1

CONTRACT CORE READING LIST

Notes

The attached reading list is the product of a comparison of reading lists of members of the
group. It is intended for guidance, not as a replacement of tutors lists. References in bold
type appear in virtually all the lists seen (although note that text-book references have not
been reproduced). They should be treated as the core of the core. Examiners are entitled to
assume that all candidates know this material. References in standard type generally appear
in most lists, but tutors may wish to omit, vary or add to them, subject to the overall faculty
rule that the subject should not require more than 8 times 30 hours work. Subject to that rule,
decisions as to the boundaries of each weeks work, and additional instructions (asterisks,
essay titles, problems, points of guidance, etc.), are a matter for tutors.

Recommended textbooks
Ansons Law of Contract (29
th
edn, 2010, eds Beatson, Burrows, Cartwright)
Chen-Wishart, Contract Law (4
th
edn, 2012)
McKendrick, Contract Law (10
th
edn, 2013), although it may not have enough detail to serve
as the only text
McKendrick, Contract Law: Text Cases and Materials (5
th
edn, 2012), a combined text and
casebook,
Treitel, The Law of Contract (13
th
edn, 2011 ed Peel)

Recommended casebooks
Beale, Bishop and Furmston, Contract: Cases and Materials (5
th
edn, 2007)
Burrows, A Casebook on Contract (4th ed 2013).

Lectures on Contract are given in Trinity and Michaelmas terms, on the assumption that
tutorial teaching of the subject is usually given then.


Outline of Topics

1. Offer and acceptance, Certainty & Intention
2. Consideration and Promissory Estoppel
3. Breach & Remedies for Breach
4. Privity
5. Contents including exclusion clauses
6. Misrepresentation
7. Mistake & Frustration
8. Duress, Undue Influence, Unconscionability


1 OFFER & ACCEPTANCE, CERTAINTY & INTENTION

1. Offer & Acceptance

(i) Offer & Invitation to Treat

Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256
PSGB v Boots [1952] 2 QB 795
Partridge v Crittenden [1968] 1 WLR 1204
Gibson v Manchester CC [1979] 1 WLR 294
Harvela Investments v Royal Trust Co of Canada [1986] AC 207
2
Blackpool & Fylde Aero Club Ltd v Blackpool BC [1990] 3 All ER 25

(ii) Acceptance

(a) Communication of Acceptance
Felthouse v Bindley (1862) 11 CBNS 869
Household Fire Insurance v Grant (1879) 4 Ex D 216
Byrne v Van Tienhoven (1880) 5 CPD 344
Henthorn v Fraser [1892] 2 Ch 27
Entores v Miles Far East Corp [1955] 2 QB 327
Holwell Securities v Hughes [1974] 1 WLR 155
The Brinkibon case [1983] 2 AC 34

(b) Acceptance by Conduct

Brogden v Metropolitan Railway (1877) 2 App Cas 666

(c) Acceptance in a prescribed way

Manchester Diocesan Council for Education v Comm. & Gen. Investments
[1970] 1 WLR 242

(d) Acceptance in ignorance of offer

Gibbons v Proctor (1891) 4 LT 594

(e) Acceptance in unilateral contracts

Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co see above
Errington v Errington [1952] 1 KB 290
Daulia v Four Millbank Nominees Ltd [1978] Ch 231, 239

(f) Battle of the forms

Butler Machines v Ex-Cello Corp [1979] 1 WLR 401

(iii) Termination of an Offer

Hyde v Wrench (1840) 3 Beav 334
Stevenson v McLean (1880) 5 QBD 346
Dickinson v Dodds (1876) 2 Ch D 463
Byrne v Van Tienhoven see above


(iv) Bargain, but Difficulty in Offer and Acceptance Analysis

Butler v Ex-Cello see above (Lord Denning only)
Gibson v Manchester CC see above


2. Certainty

Hillas v Arcos (1932) 147 LT 503
May & Butcher Ltd v R [1934] 2 KB 17
British Steel Corp v Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Co Ltd [1984] 1 All ER 504
3
Walford v Miles [1992] 2 AC 128


3. Intention to Create Legal Relations

Balfour v Balfour [1919] 2 KB 571
Jones v Padavatton [1969] 1 WLR 328
Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992, s 179
Esso Petroleum v Customs & Excise [1976] 1 WLR 1
Kleinwort Benson Ltd v Malaysia Mining Corp [1989] 1 All ER 785
RTS Flexible Systems Ltd v Molkerei Alois Muller GMBH (2010) UKSC 14
Radmacher v Granatino [2010] UKSC 42

