CS1m Part3 2013 2014

COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS (1
st
module)
Lecturer: Claudio Sacchi, Ph.D
University of Trento, International Master in
Telecommunications Enineerin, !cademic "ear #$%&'#$%(
!ssistant lecturer: Cosimo Stallo,
Ph.D
)isitin *rofessor: Prof. Luc
)andendor*e
PART 3: PERFORMANCE
ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL
MODULATION SYSTEMS
TALE OF CONTENTS
PERFORMANCE OF M!ARY DIGITAL MODULATIONS
"IT# A"GN
M'!+" P!M M,DUL!TI,-S
M'!+" PS. M,DUL!TI,-S/
M'!+" 0!M M,DUL!TI,-S/
PE+1,+M!-CE C,MP!+IS,-/
1+,M SE+ T, 2E+.
DISTORTIONS IN DIGITAL MODULATION SYSTEMS
I-T+,DUCTI,-/
-,-LI-E!+ DIST,+TI,-S/
LI-E!+ DIST,+TI,-S/
E11ECTS ,1 DIST,+TI,-S ,- DI3IT!LL"'M,DUL!TED SI3-!LS/
DIST,+TI,- M,DELS/
!-!L"SIS !-D P,SSI2LE C,U-TE+ME!SU+ES.
Telecommunication Systems University of Trento
#
PERFORMANCE OF M!ARY DIGITAL
MODULATIONS "IT# A"GN
&
M!ARY PAM MODULATION: SIGNAL
CONSTELLATION
PAM SIGNAL FORMAT
The M P!M sinals have the follo4in enery:
The $eomet%&'(l %e)%ese*t(t&o* of the diitally'modulated P!M
sinals in the 5ase'function s*ace is mo*o!d&me*s&o*(l:

= = =
T
g m
T
m m m
E A dt t g A dt t s E
0
2 2
0
2 2
2
1
) (
2
1
) (
PULSE ENERGY
) ( ) ( t s t s
m m
=
( ) t t g
E
t
c
g
cos ) (
2
) ( =
2
g
m m
E
A s =
(
CONSTELLATION
PAM SIGNAL CONSTELLATION (1)
In the underlyin fiures, PAM d&$&t(l 'o*stell(t&o*s
are sho4n for M6#, M6( and M67 levels/
The ma**in of the 5it 5loc8s in P!M sym5ols is done 5y
usin the G%(+ 'ode 93ray ma**in:.
M,- M,. M,/
;
CONSTELLATION
PAM SIGNAL CONSTELLATION (-)
The Euclidean distance 5et4een t0o s&$*(ls o1 t2e PAM
'o*stell(t&o* can 5e com*uted as follo4s:
The m&*&mum Eu'l&de(* d&st(*'e of the P!M constellation 9i.e.:
the Euclidean distance 5et4een t4o ad<acent sym5ols: is iven as
follo4s:
( ) n m E d A A
E
s s d
g n m
g
n m
e
mn
= = = 2
2
2
) (
g
e
E d d 2
) (
min
=
=
M!ARY PAM MODULATION: SEP
PERFORMANCE
SEP COMPUTATION FOR M!ARY PAM SYSTEM (1)
Let>s remem5er that 4e are transmittin one P!M sinal
amon M *ossi5le ones 4ith am*litude:
The s+m3ol e%%o% )%o3(3&l&t+ (SEP) is com*uted 5y
considerin the threshold detection in the middle'*oint
5et4een t4o consecutive sym5ol:
2
g m m
E A s =
( ) M m d -M m- A
m
,.., 1 1 2 = =
g
e
E d d 2
) (
min
=
Minimum Euclidean distance
?
PERFORMANCE
SEP COMPUTATION FOR M!ARY PAM
SYSTEM (-)
If 4e su**ose to transmit the m'th sym5ol, the corres*ondin
out*ut of the matched filter receiver is the follo4in one:
The s+m3ol e%%o% )%o3(3&l&t+ com*uted for the M'# internal
sym5ols is iven as follo4s:
{ }
( )
|
|
\
|
= > =
|
\
|
g
g m
m
E d
Q E d s r
s s
err
2
int
2 2 Pr Pr
n
E
A n s r
g
m m
+ = + =
2
v.m6$
var6@#
7
PERFORMANCE
,n the other hand, the s+m3ol e%%o% )%o3(3&l&t+ of the t4o
eAternal sym5ol is iven 5y:
If 4e consider e4u&)%o3(3le s+m3ols, 4e can derive the
follo4in SEP eA*ression for eneric M'ary P!M sinals:
{ }
( )
|
|
\
|
= < =
|
\
|
g
g
est m
E d
Q E d n
s s
err
2
2 Pr Pr
( )
{ } { }
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
=
est m m
s s
err
M
s s
err
M
M
err Pr
2
Pr
2
Pr
int
B
PERFORMANCE
SEP COMPUTATION FOR M!ARY PAM SYSTEM (.)
Ce can com*ute the SE+ of a M'ary P!M system as a function
of the $eomet%&' )(%(mete%s of the constellation:
2ut 4e 8no4 that the (5e%($e e*e%$+ of a M'ary P!M
constellation can 5e com*uted as:
( )
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
=

g g g
M
E d
Q
M
M
E d
Q
M
E d
Q
M
M
P
2 2 2
1 2 2
2
2
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2 2
1 1
1 1 1
2 1 1 1
2 2 3 6
M M
g g
av m g
m m
d E d E
E E m M M M M d E
M M M
= =
(
= = = =
(

