, letKs su**ose that the 0and*ass of the second stae
falls 4ithin the 0and*ass of the first stae :6
#
M6
%
;.
#>
CASE 1: CASCAE OF AMPLIFIERS (2)
Under this hy*othesis 4e can say that the 0and*ass of the
cascade 6
/
is e.ual to 6
#
+
The availa0le noise *o4er at the out*ut of the t4o staes can
0e e-*ressed 0y the sum of three terms:
( )
N N N s O
B k g B k g g B k g g N
2 2 1 1 2 2 1
+ + =
No1se (t t9e 1)=&ess o-
t9e *(s*(de ((m3l1-1ed
/. /ot9 st(=es)
No1se 1)te&)(ll.
=e)e&(ted /. t9e 1?
st(=e (m3l1-1ed /. t9e
se*o)d st(=e
No1se 1)te&)(ll.
=e)e&(ted /.
t9e 2? st(=e
#8
CASE 1: CASCAE OF AMPLIFIERS (>)
If 4e define as the total ain of the cascade, 4e can e-*ress the
*o4er availa0le at the out*ut of the cascade as follo4s:
Therefore, t9e e2u18(le)t )o1se tem3e&(tu&e of the cascade
can 0e iven as follo4s:
N s O
B
g
gk N
|
|
\
|
+ + =
1
2
1

1
2
1
g
e
+ =
#7
CASE 1: CASCAE OF AMPLIFIERS (@)
The total noise fiure of the cascade is iven 0y:
,e can iterate this formula for the eneric case of / am*lifiers
*ut in cascade. ,e o0tain the so'called F&11s$s -o&mul(:
1 2 2
1
0 1 0 1
1
1
F
F F
g g

| | | |

= + + = +
| |
\ \
1 2 1 2 1
3
1
2
1
...
1
...
1 1
+ +
+ =
N
N
g g g
F
g g
F
g
F
F F
&$
CASE 2: RECEI5ER (1)
Let us consider no4 ( *om3lete &e*e18e& s*9eme consistin of
t4o staes: a first JI stae, namely: 3&ede*t1o) u)1t and a
second 0ase0and stae, namely dete*to&:
The first stae usually contains an am*lifier characteriAed 0y 91=9
=(1) ()d 91=9 )o1se -1=u&e. Considerin the IriisKs formula 4e
can say that:
2
1 1 1
1
1
ric ric ric
F
F F F F
g

= +
&%
CASE 2: RECEI5ER (2)
Under this hy*othesis, the m(1) )o1s. st(=e of the
system is the JI *redetection unit+
The detector *ut in cascade *erforms some nonlinear
demodulation tas3s :analo or diital; on the
0ase0and am*lified sinal+
Therefore, 4e can reasona0ly su**ose that the
detector *())ot s1=)1-1*()tl. (dd )o1se to the
system+
Moreover, /e1)= (t t9e &1=9t 3(&t o- t9e *(s*(de,
its noise contri0ution is reduced 0y the am*lifier ain.
&#
CASE 2: RECEI5ER (>)
/o4, 4e can com*ute the 3&e"dete*t1o) s1=)(l"to"
)o1se &(t1o that is :0y definition;:
( )

R T
R
S N S B =
( )
N e R
k k = + =
S.stem )o1se
tem3e&(tu&e
( )
( )
R
R
R e T
S
S N
k B
=
+
&&
CASE >: CABLE REPEATER SYSTEMS (1)
In a C!T) net4or3, the sinal transmitted throuh the ca0le is
stronly attenuated 4ith distance. Ior this reason, it is
mandatory to *ut some am*lifiers throuh the line+
The most efficient solution is to em*loy &e3e(te& (m3l1-1e&s
that e-actly com*ensate the ca0le attenuation in the considered
net4or3 sement :see fiure 0elo4;:
( )
1 1
cr c r
g L g = =
N:t; % # & m ":t;
( )
0
TX
c c T
S S
N k L B
| |
=
|
\
0
1 1
c
c c c
F L L
= + = +
1 1
( 1)
(1/ )
r r
cr c c c c r c r
c c
F F
F F L L L F L F
g L

= + = + = +
1
c
L >> 1
r
F >
&(
CASE >: CABLE REPEATER SYSTEMS (2)
The o8e&(ll )o1se -1=u&e I for the m cascaded
sections can 0e com*uted as follo4s:
If straihtfor4ardly follo4s the e2u18(le)t )o1se
tem3e&(tu&e of the cascade:
( ) ( )
2 1
1 1 1
( 1)
cr cr cr
cr cr cr
m
cr
cr cr
F F F
F F mF m mF
g
g g

