ELEctromagnetic DIAgnostics Lab.

DIT Universit di Trento DIT - Universit di Trento

Via Sommarive 14, I-38050 Trento Italia
E-mail: massmo.donelli@disi.unitn.it E mail: massmo.donelli@disi.unitn.it
The The The chain chain chain matrix matrix matrix [ABCD] [ABCD] [ABCD] [ ] [ ] [ ]
Master Master Degree Degree Electronic and Telecommunication Electronic and Telecommunication
A.A. A.A. 2012 2012--2013 2013
Cascading S parameter
3 cascaded s parameter blocks 3 cascaded s parameter blocks
a1 a1
11
a2 a2
11
b1 b1
22
b2 b2
22
a1 a1
33
a1 a1
33
s11
1
s12
1
s11
2
s12
2
s11
3
s12
3
3 cascaded s parameter blocks 3 cascaded s parameter blocks
b1 b1
11
s11
s21
s12
s22

b2 b2
11
a1 a1
22
a2 a2
22
b1 b1
33
b1 b1
33
1 1
s21
1
s22
1
s21
2
s22
2
3 3
s21
3
s22
3
While it is possible to cascade s-parameters, it gets messy.
11 22 22 33 33
Graphically we just flip every other matrix.
Mathematically there is a better way ABCD parameters
We will analyzed this later with signal flow graphs
ABCD Parameters
The transmission matrix describes the network in terms of both
voltage and current waves
I
1
I
2
2 2 1
BI AV V + =
2-port
Network
2-port
Network
V
1
1
V
2
2 2 1
DI CV I + =
Network Network
The coefficients can be defined using
2 1
I
V
D C
B A
I
V
=
The coefficients can be defined using
superposition
2 1
I D C I
1 1 1 1
= = = =
I
I
D
V
I
C
I
V
B
V
V
A
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
2 2 2 2
= = = = V I V I
I V I V
Transmission (ABCD) Matrix
Since the ABCD matrix represents the ports in terms of currents and
voltages, it is well suited for cascading elements
I
1
I
2
I
3
B A
B A
V
1
V
2
V
3
1
D C
B A
2
D C
The matrices can be cascaded by multiplication
2 1
V B A V
2
2
1
1
1
V B A V
I D C I
=
3 1
V B A B A V
=
3
3
2
2
2
I
V
D C
B A
I
V
=
3
2 1
1
I D C D C I
This is the best way to cascade elements in the frequency domain.
It is accurate, intuitive and simplistic.
Relating the ABCD Matrix to Common Circuits
Z
Port 1 Port 2
1 0
1
= =
= =
D C
Z B A
Port 1
Y
Port 2
1
0 1
= =
= =
D Y C
B A
1 = = D Y C
Z
1
P t 1 P t 2
3 2 1 2 1 3 1
/ / 1 Z Z Z Z Z B Z Z A + + = + =
Z
2
Z
Port 1 Port 2
3 2 3
/ 1 / 1 Z Z D Z C + = =
Z
3
Y
Y
1
Port 1
Port 2
Y
2
Y
3
3 1 3 2 1 2 1
3 3 2
/ 1 /
/ 1 / 1
Y Y D Y Y Y Y Y C
Y B Y Y A
+ = + + =
= + =
P t 1 P t 2
Z
) sinh( ) cosh( l Z B l A
o
= =
Port 1 Port 2
,
o
Z
) cosh( ) sinh( ) / 1 ( l D l Z C
o
= =
l
Converting to and from the S-Matrix
The S-parameters can be measured with a VNA, and converted
back and forth into ABCD the Matrix
Allows conversion into a more intuitive matrix Allows conversion into a more intuitive matrix
Allows conversion to ABCD for cascading
ABCD matrix can be directly related to several useful circuit
topologies
21 12 22 11
) 1 )( 1 ( S S S S
A
+ +
BC AD
D CZ Z B A
D CZ Z B A
S
o o
o o
+ + +
+
=
) ( 2
/
/
11
21 12 22 11
21
) 1 )( 1 (
2
S S S S
Z B
S
A
+ +
=
=
S
D CZ Z B A
BC AD
S
o o
=
+ + +