%$
PERFORMANCE
Ce can o5serve that:
Therefore, 4e can eA*ress the SE+ of a M'ary P!M as a
function of the (5e%($e )o0e% t%(*sm&tted )e% s+m3ol
and@or the (5e%($e e*e%$+ t%(*sm&tted )e% s+m3ol:
( ) ( ) 1
6
1
6
2 2
2
=
M
T P
M
E
E d
av av
g
( )
( )
( )
( )
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
=
1
6 1 2
1
6 1 2
2 2
M
E
Q
M
M
M
T P
Q
M
M
P
av av
M
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 1 6log 2 1 6log
1 1
bav
M bav
M M E M M
P Q Q
M M
M M
| | | |

| |
= =
| |

\ \
%%
PERFORMANCE
SEP CUR7ES 7S8 A7ERAGE PER!IT SIGNAL!
TO NOISE RATIO
DThe )e%1o%m(*'e
de$%(d(t&o* for increasin
M is very relevant/
DIn fact, the sym5ols
5ecome 'lose% (*d 'lose%
9the Euclidean distance is
reduced:.
%#
M!ARY PS9 MODULATION: SIGNAL
CONSTELLATION
P#ASE!MODULATED DIGITAL SIGNALS (M!PS9) (1)
In the diital Phase Modulation 98no4n as P2(se S2&1t 9e+&*$ '
PS.:, the M sinals of the constellation can 5e eA*ressed as follo4s:
( )
{ } ( )
(
+ = =

1
2
cos ) ( ) ( Re ) (
1 2
m
M
t t g e e t g t s
c
t j M m j
m
c

M m ,.., 1 = T t 0
t sin m
M
sin t g t m
M
t g
c c

) 1 (
2
) ( cos ) 1 (
2
cos ) ( =
( ) 1
2
= m
M
m
P2(se s2&1t ma**in a iven sym5ol ta8en in the

al*ha5et of M6#
8
dimension
%&
CONSTELLATION
P#ASE!MODULATED DIGITAL SIGNALS (M!PS9) (-)
The M'PS. sinals have eEual enery:
The M'PS. 4aveforms can 5e eA*ressed as linear
com5ination of t4o orthonormal 5asis functions:
m E dt t g dt t s E E
T
g
T
m m
= = = =

2
1
) (
2
1
) (
0
2
0
2
( ) t t g
E
t
c
g
cos ) (
2
) (
1
= ( ) t sin t g
E
t
c
g
) (
2
) (
2
=
%(
CONSTELLATION
P#ASE!MODULATED DIGITAL SIGNALS (M!PS9) (3)
The M PS.'modulated sinals can 5e re*resented as t4o'
dimensional vectors in the 5asis function s*ace:
Ce can derive the follo4in eometrical re*resentation:
( ) ( )
(
(
1
2
2
, 1
2
cos
2
) ( m
M
sin
E
m
M
E
s t s
g g
m m

%;
CONSTELLATION
P#ASE!MODULATED DIGITAL SIGNALS (M!PS9)
(3)
The Euclidean distance 5et4een t4o sym5ols of the M'PS.
constellations can 5e com*uted as follo4s:
The minimum Euclidean distance 5et4een t4o consecutive
sym5ols is iven as follo4s:
( )
(
= = n m
M
E s s d
g n m
e
mn
2
cos 1
) (
|
\
|
=
M
E d
g
e
2
cos 1
) (
min
%=
M!ARY PS9 MODULATION: SEP
PERFORMANCE
SEP COMPUTATION FOR M!PS9 (1)
M'PS. sym5ols are characteriFed 5y e4u(l
e*e%$+/
!s sym5ols are e4u&)%o3(3le and e4u&!
e*e%$et&', the o*timum receiver decides on the
5asis of the 'o%%el(t&o* met%&':
PT E E E
g s av
= = =
2
1
( ) M m s r S
m
S
m
m
,..., 1 max
= =
%?
SEP COMPUTATION FOR M!PS9 (-)
This means that 4e have a )2(se dete'to% that
decides that the transmitted sinal is the one 0&t2
t2e 'losest )2(se to t2e %e'e&5ed s&$*(l:
The received sinal *hase is eEual to:
Therefore, if 4e could derive an (*(l+t&'(l
e;)%ess&o* of the *df of the received sinal *hase,
4e can com*ute the s+m3ol e%%o% )%o3(3&l&t+ for
the M'PS. sinals.
|
|
\
|
=
1
2
arctan
r
r
r
PERFORMANCE
%7
PERFORMANCE
RECEI7ED SIGNAL P#ASE PDF
DE;)e%&me*t(l 'u%5es
o3t(&*ed 1o% d&11e%e*t
5(lues of
s
%B
PERFORMANCE
SEP COMPUTATION FOR M!PS9 (3)
The SEP can 5e analytically com*uted in closed form
only for M6# 92PS.6#'P!M: and M6( 90PS.@0!M:/
1or M6# :
1or M6(:
|
|
\
|
= =
b
b
E
Q P P
2
2
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
=

b s
E
Q
E
Q P
2
2 2
4
#$
PERFORMANCE
SEP COMPUTATION FOR M!PS9: CASE M<.
A 4u&te e11&'&e*t (*(l+t&'(l ())%o;&m(t&o* of is iven
for
s
GG% and for *hase values lo4er than @# 9i.e.: MG(:. It is
iven 5y:
Therefore, 4e can com*ute an analytical a**roAimation of the SEP
for a M'PS. constellation 4ith MG( 97'PS., %='PS., etc.:, i.e.:
UniversitH di Trento Sistemi di TelecomunicaFioni
( ) ( )
r s r
s
r
r
p
2
sin 2 exp cos
2
2 2 sin 2 2 sin
M s b
P Q Q k
M M