Articles and Case Notes

Hudson, Retractation of Letters of Acceptance (1966) 82 LQR 169
Hudson, Gibbons v Proctor Revisited (1968) 84 LQR 503
Miller, Felthouse v Bindley Revisited (1972) 35 MLR 489
Hepple, Intention to Create Legal Relations [1970] CLJ 122, 127-137
Hedley, Keeping Contract in its Place Balfour v Balfour and the Enforceability of Informal
Agreements (1985) 5 OJLS 391
Peel "The Status of Agreements to Negotiate in Good Faith in Burrows and Peel Contract
Formation and Parties (OUP 2010)
Nolan "Offer and Acceptance in the Electronic Age" in Burrows and Peel Contract
Formation and Parties (OUP 2010)


2 CONSIDERATION & PROMISSORY ESTOPPEL

1. Consideration

(i) Something of value

Chappell v Nestl [1960] AC 87

(ii) Past consideration

Lamplegh v Braithwait (1615) Hob 105, 80 ER 255
Eastwood v Kenyon (1840) 11 Ad & El 438, 113 ER 482
PaO On v Lau Yiu [1980] AC 614

(iii) Pre-existing Duty

Glasbrook Bros v Glamorgan CC [1925] AC 270
Ward v Byham [1956] 1 WLR 496
Williams v Williams [1957] 1 WLR 148

Shadwell v Shadwell (1860) 9 CB (NS) 748, 142 ER 62
New Zealand Shipping v Satterthwaite, The Eurymedon [1975] AC 154
PaO On v Lau Yiu [1980] AC 614

Stilk v Myrick (1809) 2 Camp 317
Williams v Roffey [1990] 1 All ER 512

(iv) Part Payment of a Debt
4

Foakes v Beer (1884) 9 App Cas 605
Re Selectmove [1995] 2 All ER 531


2. Promissory Estoppel

Hughes v Metropolitan Rly (1877) 2 App Cas 439
Central London Property v High Trees House [1947] KB 130
Combe v Combe [1951] 2 KB 215
Tool Metal v Tungsten Electric [1955] 1 WLR 761 (H.L.)
Ajayi v Briscoe [1964] 1 WLR 1326
D and C Builders v Rees [1965] 3 All ER 837
Woodhouse AC Ltd v Nigerian Produce Ltd [1972] AC 741
Alan v El Nasr [1972] 2 All ER 127
Societe Italo-Belge v Palm Oils, The Post Chaser [1982] 1 All ER 19
Amalgamated Investment v Texas Commerce Int. Bank [1981] 3 All ER 577
Baird Textile Holdings Ltd v Marks and Spencer Plc [2002] 1 All ER (Comm) 737
Collier v Wright Holdings [2007] EWCA civ 1329, [2008] 1 WLR 643

Crabb v Arun D.C. [1976] Ch 179
Walton Stores v Maher (1988) 62 ALJR 110, (1988) 164 CLR 387
Commonwealth of Australia v Verwayen (1990) 64 ALJR 540, (1990) 170 CLR 394

Articles and Case-notes etc

Atiyah, Consideration in Contracts: A Fundamental Restatement (1971) pp. 27-34,
reprinted (with slight revision) as Essay 8, Essays on Contract (1986) pp. 206-
214.
Treitel, Consideration: A Critical Analysis of Professor Atiyahs Fundamental
Restatement (1976) 50 ALJ 439
Atiyah, When is an Enforceable Agreement not a Contract? Answer: When it is an
Equity (1976) 92 LQR 174
Millett, Crabb v Arun DC A Riposte (1976) 92 LQR 342
Burrows, Contract, Tort & Restitution A Satisfactory Division or Not? (1983) 99 LQR
217, 239-244
Peel, Part Payment of a Debt is no Consideration (1994) 100 LQR 353
Chen-Wishart, Consideration: Practical Benefit and the Emperors New Clothes in Beatson
& Friedmann, Good Faith and Fault in Contract Law (1995), 123
Chen-Wishart, A Bird in the Hand: Consideration and Promissory Estoppel in A
Burrows and E Peel (eds) Contract Formation and Parties (OUP 2010) 89-113
Chen-Wishart, In Defence of Consideration (2013) 13 OUCJL 209
OSullivan, In Defence of Foakes v Beer [1996] CLJ 219
Cooke, Estoppel and the Protection of Expectations (1997) 17 Legal Studies 258