=
2
/
) ( 2
12
21 12 22 11
21
) 1 )( 1 ( 1
2
S S S S
C
S
Z B
o

=
=
D CZ Z B A
D CZ Z B A
S
D CZ Z B A
S
o o
o o
o o
+ + +
+ +
=
+ + +
=
/
/
/
11
21
21 12 22 11
21
) 1 )( 1 (
2
S S S S
D
S Z
C
o
+ +
=
=
o o
21
2S
D
ABCD Matrix Example 1
Create a model of a via from the measured S parameters
Port 1
Port 2
572 . 0 798 . 0 153 . 0 110 . 0
12 11
j j S S
=
153 . 0 110 . 0 572 . 0 798 . 0
22 21
j j S S
=
ABCD Matrix Example 1
The model can be extracted as either a Pi or a T network
L1
C
VIA
L2
Port 1
VIA
Port 2 Port 2
The inductance values will include the L of the trace and the via
barrel (it is assumed that the test setup minimizes the trace
l th d b tl th t it i i i l length, and subsequently the trace capacitance is minimal
The capacitance represents the via pads
ABCD Matrix Example 1
Assume the following s-matrix measured at 5 GHz
153 0 110 0 572 0 798 0
572 . 0 798 . 0 153 . 0 110 . 0
12 11
j j
j j
S S
S S


=
153 . 0 110 . 0 572 . 0 798 . 0
22 21
j j S S
ABCD Matrix Example 1
Assume the following s-matrix measured at 5 GHz
153 . 0 110 . 0 572 . 0 798 . 0
572 . 0 798 . 0 153 . 0 110 . 0
22 21
12 11
j j
j j
S S
S S


=
153 . 0 110 . 0 572 . 0 798 . 0
22 21
j j S S
The S matrix Converted into ABCD parameters
08 . 20 827 . 0 j B A
=
827 . 0 0157 . 0 j D C
ABCD Matrix Example 1
572 . 0 798 . 0 153 . 0 110 . 0
12 11
j j S S
153 . 0 110 . 0 572 . 0 798 . 0
22 21
12 11
j j
j j
S S
=
Convert to ABCD parameters
08 . 20 827 . 0 j B A
827 . 0 0157 . 0 j D C
=
Relating theABCDparameters to the T circuit topology the Relating the ABCD parameters to the T circuit topology, the
capacitance and inductance is extracted from C & A
pF C j C 5 0
1 1
0157 0
Z
1
Port 1 Port 2
Z
2
Z
3
pF C
fC j
Z
j C
VIA
VIA
5 . 0
2
1
0157 . 0
3
=

= = =

nH L L
fC j
fL j
Z
Z
A
VIA
35 . 0
) 2 /( 1
2
1 827 . 0 1
2 1
3
1
= =

+ = = + =

ABCD Matrix Example 2

Calculate the resulting s-parameter matrix if the two circuits shown
below are cascaded
2-port
Network X
50
50
Port 1 Port 2
12 11 X X
X
S S
S S
S =
p
Network
Network X
50
50
22 21 X X
S S
Port 1 Port 2
S S
2-port
Network
Network Y
50
50
22 21
12 11
Y Y
Y Y
Y
S S
S S
S =
2-port
Network
Network X
50
2-port
Network
Network Y
50
Port 1
Port 2
? =
XY
S
ABCD Matrix Example 2
Step 1: Convert each measured S-Matrix to ABCD Parameters using
the conversions presented earlier p
X X
X X
D C
B A
T S =
Y Y
Y Y
D C
B A
T S =
X X
D C
Y Y
D C
Step 2: Multiply the converted T-matrices
XY XY Y Y X X
Y X XY
D C
B A
D C
B A
D C
B A
T T T = = =
XY XY Y Y X X
D C D C D C
Step 3: Convert the resulting Matrix back into S-parameters using thee p g p g
conversions presented earlier
12 11 X X
S S
S T
22 21
12 11
X X
X X
XY XY
S S
S T =
Advantages/Disadvantages of ABCD Matrix
Advantages:
The ABCD matrix is very intuitive
Describes all ports with voltages and currents
Allows easy cascading of networks
E i t d f S t Easy conversion to and from S-parameters
Easy to relate to common circuit topologies
Disadvantages:
Difficult to directly measure
Must convert from measured scattering matrix