| | | |
=
| |
\ \
( )
r
r
p

#%
PERFORMANCE
SEP CUR7ES 7S8 A7ERAGE PER!IT SIGNAL!
TO NOISE RATIO
DM'PS. SEP curves are sho4n in the fiure
aside/
DThe *erformance deradation &s e5&de*t for
hiher values of M/
DIndeed, the closest'*hase criterion for sym5ol
decision may fail in the *resence of noise if the
sym5ols are very close in the circle/
DThe 5etter s*ectral efficiency e.. of a %='PS.
modulation is *aid &* te%ms o1 )o0e%
e11&'&e*'+ 4ith res*ect to a 0PS. 97d2 of S-+
a*:.
##
M!ARY =AM MODULATION: SIGNAL
CONSTELLATION
=UADRATURE PAM SIGNALS (M!=AM) (1)
M'0!M constellations are o5tained 5y se*arately modulatin t4o
orthoonal carriers 4ith t4o M'ary P!M/
In such a case, M6#
8
8'5it sym5ols are ma**ed onto M
4aveforms 4hose eA*ression is iven as follo4s:
( ) { } ( ) ( ) t sin t g A t t g A e t g jA A t s
c ms c mc
t j
ms mc m
c

) ( cos ) ( ) ( Re ) ( = + =
M m ,.., 1 = T t 0
I*!)2(se
'om)o*e*t
I*!4u(d%(tu%e
'om)o*e*t
#&
CONSTELLATION
=UADRATURE PAM SIGNALS (-)
!s alternative, 4e can eA*ress M'0!M sinals usin
the follo4in formalism:
Ce can see from a5ove eA*ressions that M'0!M is a
m&;ed (m)l&tude!)2(se modulation. It is also
8no4n as AP9 9!m*litude'Phase .eyin:
{ } ( )
m c m
t j j
m m
t t g V e t g e V t s
c m

+ = = cos ) ( ) ( Re ) (
2 2
ms mc m
A A V + = ( )
mc ms m
A A arctg =
#(
CONSTELLATION
=UADRATURE PAM SIGNALS (3)
Ce can re*resent M'0!M constellations in a t4o'dimensional
s*ace, considerin the same orthonormal 5asis functions used for
M'PS.:
In *ractical a**lications 4e are interested to the case of M'0!M
4ith discrete i'E am*litude levels 9rectanular M'0!M:.
( ) t t g
E
t
c
g
cos ) (
2
) (
1
= ( ) t sin t g
E
t
c
g
) (
2
) (
2
=
(
(