3 BREACH AND REMEDIES FOR BREACH

1. Termination

(i) Condition, warranties, and innominate terms

Sale of Goods Act 1979, ss 12-15A
Hong Kong Fir Shipping v Kawasaki [1962] 2 QB 26
The Mihalis Angelos [1971] 1 QB 164
5
Schuler v Wickman [1974] AC 235
Cehave v Bremer, The Hansa Nord [1976] QB 44
Bunge Corp v Tradax [1981] 1 WLR 711

(ii) The Meaning of Termination/Discharge/Rescission for Breach

Johnson v Agnew [1980] AC 367
Photo Production v Securicor [1980] 1 All ER 556, 562-563, 566-568 and see week
4
Geys v Socit Gnrale London Branch [2012] UKSC 63

(iii) Anticipatory Breach

Hochster v De La Tour (1853) 2 E & B 678


2. Damages

(i) The General Principle

Robinson v Harman (1848) 1 Exch 850, 855
Radford v de Froberville [1977] 1 WLR 1262
Ruxley Electronics and Construction Ltd v Forsyth [1996] AC 344
Chaplin v Hicks [1911] 2 KB 786
The Golden Victory [2007] UKHL 12, [2007] 2 WLR 691

(ii) Restrictions on the General Principle

(a) Remoteness

Hadley v Baxendale (1854) 9 Exch 341
Victoria Laundry v Newman Industries [1949] 2 KB 528
The Heron II [1969] 1 AC 350
Parsons v Uttley Ingham [1978] QB 791
Brown v KMR Services Ltd [1995] 4 All ER 598
Jackson v Royal Bank of Scotland [2005] 1 WLR 377
The Achilleas [2008] UKHL 48, [2008] 3 WLR 345
Supershield Ltd v Siemens Building Technologies FE Ltd [2010] EWCA Civ 7
John Grimes Partnership Limited v Gubbins [2013] EWCA Civ 37 [17]- [24]

(b) Mitigation

British Westinghouse Electric v Underground Electric Railways [1912] AC 673

(c) Contributory Negligence

Vesta v Butcher [1988] 2 All ER 43, CA (affd on a different point by HL)
Barclays Bank Ltd v Fairclough Building Ltd [1994] 3 WLR 1057

(d) Mental Distress; Loss of Reputation

Addis v Gramophone Co [1909] AC 488
Jarvis v Swans Tours [1973] QB 233
Watts v Morrow [1991] 1 All ER 937
Ruxley v Forsyth [1996] AC 344 see above
6
Mahmud v BCCI [1998] AC 20
Johnson v Gore Wood [2001] 1 All ER 481, 504-506, 515-517
Johnson v Unisys Ltd [2003] 1 AC 518
Farley v Skinner [2001] 3 WLR 899
Hamilton Jones v David & Snape [2004] 1 All ER 657

(iii) Reliance Damages

Anglia TV v Reed [1972] 1 QB 60
C&P Haulage v Middleton [1983] 3 All ER 94
Omak Maritime Ltd v Mamola Challenger Shipping Co [2010] EWHC 2026
(Comm)

(iv) Restitutionary Damages

Attorney-General v Blake [2001] 1 AC 268
Experience Hendrix LLC v PPX Enterprises Inc [2003] 1 All ER (Comm) 830
Vercoe v. Rutland Fund Management [2010] EWHC 424 (Ch) [290]-[292],
[340]-[343].

(v) Agreed Damages Liquidated Damages and Penalties

Dunlop v New Garage [1915] AC 79


4. Action for the Agreed Sum

White & Carter v McGregor [1962] AC 413
Clea Shipping v Bulk Oil International [1984] 1 All ER 129
(On entire obligations, see Hoenig v Isaacs [1952] 1 TLR 1360)

5. Specific Performance

Beswick v Beswick [1968] AC 58
Sky Petroleum v VIP Petroleum [1974] 1 WLR 576
Co-operative Insurance Soc Ltd v Argyll Stores (Holdings) Ltd [1998] AC 1
Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992, s 236
Sections 48A-48F, Sale of Goods Act 1979, introduced by Sale and Supply of
Goods to Consumers Regulations 2002 (SI 3045/2002), Reg 5.