= + + + + = +
0 0
) 1 (
cr e
mF F =
&2
CASE >: CABLE REPEATER SYSTEMS (>)
,e can reasona0ly *resume that the noise tem*erature at the
transmitter 4ill 0e small com*ared to the e.uivalent noise
tem*erature of the entire cascaded system+
Under these conditions, the *redetection sinal'to'noise ratio can
0e com*uted as follo4s:
( )
1 0
1
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
N
S
m B kF m
S
B k
S
N
S
T cr
T
T e
T
R

( )
1 0
T
cr T
S S
N kF B
| |
=
|
\
Sinal'to'noise ratio at the
out*ut of the first re*eater
&D
MAN"MAE NOISE AN
INTERFERENCE
&>
MAN"MAE NOISE SOURCES
INTROUCTION
Thermal noise is not the only distur0ance added to a sinal
transmitted onto a real channel+
Thermal noise is rearded as the natural or internal noise of a
telecommunication system+
It is naturally in o**osition to the man'made noise+
Man'made noise is enerated 0y a variety of emissions from
electrical dischares and other source, i.e.:
/oise from electrical machinery+
/oise from s*ar3 inition in *etrol enines+
S4itchin transients+
Dischare lihtin, etc.
5.J. 9erman, EElectromanetic !m0ients and Man'Made /oiseF, in: Multi')olume EMC
Encyclo*edia Series, %7>7.
&8
MAN"MAE NOISE FEATURES (t1me
dom(1))
Im3uls18e
)o1seA
*9(&(*te&1'ed
/. m().
outl(.e&s ()ot
0(uss1())
(8 M9A vehicular
man'made noise
&7
MAN"MAE NOISE FEATURES
(-&e2ue)*. dom(1))
T9e s3e*t&um 1s
-&e2ue)*."
sele*t18e ()ot
#91te )o1se)
/oise enerated 0y
a hih'voltae
electric line
($
MAN"MAE NOISE MOELIN0
MOEL OF A SIN0LE"NOISE IMPULSE
! reasona0le model for a sinle noise im*ulse
is the follo4in:
0
( ) ( ) ( ) z t p t t u t =
Pulse function of
finite duration
/oise'li3e 4aveform
!. Shu3la, EIeasi0ility study of measurement of man'made noiseF, DEJ! re*ort, London :UC;:
March #$$% :htt* availa0le;.
(%
MOEL OF A TRAIN OF NOISE PULSES
Man'made noise may not com*rise a sinle
im*ulse 0ut a train of *ulses :e.. inress'
noise in ca0le lines;+
The corres*ondin model is iven as follo4s:
( ) ( ) ( )
n n
n
z t p t u t =
4here:
( )
n
n n
n
t t
p t a p
| |
=
|
\
Pulse duration
(#
SIN0LE NOISE IMPLUSE (E,AMPLE)
a; The envelo*e is a
0(uss1() 3ulse+
0; The noise 4aveform is a
se.uence of random
num0er u)1-o&ml.
d1st&1/uted in O'%,%P.
(&
TRAIN OF NOISE PULSES (E,AMPLE)
a; ,e have 0(uss1() 3ulses
4ith different am*litudes
and durations+
0; The noise 4aveform is a
se.uence of random
num0er u)1-o&ml.
d1st&1/uted in O'%,%P+
c; 9ere, 4e have a 3e&1od1*
emission of noise *ulses. In
many cases, the emission
1s )ot 3e&1od1*.
((
CO"CHANNEL AN ABACENT
CHANNEL INTERFERENCE
CO"CHANNEL INTERFERENCE (CCI)
It is 3no4n also as *&osst(l++
It is an interference due to telecommunication sinals
s1mult()eousl. transmitted (t t9e s(me
-&e2ue)*. of the 4anted sinal+
This ty*oloy of interference can 0e encountered on
the tele39o)e l1)es :/ENT, IENT; and *ellul(&
)et:o&+s :ty*ically in GSM;+
Co'channel interference is dest&u*t18e. It must 0e
controlled in order to save system *erformances.
(2
E,AMPLES OF CCI
Tele*hone lines Cellular /et4or3s
Cells mar3ed 4ith the same letter transmit
at the same fre.uency :fre.uency reuse;
Physically ad1acent co**er *airs interfere
one 4ith another
1
s
N
I
i
P C
I
P
=
=
C(&&1e& to
1)te&-e&e)*e
&(t1o
(D
ABACENT CHANNEL INTERFERENCE
(ACI)
The ad1acent channel interference arises 4hen a
sinal is transmitted at a fre.uency very close to the
one of the 4anted sinal+
!CI is ty*ical of IDM! systems. It can 0e reduced 0y
usin front'end filters 4ith selective 0and*ass
characteristics and ade.uate uard'0ands+
The effects of !CI can 0e .uite nasty es*ecially in
()(lo= FM &(d1o and T5 /&o(d*(st.
(>
ABACENT CHANNEL INTERFERENCE
(ACI): PARAMETERI!ATION
( )
10 1 2
log 2
0.3
ACI
K f f B
I
(