2
,
2
) (
g
ms
g
mc m m
E
A
E
A s t s
#;
CONSTELLATION
=UADRATURE PAM SIGNALS (.)
Let>s see the eometrical re*resentation of M'0!M rectanular
constellations 9from M6( to M6=(:
#=
CONSTELLATION
=UADRATURE PAM SIGNALS (6)
The Euclidean distance 5et4een t4o eneric M'0!M sinals
5elonin to a iven constellation can 5e eA*ressed as follo4s:
In M'0!M rectanular constellations, the minimum Euclidean
distance is iven as follo4s:
That is the same results already sho4n for M'ary P!M.
( ) ( ) [ ]
2 2
) (
2
1
ns ms nc mc g n m
e
mn
A A A A E s s d + = =
g
e
E d d 2
) (
min
=
#?
M!ARY =AM MODULATION: SEP
PERFORMANCE
SEP FOR RECTANGULAR M!=AM (e5e* >)
Let>s consider the case of a %e't(*$ul(% M!(%+
=AM constellation. It is a *articular case, 5ut 4idely
encountered in real'4orld telecommunication
systems due to the ease of im*lementation/
Let>s consider the su5'case of M6#
8
sinals, 4ith
e5e* >/
In such a su5'case the M'0!M constellation is
eEuivalent to t0o &*!4u(d%(tu%e mult&le5el PAM
'o*stell(t&o*s, each one characteriFed 5y #
8@#
*oints.
#7
PERFORMANCE
SEP FOR RECTANGULAR M!=AM (E7EN >) (1)
!s, the t4o M'ary P!M sinals can 5e demodulated
inde*endently on the in'*hase and in'Euadrature carriers, 4e
can com*ute the correct detection *ro5a5ility as follo4s:
4here is the )%o3(3&l&t+ o1 e%%o% of a M'ary P!M 4ith
M
%@#
levels 4hose averae *o4er eEuals o*e!2(l1 o1 t2e
(5e%($e )o0e% transmitted 5y the real M'0!M modulation.
( ) ( )
2
1
M
corr
P M P =
M
P
#B
PERFORMANCE
SEP FOR RECTANGULAR M!=AM (e5e* >) (-)
Therefore, 4e can a**ly the formula of the s+m3ol e%%o%
)%o3(3&l&t+ for a M'ary P!M 4ith the num5er of levels eEual
to the sEuare root of M and 4ith *o4er eEual to one'half of the
averae transmitted *o4er:
The sym5ol error *ro5a5ility for a M'0!M modulation 4ith
sEuared constellation is iven 5y:
( )
( )
|
|
\
|
=
1
3 1 2
M
E
Q
M
M
P
av
M
A5e%($e e*e%$+
t%(*sm&tted )e%
s+m3ol
( )
M M
M
P P P 2 1 1
2
=
&$
PERFORMANCE
SEP FOR RECTANGULAR M!=AM (odd >)
1or odd 8, the assum*tions made for the *revious case are not
valid/
No 'losed 1o%m e;)%ess&o* for the SEP can 5e found/
O*l+ (* u))e% 3ou*d can 5e used for such a case 9see
Proa8is, ch.( for the demonstration::
Please, notice that the u**er 5ound a5ove can 5e used (lso
for even 8, 5ut, in such a case, it is 5etter to use the eAact
closed'form SEP eA*ression, instead of its a**roAimation.
( )
3
4
1
bav
M
kE
P Q k
M
| |
|
|
\
&%
PERFORMANCE
SEP CUR7ES 7S8 A7ERAGE PER!IT SIGNAL!TO
NOISE RATIO
DThe )e%1o%m(*'e de$%(d(t&o* for
increasin M is noticea5le 5ut *ot so
%ele5(*t as in the M'P!M and M'PS. cases/
DThe sym5ols are distri5uted &* t0o
d&me*s&o*s and, therefore, their Euclidean
distance is increased 4ith res*ect to the %'D
P!M/
DThe M'0!M sym5ols are distri5uted o5e%
mult&)le '&%'les and not over a sinle
circle, li8e in M'PS..
&#
PERFOMANCE COMPARISON: M!=AM
7S8 M!PS9
M!=AM IS T#E "INNER
D1or MG7, M'0!M eAhi5its a )o0e% $(&* 4ith
res*ect to M'PS. 4hen transmission over !C3-
channel is considered/
DSuch a ain is estimated 5y dividin the
arument of the 0 function com*uted in the
u**er 5ound on SEP of M'0!M 5y that one
com*uted in the M'PS. a**roAimated SEP
eA*ression 94ithout the sEuare root::
( )
( )
2
2
3
1
3
4( 1) sin
4 sin
bav b
bav
M
b
E E
kE
M
R
E
M M
k
M
= =
| |
|
\
&&
M R
M
(&* d)
%= %.#
&# (.$
=( =.B
%#7 B.B
#;= %#.B
;%# %;.B
%$#( %7.B
+
M
is actually t2e (mou*t
o1 (dd&t&o*(l )o0e% 9in
d2: that must 5e s*ent 5y
M'PS. in order to o5tain
the same SEP of M'0!M
PERFOMANCE COMPARISON: M!=AM
7S8 M!PAM
M!=AM IS T#E "INNER
D1or MG#, M'0!M eAhi5its a )o0e% $(&* 4ith
res*ect to M'P!M 4hen transmission over !C3-
aruments of the 0 function com*uted in the
u**er 5ound on SEP of M'0!M 5y that one
com*uted in the M'P!M SEP eA*ression 94ithout
the sEuare root::
( )
( )
2
3
1
( 1)
6
2
1
bav
M
bav
kE
M
M
R
kE
M
+
= =
&(
M R
M
(&* d)
( (.$
7 =.;
%= B.&
&# %#.#
=( %;.%
%#7 %7.%
#;= #%.%
;%# #(.%
%$#( #?.%
PERFOMANCE COMPARISON: M!PAM
7S8 M!PS9
M!PS9 IS T#E "INNER
D1or MG#, M'PS. eAhi5its a )o0e% $(&* 4ith
res*ect to M'P!M 4hen transmission over !C3-
aruments of the 0 function com*uted in the M'
P!M SEP eA*ression, 5y that one com*uted in the
M'PS. a**roAimated SEP eA*ression for MG( and
in the eAact SEP for M6( 94ithout the sEuare
root::
( )
2 2
3
4
2( 1) sin
5 / 2 4
M
M
M M
R
M
>
&;
M R
M
(&* d)
( '(.$
7 '?.B
%= '7.%%
&# '7.%=
=( '7.%?
%#7 '7.%7
#;= '7.%7
+
M
&s *e$(t&5e 9in d2:: this
means that the I4innerJ is at
the denominatorK The *o4er
ain of M'PS. saturates to
a5out 7.#d2 for lare M.
DIGITAL MODULAIONS: FROM SEP
TO EP
CLOSED!FORM APPRO?IMATION
The &t!E%%o%!P%o3(3&l&t+ (EP) is difficult to 5e o5tained 5y
SEP in M'PS. and M'0!M modulations/
It mainly de*ends on the 3&t e%%o% )l('eme*t in the sym5ol/
If 4e use ( G%(+ 'ode for ma**in, t4o M'PS. sym5ols 4ith
ad<acent *hase differ 5y one 5it/
This could mean that a decision error in the detection 4ill 5e
LmostlyM due to a sinle L4ronM 5it affectin the 8'5it sym5ol/
1or this reason, 4e can a**roAimately claim that:
1
be M
P P
k