6. Injunctions

Lumley v Wagner (1852) De GM & G 604
Warner Bros v Nelson [1937] 1 KB 209
Warren v Mendy [1989] 1 WLR 853
LauritzenCool AB v Lady Navigation Inc [2005] 1 WLR 3686


[7. Restitution after Termination

Once a contract has been terminated for breach, the parties may be entitled to standard
restitutionary remedies (e.g. the recovery of money paid for a total failure of
consideration or a quantum meruit for services rendered).

7
Articles etc

Fuller and Perdue, The Reliance Interest in Contract Damages (1936) 46 Yale LJ 52, 373
Ogus, Harris and Phillips, Contract Remedies and the Consumer Surplus (1979) 95
LQR 581
Friedmann, The Performance Interest in Contract Damages (1995) 111 LQR 628
Coote, Contract Damages, Ruxley and the Performance Interest [1997] CLJ 537
Burrows, Limitations on Compensation in Commercial Remedies (eds Burrows and Peel,
2003) pp 27-43
McKendrick, Breach of Contract, Restitution for Wrongs and Punishment in Commercial
Remedies (eds Burrows and Peel, 2003) pp 93-123
Cunnington, Should Punitive Damages be Part of the Judicial Arsenal in Contract Cases?
(2006) 26 Legal Studies 369
Kramer, An Agreement-Centred Approach to Remoteness and Contract Damages in Cohen
and McKendrick (eds) Comparative Remedies for Breach of Contract (2004) 249
Robertson The Basis of the Remoteness Rule in Contract (2008) 28 Legal Studies 172.
Wee, 'Contractual Interpretation and Remoteness' [2010] LMCLQ 150
Hoffmann "The Achilleas: custom and practice or foreseeability?" (2010) Edin LR 47

4 PRIVITY OF CONTRACT

1. Passing a Benefit to a Third Party

(i) The Privity Doctrine

Tweddle v Atkinson (1861) 1 B&S 393
Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge [1915] AC 847
Smith & Snipes Hall Farm Ltd v River Douglas Catchment Bd [1949] 2 KB 500
(Lord Denning only)
Scruttons v Midland Silicones [1962] AC 446
Beswick v Beswick [1968] AC 58

(ii) The Promisees Remedies in a Contract for the Benefit of a Third Party

Gore v Van der Lann [1967] 2 QB 31
Snelling v Snelling [1973] QB 87
Beswick v Beswick see above
Jackson v Horizon Holidays [1975] 1 WLR 1468
Woodar Investment Development Ltd v Wimpey Construction UK Ltd
[1980] 1 WLR 277
Linden Gardens BC v Lenesta Sludge Disposals [1994] 1 AC 85
Darlington BC v Wiltshier Northern Ltd [1995] 1 WLR 68
Alfred McAlpine Construction Ltd v Panatown Ltd [2001] 1 AC 518

(iii) Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999

Law Commission Report No 242
Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999
Nisshin Shipping Co Ltd v Cleaves & Co Ltd [2004] 1 Lloyds Rep 38 (section 1
point only)
The Laemthong Glory (No 2) [2005] EWCA Civ 519, [2005] 1 Lloyds Rep 688
Dolphin Maritime & Aviation Services Ltd v Sveriges Angfartygs Assurans
Forening [2009] EWHC 716 (Comm) [2009] 2 Lloyds Rep 123

(iv) Other Exceptions
8

(a) Agency
(b) Assignment
(c) Trust of the Promise
Les Affreteurs Societe Anonyme v Leopold Walford (London) Ltd
[1919] AC 801
(d) General statutory exceptions
(e) Covenants concerning land
(f) Tort of Negligence
White v Jones [1995] 2 AC 207
(g) Enforcement by Third Parties of Exclusion Clauses
Scruttons v Midland Silicones see above
New Zealand Shipping Co Ltd v Satterthwaite, The Eurymedon
[1975] AC 154
The New York Star [1981] 1 WLR 138
Norwich CC v Harvey [1989] 1 All ER 1180
London Drugs Ltd v Kuehne & Nagel International (1993) 97 DLR
(4
th
) 261
The Mahkutai [1996] 3 WLR 1
The Starsin [2003] 2 WLR 711, paras 93, 149-153, 196-197