=
C = filter slo*e factor :d6@dec;
6= sinal 0and4idth :4anted;
S. Ta00ane, E9and0oo3 of Mo0ile Jadio /et4or3sF, !rtech'9ouse: #$$$.
(8
PHASE NOISE
#HAT PHASE NOISE IS %
Phase noise is a sto*9(st1* 3e&tu&/(t1o) of the
fre.uency of an analo or diital oscillator+
Phase noise is involved 0y the *resence of
1m3e&-e*t1o)s ()d )o1se in the oscillator circuit+
!ctually, *hase noise is o)e o- t9e most &ele8()t
d&1-ts in hih'fre.uency analo JI circuitry for
telecommunication a**lications+
Phase noise im*act on system *erformance is often
critical. It must 0e reduced.
(7
PHASE NOISE
PHASE NOISE MOELIN0
Phase noise is modeled as follo4s:

n
:t; is a ,SS Gaussian random *rocess 4hose
*o4er s*ectral density is iven 0y:
( )
( ) cos ( )
c c n
c t A t t = + +
( )
2 2
c
S f f f

is a *o)st()t usually re*orted in data'sheets :e-*ressed in d6carrier@9A;
:LaurentKs a**ro-imation;
2$
PHASE NOISE
PHASE NOISE SPECTRAL ANALYSIS
Phase'noise
effect on
the carrier
ro4
Re(l os*1ll(to&
out3ut
:measured 0y a
s*ectrum
analyAer;
C.S. Cundert, Introduction to JI Simulation and Its !**lication, IEEE 5ournal of Solid'State
Circuits, )ol. &(, /o.7, **. %#78'%&%7, Se*t. %777.
2%
PHASE NOISE
PHASE NOISE PO#ER SPECTRAL ENSITY
Phase Noise Mask for 92.6 GHz solid state Oscillator
-140
-130
-120
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08
Freq. [Hz]
2#
PHASE NOISE
PHASE NOISE REALI!ATION
2&
PHASE NOISE
PHASE NOISE EFFECTS (1)
Phase noise im*acts on the most critical tas3 in coherent
demodulation, i.e.: carrier recovery+
Carrier recovery is *erformed 0y a circuit called P9(se"
Lo*+ed"Loo3 :PLL;+
In the *resence of *hase noise a eneric PLL converes 4ith a
residual 39(se d&1-t iven 0y:
( )
2
2
T
L
B
B
S f df

=
<6
L
=e.uivalent loo*
0and4idth of PLL
<6
T
= JI sinal
0and4idth
M.C. 5eruchim, ). 6ala0an, M. Shammuan, ESimulation of Communication SystemsF, Clu4er
!cademic Pu0lishers, /or4ell :M!;, #$$$.
2(
PHASE NOISE
PHASE NOISE EFFECTS (2)
It is 4orth notin that the *hase drift due to *hase noise is
added to the *hase drift due to the !,G/ noise+
It is easy to understand that *hase noise can 0e (lmost
let9(l in diital communications+
In fact, a &ele8()t &es1du(l 39(se d&1-t :e.. #$B; involves
a rotation of the constellation that may render demodulation
im*ossi0le+
! small *hase drift :e.. %$B; *() s1=)1-1*()tl. 1)*&e(se the
0it'error'rate :u* to t4o orders of manitude;+
Ior this reason, oscillator 4ith &edu*ed 39(se )o1se are
almost advisa0le. Unfortunately, they are .uite e-*ensive.
22
PHASE NOISE
PHASE NOISE EFFECTS (>)
Some 6EJ curves, as e-am*le:

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Telecommunication Systems University of Trento

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