NOTE: very ood a**roAimation for M'
PS., not so ood for M'0!M and M'P!M
95ut freEuently used as 4ell N:
&=
&?
DISTORTIONS IN DIGITAL
MODULATION SYSTEMS
&7
INTRODUCTION
NON!IDEAL E#A7IOURS OF
TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (1)
In 5asic courses a5out Electrical Communications, all the
*arts com*osin a transmission system have 5een rearded
as &de(l, 4hich means:
Channel *urely adds some noise to the sinal/
The added noise is 4hite and 3aussian/
The am*lifiers are linear and ideal 9they sim*ly multi*ly the
am*litude of the sinal 5y a ain, 4hich is constant in the
am*lifier *ass'5and:/
The filters have rectanular am*litude res*onse 4ith unitary
ain and linear *hase res*onse in their *ass'5and.
2ut, in the real'4orld telecommunication systems
these hy*otheses (%e *ot %e(l&st&'.
&B
INTRODUCTION
NON!IDEAL E#A7IOURS OF
TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (-)
In %e(l!0o%ld telecommunication systems:
Some 8ind of noises are neither 3aussian neither 4hite 9man'
made noise, interference:/
Sometimes, noise is not additive 9e.. *hase noise:/
+eal am*lifiers are not linear/
+eal filters have neither rectanular am*litude res*onse,
neither linear *hase res*onse/
+eal filters are not ideally selective 9*ass'no'*ass, li8e a
rectanle:, 5ut they enerally have a non'vertical Lslo*eM/
In this *art of the course, 4e shall focus on the modelin
and the effects of sinal distortions yielded 5y %e(l
(m)l&1&e%s and %e(l 1&lte%s.
($
NON!LINEAR DISTORTIONS
AMPLITUDE!TO!AMPLITUDE
(AM@AM) C#ARACTERISTIC
The !M@!M characteristic is the curve
*lottin the out*ut am*litudes 9in )olt:
*rovided 5y the am*lifier, versus the in*ut
am*litudes/
Ideally, this characteristic should 5e linear,
really, it eAhi5its a s(tu%(t&*$ 3e2(5&o%
9see fiure aside, related to 3a!s SSP!:/
The saturation reion of the !M@!M is
called 'om)%ess&o* %e$&o*, as contrast
4ith the l&*e(% %e$&o*/
MaAimum out*ut am*litude: 13
7olt, corres*ondin to an in*ut
am*litude of 1.Am" 9ain in
saturation: 1B8CD d, ain in
linear Fone: -38-D d:
3. !cciari, P. Colantonio, M. De Dominicis, and M.
+ossi, EA F(st AM@AM (*d AM@PM
C2(%('te%&F(t&o* Te'2*&4ueG, Proc. of %%
th
IEEE
3a!s Sym*., Munich #$$&.
(%
AMPLITUDE!TO!P#ASE
(AM@PM) C#ARACTERISTIC
The !M@!M characteristic is the curve
*lottin the out*ut *hase delay 9in
de.: *rovided 5y the am*lifier, versus
the in*ut am*litudes/
Ideally, this characteristic should 5e
constant and close to Fero de.,
really, the *hase delay increases 4ith
the am*litude 9see fiure aside::
MaAimum *hase delay: 1A de$8,
corres*ondin to an in*ut
am*litude of 1.Am"
3. !cciari, P. Colantonio, M. De Dominicis, and M.
+ossi, EA F(st AM@AM (*d AM@PM
C2(%('te%&F(t&o* Te'2*&4ueG, Proc. of %%
th
IEEE
3a!s Sym*., Munich #$$&.
(#
OUTPUT SIGNAL FROM A NONLINEAR AMPLIFIER
(NARRO"AND #YPOT#ESIS)
Let>s consider a eneric +1'modulated 9analo or diital: sinal:
!ssumin that the carrier freEuency is mu'2 l(%$e% than the
sinal 5and4idth and the am*lifier ain &s 1l(t over the entire
5and4idth of the sinal 9narro45and hy*othesis:, the out)ut
s&$*(l enerated 5y the am*lifier is iven as follo4s:
( )
( )
{ }
( ) Re
c
j t j t
s t A t e e

=
( )
( )
( )
{ }
( ) Re
c
j A t
j t j t
y t G A t e e e

(

( =

!M@!M
!M@PM
(&
NONLINEAR DISTORTION E7ALUATION (IN
NUMERICAL TERMS)
The nonlinear distortion can 5e Euantified 5y means of a
*arameter called 'l&) le5el 9denoted 5y CL::
Chere !
sat
is the saturation voltae of the am*lifier and sima is
the standard deviation of the in*ut sinal/
Lo4 CL values 9O6(d2: mean very hih distortions, 4hereas
hiher values of CL mean almost linear am*lification.
10
20log ( )
sat
x
A
CL dB
| |
=
|
\
!ccademic year #$%$@#$%% ((
LINEAR DISTORTIONS
REAL FILTER RESPONSE (1)
! ood filter is characteriFed 5y a very flat am*litude
res*onse inside the desired *ass'5and, 4ith a very a5ru*t
slo*e outside the cutoff Fone 94e are meanin an Lalmost
rectanularM res*onse::
(;
LINEAR DISTORTIONS
REAL FILTER RESPONSE (-)
! filter li8e that one sho4n in the *revious slide is enerally
characteriFed 5y a *o*l&*e(% )2(se %es)o*se:
3iven the *hase vs. freEuency, 4e can
define the follo4in Euantity:
( )
( )
( )
1
( )
2
gr
gr
d
t
d
d f
t f
df