2. The Imposition of Burdens on Third Parties

(i) Agency
(ii) Restrictive Covenants Concerning Land
(iii) Statutory Exceptions
(iv) Bailment
Morris v Martin [1965] 2 All ER 725
The Pioneer Container [1994] 2 All ER 250
(v) Burden Running with Goods/Tortious Interference with Contract
The Strathcona [1926] AC 108
Port Line v Ben Line [1958] 2 QB 146
Swiss Bank Corp v Lloyds Bank [1979] 3 WLR 201, 221-227
Law Debenture Corp v Ural Caspian Oil [1994] 3 WLR 1221


Articles

B Coote, Consideration and the Joint Promisee [1978] CLJ 301
R Flannigan, Privity The End of an Era (Error) (1987) 103 LQR 564
S Smith, Contracts for the Benefit of Third Parties: in Defence of the Third Party Rule
(1997) 17 OJLS 643
C MacMillan, A Birthday Present for Lord Denning: The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties)
Act 1999 (2000) 63 MLR 721
A Burrows, Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 and its implications for
Commercial Contracts [2000] LMCLQ 540
A Burrows, "No Damages for a Third Party's Loss" (2001) Ox Univ Commonwealth LJ 107
B Coote, The Performance Interest, Panatown and the Problem of Loss (2001) 117 LQR 81
R Stevens, The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 (2004) 120 LQR 292
Beale "A Review of the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999" in Burrows and Peel
Contract Formation and Parties (OUP 2010)


5 CONTENTS INCLUDING EXCLUSION CLAUSES
9

1. Interpretation/Construction

Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society [1998] 1
WLR 896, 912-913
Charterbrook Ltd v Persimmon Homes Ltd [2009] UKHL 38
Oceanbulk Shipping and Trading SA v TMT Asia Ltd [2010] UKSC 44
Rainy Sky SA v Kookmin Bank [2011] UKSC 50

2. Implied Terms

The Moorcock (1889) 14 PD 64
Liverpool CC v Irwin [1977] AC 239
Scally v Southern Health & Social Services Bd [1991] 4 All ER 563
Sale of Goods Act 1979, ss 12-15A (s 14 as amended by Sale and Supply of Goods to
Consumers Regulations 2002, SI 3045/2002, Reg 3)
Attorney General of Belize v Belize Telecom Ltd [2009] UKPC 10 [16]-[27]
Yam Seng Pte Ltd (A company registered in Singapore) v International Trade Corp
Ltd [2013] EWHC 111 (QB) NB [123]- [153] on implied term of good faith, [186-
[192] on reliance damages.
Mid Essex Hospital Services NHS Trust v Compass Group UK and Ireland Ltd (t/a Medirest)
[2013] EWCA Civ 200 [77]-[92]
Mediterranean Salvage & Towage Ltd v Seamar Trading & Commerce Inc [2009]
EWCA Civ 531

3. Exclusion Clauses

(i) Incorporation

(a) Signature

L Estrange v Graucob [1934] 2 KB 394
Curtis v Chemical Cleaning Co [1951] 1 KB 805

(b) Notice

Parker v South East Railway Co (1877) 2 CPD 416
Chapelton v Barry UDC [1940] 1 KB 532
Olley v Marlborough Court Ltd [1949] 1 KB 532
Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking [1971] 2 QB 163
Interfoto Picture Library v Stiletto Visual Programmes [1988] 1 All ER 348

(c) Course of dealing

McCutcheon v MacBrayne [1964] 1 All ER 430
Hollier v Rambler Motors [1972] 2 QB 71
British Crane Hire v Ipswich Plant Hire [1975] QB 303

(ii) Construction

Alderslade v Hendon Laundry [1945] KB 189
Canada Steamships Lines Ltd v R [1952] AC 192
Mir Steel UK Limited v Christopher Morris and ors [2012]
EWCA Civ 1397
Suisse Atlantique v Rotterdamsche Kolen [1967] 1 AC 361
Hollier v Rambler Motors see above
10
Photo Productions v Securicor [1980] 1 All ER 556
Ailsa Craig Fishing v Malvern Fishing [1983] 1 WLR 964
George Mitchell v Finney Lock Seeds [1983] 2 All ER 737

(iii) Statutory Control

Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 ss 1-14, Schs 1&2 (s12 as amended by Sale
and Supply of Goods to Consumers Regulations 2002, SI 3045/2002,
Reg 14)
Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 (SI 2083/99)
E C Directive on Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts (93/13/EEC of 5
April 1993, OJ L95/29) (N.B. In contrast to UCTA 1977 the Unfair
Terms Regulations 1999 are not confined to exclusion, limitation
and indemnity clauses but extend to all unfair terms.)
Phillips Products v Hyland [1987] 2 All ER 620
Thompson v Lohan (Plant Hire) Ltd [1987] 2 All ER 631
R & B Customs Brokers v UDT [1988] 1 All ER 847
Smith v Eric Bush [1989] 2 All ER 514
Stewart Gill v Horatio Myer [1992] 2 QB 600
St Albans DC v International Computers [1995] FSR 686; [1996] 4 All ER
481
Director General of Fair Trading v First National Bank plc [2002] 1 All ER 97
Watford Electronics Ltd v Sanderson CFL Ltd [2001] All ER (Comm) 696
The Office of Fair Trading v Abbey National Plc and 7 Others [2009] UKSC
6, [2009] 3 WLR 1215 (see (2010) 126 LQR 157)

Unfair Terms in Contracts, Law Commission Report No 166 (2005), Part 2
(overview of recommendations).
Law Commission's Issues Paper: Unfair terms in consumer contracts: a new
approach? 25 July 2012


Articles & Case-notes

Adams and Brownsword, The Unfair Contract Terms Act: A Decade of Discretion (1988)
104 LQR 94
Bright, Winning the Battle Against Unfair Terms (2000) 20 LS 331
Peden, Policy Concerns Behind Implication of Terms in Law (2001) 117 LQR 459
Lord Nicholls, My Kingdom for a Horse: The Meaning of Words (2005) 121 LQR 577
Peel, Whither Contra Proferentem? in Contract Terms (eds Burrows and Peel, 2007) 53
Bright, Unfairness and the Consumer Contract Regulations in Contract Terms (eds Burrows
and Peel, 2007) 173
Beale, Exclusion and Limitation Clauses in Business Contracts: Transparancy in Contract
Terms (eds Burrows and Peel, 2007) 191


6 MISREPRESENTATION

1. Requirements of Misrepresentation

Redgrave v Hurd (1881) 20 Ch D 1
Smith v Land and House Property Corp (1884) 28 Ch D 7
Edgington v Fitzmaurice (1885) 29 Ch D 459
Bisset v Wilkinson [1927] AC 177
With v OFlanagan [1936] Ch 575
11
Banque Keyser v Skandia [1989] 3 WLR 25

2. Rescission for Misrepresentation

Whittington v Seale-Hayne (1900) 82 LT 49
Leaf v International Galleries [1950] 2 KB 86
Car and Universal Finance v Caldwell [1965] 1 QB 525
Misrepresentation Act 1967, s 1

3. Damages for Misrepresentation

(i) Fraudulent

Derry v Peek (1889) 14 App Cas 337
Doyle v Olby [1969] 2 QB 158
Smith New Court v Scrimgeour Vickers [1997] AC 254
East v Maurer [1991] 1 WLR 461
Clef Aquitaine v Laporte Materials (Barrow) Ltd [2000] 2 All ER 493

(ii) Negligent

Hedley Byrne v Heller [1964] AC 465
Esso Petroleum v Mardon [1976] QB 801

(iii) Misrepresentation Act 1967

Misrepresentation Act 1967, s 2 (1)
Howard Marine v Ogden [1978] QB 574
Royscot v Rogerson [1991] 3 All ER 294

Misrepresentation Act 1967, s 2 (2)
Sindall plc v Cambridgeshire CC [1994] 3 All ER 932
Govt of Zanzibar v British Aerospace (Lancaster House) Ltd [2000] 1 WLR
2333

4. Exclusion of Liability for Misrepresentation

Misrepresentation Act 1967, s 3 (as substituted by Unfair Contract Terms Act
1977, s 8)
Walker v Boyle [1982] 1 All ER 634
JP Morgan v Springwell [2010] EWCA Civ 121, paras, 127-187.
AXA Sun Life Services v Campbell Martin [2011] EWCA Civ 133

5. Representation as a Contractual Term (or a Collateral Warranty)

Heilbut Symons v Buckleton [1913] AC 30
Oscar Chess v Williams [1957] 1 WLR 370
Dick Bentley v Harold Smith [1965] 1 WLR 623