=
=
EAam*le of freEuency res*onse of a
real filter
It is called GROUP DELAY
(=
LINEAR DISTORTIONS
GROUP DELAY DISTORTION (1)
If the filter is 4ith linear *hase res*onse, i.e.,
2UT, if the rou* delay varies 4ith the freEuencyH t2e
s&$*(l 0&ll 3e d&sto%ted/
Indeed, the different s*ectral com*onents of the sinal 4ill
5e LtransferredM at the out*ut of the filter 4ith different
delays/
( ) ( )
0 0
2
gr
f ft t f t =
(?
EFFECTS OF DISTORTIONS ON
DIGITALLY!MODULATED SIGNALS
NONLINEAR AM@AM C#ARACTERISTIC
+emem5er the eneric formulation for a diitally'modulated
sinal 9am*litude and *hase modulation::
The nonlinear !M@!M characteristic, for sure, 4ill *roduce (
*o*l&*e(% (m)l&tude d&sto%t&o* if the envelo*e of the
modulated sinal !9t: is time varyin 9this al4ays ha**ens
4ith M'P!M, M'0!M modulations and 4ith 4aveform'
filtered modulations::
( )
( )
{ }
( ) Re ( ) Re
k c c
j t j j t j t
k
k
s t V e g t kT e A t e e

+
=

= =
`
)
( )
( ) ( )
{ }
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) Re cos
c
j t t
c
y t G A t e G A t t t

+
( ( = = +

(7
NONLINEAR AM@PM C#ARACTERISTIC
The nonlinear !M@PM characteristic, for sure, 4ill *roduce (
t&me!5(%+&*$ )2(se d%&1t 9su5stantially: *hase'noise: if the
envelo*e of the modulated sinal !9t: is time varyin 9this
al4ays ha**ens 4ith M'P!M, M'0!M modulations and 4ith
4aveform'filtered modulations::
In eneral, hih'ain #&$2 Po0e% Am)l&1&e%s (#PAs)
introduce 5oth nonlinear am*litude distortion and *hase drift/
Smaller lo4er'ain am*lifiers 9li8e Sol&d!St(te Po0e%
Am)l&1&e%s SSP!s: are characteriFed 5y !M@PM characteristic
almost ideal and, therefore 5y nelii5le *hase drifts.
( ) ( ) [ ] ( )
( ) cos ( )
c
y t A t t t A t = + +
(B
EFFECTS OF NON LINEAR DISTORTIONS ON A
M!=AM MODULATION:
,riinal %='0!M
constellation
Distorted Sinal s*ectrum
9the 5and4idth increasesK:
+eceived %='0!M
constellation
;$
#ARMONIC DISTORTION (1)
The effects of nonlinearities are measured also in the
freEuency domain/
The most visi5le effect is the 2(%mo*&' d&sto%t&o*/
If 4e transmit a sinusoidal sinal throuh a linear system,
4e o5tain another sinusoid/
If 4e transmit a sinusoidal sinal throuh a nonlinear
system, 4e o5tain ( se%&es o1 s)u%&ous 2(%mo*&'s,
4hose freEuencies are inteer multi*les of the fundamental
freEuency of the sinusoid.
;%
#ARMONIC DISTORTION (-)
Chy harmonic distortionP Every nonlinearity may 5e eA*ressed 5y
a linear *art *lus the nonlinearity eA*ressed 5y its McLaurin series
eA*ansion:
The received sinal 4ill 5e in the form:
( )
( )
0
0
!
k
k
k
k
d G
x
G x ax
dx k
+
=
= +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 4
0 0 0 2 0 4 0
( ) cos cos cos cos .... y t G A t a t c c t c t = = + + + +
Reme3e% t2(t:
;#
#ARMONIC DISTORTION (3)
3ra*hical effects:
!s the carrier is re*licated
at harmonic freEuencies,
the harmonic distortion my
*roduce also s)u%&ous
(*d d&sto%ted %e)l&'(s
o1 t2e modul(ted
s&$*(l8
;&
INTERMODULATION DISTORTION (1)
Intermodulation distortion 9IMD: is the am*litude modulation of
sinals containin t4o or more different freEuencies in a system
4ith nonlinearities 9ty*ically (* FDMA system:/
The intermodulation 5et4een each freEuency com*onent 4ill
form additional sinals at freEuencies t2(t (%e *ot Iust (t
2(%mo*&' 1%e4ue*'&es 9inteer multi*les: of either, 5ut also at
the sum and difference freEuencies of the oriinal freEuencies
and at multi*les of those sum and difference freEuencies.
Intermodulation distortion is o5tained 5y eA*ressin the
nonlinearity 5y means of a )olterra series, instead of usin the
common McLaurin series.
;(
INTERMODULATION DISTORTION (-)
! freEuency s*ectrum *lot
sho4in intermodulation
5et4een t4o in<ected
sinals at -DA (*d -D6
M#F 9the lare s*i8es:.
)isi5le intermodulation
*roducts are seen as small
s*urs at -/A M#F (*d
-C6 M#F.
Interferin s*urious lo5es may a**ear very close to the
4anted sinalKK
;;
GROUP DELAY DISTORTION
2ein a linear distortion, the rou* delay effect may 5e
eA*ressed 5y means of the 'o*5olut&o* o)e%(to% 94hich
is linear as 4ell::
If 4e have a non'constant rou* delay, the received
4aveform
D
9t: 4ill 5e different than the eA*ected
4aveform 9t:/
In diital communications, the 4aveform deradation 0&ll
&*5ol5e ISI.
( )
( ) Re * ( ) Re ( )
k c k c
j j t j j t
k gr k D
k k
y t V e h t g t kT e V e g t kT e

+ +
= =

( = =
` `

) )

;=
DISTORTION MODELS
RAPPJS NONLINEAR NARRO"AND
DISTORTION MODEL (1)
Such a model 4as *ro*osed 5y +a** in %BB%. It fits 4ell
4ith terrestrial Sol&d St(te Po0e% Am)l&1&e%s 9SSP!:,
characteriFed 5y smooth am*litude saturation and nelii5le
*hase drifts:
[ ]
[ ]
1 2
2
1
0
p
p
sat
G
A
(
| |
( +
|
(
\
NOTICE: this model is

related to a *o%m(l&Fed
(m)l&tude $(&* 36%:
this is usual 4hen dealin
4ith nonlinear distortions.
C. +a**, KE11e'ts o1 #PA!No*l&*e(%&t+ o* ( .!DPS9@OFDM!S&$*(l 1o% ( D&$&t(l Sou*d
%o(d'(st&*$ S+stemK, Proc. of the #nd Euro*ean Conf. on Satellite Communications, Liee,
92:, ,ct. ##'#(, %BB%, **. %?B'%7(.
;?
DISTORTION MODELS
RAPPJS NONLINEAR
NARRO"AND DISTORTION
MODEL (-)
The *arameter *G6% controls the
smoothness of transition from the
linear reion to the com*ression
reion/
1or very lare values of *, the +a**
model deenerates to the soft'
limiter, 4hose !M@!M characteristic
is:
[ ]
sat
sat sat
if A
G
A if A

=

>
;7
DISTORTION MODELS
SALE#JS NONLINEAR NARRO"AND
DISTORTION MODEL (1)
Such a model 4as *ro*osed 5y Saleh in %B7%. It fits 4ell
4ith terrestrial and satellite #&$2!Po0e% Am)l&1&e%s
9QP!s:, characteriFed 5y heavy non'linearity, hih *o4er
ain in saturation and not nelii5le *hase drift/
The model is 5ased on a s*ecific class of rational functions,
4hose *arameters and should 5e fitted 5y the
eA*erimentally measured !M@!M and !M@PM of an am*lifier
5y usin a Least'SEuare *rocedure:
( )
( )
2
1
n
k
f