Articles

Atiyah and Treitel, Misrepresentation Act 1967 (1967) 30 MLR 369
Taylor, Expectation, reliance and misrepresentation (1982) 45 MLR 139
Brown & Chandler, Deceit, damages and the Misrepresentation Act 1967, s 2(1) [1992]
LMCLQ 40
12
Beale, Damages in Lieu of Rescission for Misrepresentation (1995) 111 LQR 60
Cartwright, Excluding Liability for Misrepresentation in Contract Terms (eds Burrows and
Peel, 2007) 213


7 MISTAKE & FRUSTRATION

1. Mistake at Common Law

(1) Unilateral Mistake

(i.e. mistake of one party only, but note that some commentators subdivide according to
whether the mistake is known about or not by the other party)

Raffles v Wichelhaus (1864) 2 H&C 906
Smith v Hughes (1871) LR 6 QB 597
Cundy v Lindsay (1878) 3 App Cas 459
Scriven v Hindley [1913] 3 KB 564
Phillips v Brooks [1919] 2 KB 243
Hartog v Colin & Shields [1939] 3 All ER 566
Ingram v Little [1961] 1 QB 31
Lewis v Averay [1972] 1 QB 198
Shogun Finance Ltd v Hudson [2003] UKHL 62, [2004] 1 AC 919

(2) Common Mistake

(i.e. both parties make the same mistake)

Couturier v Hastie (1856) 5 HLC 672
Bell v Lever Bros [1932] AC 161
McRae v Commonwealth Disposals Commission (1951) 84 CLR 377
Associated Japanese Bank v Credit du Nord [1988] 3 All ER 902
William Sindall v Cambridgeshire CC [1994] 1 WLR 1016, 1034, 1035, 1042
Great Peace Shipping Ltd v Tsavliris Salvage (International) Ltd [2002] 3 WLR
1617
Brennan v Bolt Burdon [2004] EWCA Civ 1017, [2005] QB 303.

(3) Non est Factum

Saunders v Anglia Building Soc (sub nom Gallie v Lee) [1971] AC 1004


2. Mistake in Equity

Solle v Butcher [1950] 1 KB 671
Rose v Pim [1953] 2 QB 450
Bates v Wyndhams [1981] 1 All ER 1077
Great Peace Shipping Ltd v Tsavliris Salvage (International) Ltd, above, noted by
Reynolds (2003) 119 LQR 177
Statoil ASA v Louis Dreyfus Energy Services LP [2008] EWHC 2257 (Comm)


3. Frustration

(1) The principle of absolute liability
13

Paradine v Jane (1647) Aleyn 26, 82 ER 897

(2) What kind of events amount to frustration (subject to 3)?

Taylor v Caldwell (1863) 3 B & S 826
Jackson v Union Marine Insurance (1879) LR 10 CP 125
Krell v Henry [1903] 2 KB 740
Herne Bay Steamboat v Hutton [1903] 2 KB 683
Metropolitan Water Bd v Dick Kerr [1918] AC 119
Davis Contractors v Fareham UDC [1956] AC 696
The Eugenia [1964] 2 QB 226
National Carriers v Panalpina [1981] 1 All ER 161

(3) Factors excluding frustration

(i) Express Provision (and foresight?)

Metropolitan Water Bd. v Dick Kerr see above
The Eugenia see above

(ii) Self-induced frustration

Maritime National Fish v Ocean Trawlers [1935] AC 524
The Super Servant Two [1990] 1 Lloyds Rep 1

(4) Link between frustration and common mistake

Amalgamated Investment v John Walker [1976] 3 All ER 509

(5) Juristic basis

National Carriers v Panalpina [1981] 1 All ER 161, 165-166, 170, 176, 177, 188
Pioneer Shipping v BTP Tioxide [1981] 2 All ER 1030, 1040-1041, 1046

(6) Effects of frustration

Fibrosa v Fairbairn [1943] AC 32
Appleby v Myers (1867) 3 B&S 826
Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943
B.P. Exploration v Hunt (No. 2) [1982] 1 All ER 925 (Robert Goff J)
Gamerco SA v ICM [1995] 1 WLR 1226


Articles and Case Notes etc

Slade, The Myth of Mistake in the English Law of Contract (1954) 70 LQR 385
Atiyah and Bennion, Mistake in the Construction of Contracts (1961) 24 MLR 421
Stone, The Limits of Non est Factum After Gaillie v Lee (1972) 88 LQR 190
Atiyah, Judicial Techniques and Contract Law in his Essays on Contract (1986), 244
Cartwright, Solle v Butcher and the Doctrine of Mistake in Contract (1987) 103 LQR
594
McKendrick, Frustration, Restitution and Loss Apportionment in Burrows, Essays on the
Law of Restitution (1991) 147
Smith, Contract, Mistake, Frustration and Implied Terms (1994) 110 LQR 400
14
Stevens, Objectivity, Mistake and the Parol Evidence Rule in Contract Terms (eds Burrows
and Peel, 2007) 101
Burrows, Construction and Rectification in Contract Terms (eds Burrows and Peel, 2007)
77
McLauchlan, The Drastic Remedy of Rectification for Unilateral Mistake (2008) 124
LQR 608
Chen-Wishart, Objectivity and Mistake: the Oxymoron of Smith v Hughes in Exploring
Contract Law, eds J Neyers, R Bronough, SGA Pitel (Hart, 2009), 341
Andrew Tettenborn, Agreements, Common Mistake and the Purpose of Contract (2011) 27
Jo Contract Law 91

8 DURESS, UNDUE INFLUENCE, UNCONSCIONABILITY

1. Duress

Barton v Armstrong [1976] AC 104
Pao On v Lau Yiu [1980] AC 614 and see week 2
Universe Tankships of Monravia v International Transport Workers Federation,
The Universe Sentinel [1983] 1 AC 366
Atlas Express Ltd v Kafco [1989] QB 833
Williams v Roffey Bros [1991] 1 QB 1 and see week 2
Dimskal Shipping Co SA v International Transport Workers Federation, The Evia
Luck [1991] 3 WLR 875, 883
CTN Cash and Carry v Gallaher [1994] 4 All ER 714
Huyton v Peter Cremer [1999] 1 Lloyds Rep 620, 635-639
R v Attorney-General of England and Wales [2003] UKPC 22
Akai Holdings Ltd (Liquidators) v Ting [2010] UKPC 21

2. Undue Influence

Williams v Bayley (1866) LR 1 HL 200
Allcard v Skinner (1887) 36 Ch 145
Barclays Bank plc v OBrien [1994] 1 AC 180
CIBC Mortgages plc v Pitt [1994] AC 200
Cheese v Thomas [1994] 1 All ER 35
Credit Lyonnais v Burch [1997] 1 All ER 144
Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge (No 2) [2001] 4 All ER 449
R v Attorney-General of England and Wales see above

3. Advantage Taken of Mental or Financial Weakness

Aylesford v Morris (1873) LR 8 Ch App 484
Fry v Lane (1888) 40 Ch 312
Cresswell v Potter [1978] 1 WLR 255
Alec Lobb (Garages) v Total Oil (Great Britain) Ltd [1985] 1 All ER 303
Hart v OConnor [1985] AC 1000
Boustany v Pigott (1995) 69 P & CR 298
Portman Building Society v Dusangh [2000] 2 All ER (Comm) 221

4. Rejection of a Principle of Inequality of Bargaining Power

Lloyds Bank v Bundy [1975] QB 326
National Westminster Bank v Morgan [1985] AC 686


15
5. Statutory Protection of Consumers Against Unfair Contract Terms

Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 see week 5
Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 see week 5
Consumer Credit Act 1974, ss 140A-D, inserted by Consumer Credit Act 2006, ss 19-
21

6. Unfair Terms Dealing with the Consequences of Breach

(i) Penalty clauses see week 3
(ii) Relief against forfeiture
Scandinavian Trading Tanker v Flota Petroleum, The Scaptrade [1983] 2 All ER
763


Articles etc

Atiyah, Economic Duress and the Overborne Will (1982) 98 LQR 197
Tiplady, Concepts of Duress (1983) 99 LQR 188
Thal, The Inequality of Bargaining Power Doctrine: The Problem of Defining
Contractual Unfairness (1988) 8 OJLS 17
Birks & Chin, On the Nature of Undue Influence, ch 3 in Good Faith and Fault in Contract
Law (eds Beatson & Friedmann, 1995)
Capper, Undue influence and Unconscionability: a Rationalisation (1998) 114 LQR
479
Chen-Wishart, The OBrien Principle and Substantive Unfairness (1997) 56 CLJ 60;
Undue Influence: Beyond Impaired Consent and Wrongdoing towards a Relational Analysis
in Mapping the Law: Essays in Memory of Peter Birks (eds Burrows and Rodger, 2006) 201-
222; Undue Influence: Vindicating Relationships of influence [2006] Current Legal
Problems 231.