=
+
n6% and 86% for normaliFed am*litude
ain !M@!M characteristics/ for !M@PM
n6# and 86% are enerally used
;B
DISTORTION MODELS
SALE#JS NONLINEAR DISTORTION MODEL (-)
2elo4, !M@!M and !M@PM curves are sho4n for a TCT used in
satellite communications:
!.!. Saleh, KF%e4ue*'+!&*de)e*de*t (*d 1%e4ue*'+!de)e*de*t *o*l&*e(% models o1
T"T (m)l&1&e%sHK IEEE Trans. Commun., vol'C,M #B, no.%%, **. %?%;'%?#$, -ov. %B7%.
=$
DISTORTION MODELS
UTTER"ORT# MODEL (1)
The 2utter4orth model has 5een *ro*osed 5y +. 2utter4orth
in %B&; to re*resent the transfer functions of filters, 4hich
have the am*litude res*onse m(;&m(ll+ 1l(t in their
*ass5and/
This is a reasona5le model for analo filters used in
telecommunication a**lications/
Indeed, the o5<ective is to have an Lalmost rectanularM
am*litude res*onse 4ith (* (3%u)t slo)e &* t2e sto)3(*d
9selective filters are reEuired to cut'off noise and interference:/
The mathematical model of 2utter4orth is 5ased on the so'
called com*leA utte%0o%t2 )ol+*om&(ls.
=%
DISTORTION MODELS
UTTER"ORT# MODEL (-)
2utter4orth filters 9lo4'*ass: are al4ays characteriFed 5y the
follo4in am*litude res*onse:
The *arameter n is called 1&lte% o%de%. The com*leA transfer
function of 2utter4orth filter is eA*ressed as a function of the
utte%0o%t2 )ol+*om&(l of order n, namely 2
n
:
( )
( )
2
1
1
n
pass
H f
f B
=
+
( )
1
( )
n pass
H f
B f B
=
2
*ass
is the 1&lte%
3(*d)(ss, called also
3d!3(*d0&dt2.
=#
DISTORTION MODELS
The 2utter4orth *olynomials are eA*ressed in this manner
9s6#<f in our case::
=&
DISTORTION MODELS
UTTER"ORT# MODEL (.)
The com*utation of the *hase res*onse and rou* delay of
2utter4orth model is not very easy/
Qo4ever, some eA*licit eA*ressions are iven u* to the ;
th
order filters 9see anneAed document availa5le on the 4e5 site
of the course:/
In the neAt slides, 4e 4ill sho4 the ty*ical tradeoff of real
filters: increasin the filter order, the am*litude res*onse of
the filter 5ecomes more and more LrectanularM 9and,
therefore, more selective aainst out'of'5and noise and
interference: 5ut the *hase res*onse 5ecomes more and more
nonlinear and, conseEuently, $%ou) del(+ d&sto%t&o*
&*'%e(ses.
=(
DISTORTION MODELS
=;
DISTORTION MODELS
UTTER"ORT# MODEL: EFFECT OF LO"PASS
FILTERING ON A RECTANGULAR "A7EFORM:
2inary 4aveform
;$.5aud@s 9%:
2inary 4aveform 9%:
filtered 4ith a %
st
order
2utter4orth 4ith %$$
.QF *ass5and
2inary 4aveform 9%:
filtered 4ith a 7
th
order
2utter4orth 4ith %$$
.QF *ass5and
==
DISTORTION MODELS
UTTER"ORT# MODEL: EFFECT OF LO"PASS
FILTERING ON A RAISED COSINE (RSC) "A7EFORM:
2inary +SC'
filtered 4aveform
;$.5aud@s, roll'
off $.; 9%:
2inary +SC 4aveform
9%: filtered 4ith a %
st
order 2utter4orth 4ith
&%.#;.QF *ass5and
2inary +SC 4aveform
9%: filtered 4ith a 7
th
order 2utter4orth 4ith
&%.#;.QF *ass5and
=?
ANALYSIS AND POSSILE
COUNTERMEASURES
"#AT 9IND OF DIGITAL MODULATIONS CAN E USED IN
T#E PRESENCE OF NONLINEAR DISTORTIONSL
The ans4er is easy: all the modulations characteriFed 3+ 'o*st(*t
e*5elo)e, i.e.,
No*!1&lte%ed PS9H =AM (*d M!(%+ PS9:
F%e4ue*'+ modul(t&o*s (FS9H MS9H GMS9):
All t2e ot2e% modul(t&o* te'2*&4ues eA*eriment the detrimental effects of
nonlinear distortion, 5oth in terms of am*litude com*ression and in terms of
additional *hase drifts/
The am*litude com*ression m(+ se5e%el+ 'om)%om&se t2e &*te$%&t+ o1
t2e s&$*(l, in *articular for miAed am*litude'*hase modulations 9M'0!M:/
The am*litude com*ression may also modify t2e )ulse s2()&*$, so
&*se%t&*$ ISI and determinin ( s)e't%(l %e$%o0t2 o1 t2e RF s&$*(l that
is al4ays un4anted 9in *articular 4hen 5and'limited modulations are dealt:.
All t2em (%e s)e't%(ll+
u*e11&'&e*t MM
=7
COUNTERMEASURES
POSSILE COUNTERMEASURES: OO
The easiest and 5est'8no4n countermeasure aainst nonlinear
distortion is to %eso%t to t2e l&*e(% %e$&o* o1 t2e AM@AM
'2(%('te%&st&', im*osin an in*ut 5ac8'off 9IO: to the
*o4er, 4hich is translated into an out*ut 5ac8'off 9OO:/
,f course, this involves ( %edu't&o* o1 t2e t%(*sm&tted
)o0e% and a conseEuential SNR de'%e(se.
ER!MPLES:
The LredM SSP! am*lifier 9*6#: of slide %B reEuires a .8.3d
OO to resort to the linear reion/
The QP! of slide ## reEuires a Cd OO to resort to the linear
reion.
REMEMER: ( )
( )
10
20log
sat out
OBO A A linear =
=B
COUNTERMEASURES
A PRACTICAL E?AMPLE OF OO FOR A
SATELLITE AMPLIFIER (9A!AND T"T)
?$
COUNTERMEASURES
POSSILE COUNTERMEASURES:
PREDISTORTION
The use of a )%e!d&sto%t&o* 3lo'> can com*ensate the
am*lifier distortion/
Such a solution reEuires the ado*tion of 5e%+ 'om)le; (*d
e;)e*s&5e (*(lo$ '&%'u&t%+/
Moreover, *re'distortion is a distortion itself and, in real
systems, &t does *ot tot(ll+ 'om)e*s(te t2e *o*l&*e(%
d&sto%t&o*: a residual amount of distortion still remains and
the s*ectral occu*ation of the sinal may increase.
?%
COUNTERMEASURES
POSSILE COUNTERMEASURES: E?AMPLE OF
PRE!DISTORTION CIRCUIT
?#
COUNTERMEASURES
CONTERMEASURES AGAINST INTERMODULATION AND
#ARMONIC DISTORTION
Ce must use 3(*d!%eIe't 1&lte%s.
These filters 9called also *ot'2 1&lte%s: 8ill s*urious sinal
re*licas at intermodulation and@or harmonic freEuencies.
?&
COUNTERMEASURES
ANALYSIS OF LINEAR DISTORTION EFFECTS (1)
!ssumin that the am*litude res*onse of the 4hole system 9filter
S am*lifiers, etc.: is LflatM over the sinal 5and4idth, the rou*
delay distortion &s (3le (t &*t%odu'&*$ some %es&du(l ISI,
4hich can im*air the 2E+ *erformance/
+ecommendations issued 5y international StandardiFation
Committees 9ITU, ETSI, 1CC, etc.: enerally consider a maAimum
tolera5le 2E+ *erformance deradation of 186!-d due to rou*
delay variation/
Performance deradation larer than #d2 &m)oses e4u(l&F(t&o*
o1 l&*e(% d&sto%t&o* 5y means of devoted diital filters.
?(
COUNTERMEASURES
ANALYSIS OF LINEAR DISTORTION EFFECTS (-)
Some recommendation &m)oses some s)e'&1&'(t&o*s to
am*litude variations vs. freEuency and rou* delay variations
vs. freEuency in the system *ass5and/
If the total am*litude res*onse and the total rou* delay of
the transmission@detection system satisfy the
recommendations, the effects of distortion on the transmitted
sinal are considered acce*ta5le and no eEualiFation is
needed/
In the neAt slide, the I-TELS!T s*ecifications for am*litude
variations and rou* delay variations are rafically re*orted.
?;
COUNTERMEASURES
ANALYSIS OF LINEAR DISTORTION EFFECTS (3)

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P2(se s2&1t ma**in a iven sym5ol ta8en in the

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