ROEVER ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ELAMBALUR, PERAMBALUR 621 212.

DEPARTMENT OF ELCTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Year/Seme!er " IV / #
!$
EE1%%& 'IG' VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
UNIT(III GENERATION OF 'IG' VOLTAGES AND 'IG' CURRENTS
Generation of high DC, AC, impulse voltages and currents Tripping and control of impulse
generators.
1. G)*e +me ,e +- 'VDC.
Electron Microscopes
X-a! units
Electrostatic precipitators
"article Accelerators in nuclear ph!sics
2. .$a! are !$e a//0)1a!)+2 +- )m/,0e 1,rre2! 3a*e -+rm +- $)4$ ma42)!,5e6
Testing of surge diverters
Testing of non-linear resistors
Electric arc studies
#tudies of electric plasmas in high current discharges
$. E7/0a)2 !$e 2e1e)!8 -+r 4e2era!)24 )m/,0e 1,rre2! a25 me2!)+2 !$e -ea!,re +- )m/,0e
1,rre2! 4e2era!+r.
%mpulse current generation is re&uired for,
o Testing of surge diverters
o Testing of non-linear resistors
o Electric arc studies
o #tudies of electric plasmas in high current discharges
'or producing impulse currents of large value, a (an) of capacitors connected in parallel are charged
to a specified value and are discharged through a series R-L circuit.
*aveshapes used in testing surge diverters are +,-. and /,0. 1 s. The tolerances allo2ed on these
times are 3 -.4 onl!.
ectangular 2aves of long duration are also used for testing. The rectangular 2aves generall! have
durations of the order of ..5 to 5 ms, 2ith rise and fall times of the 2aves (eing less than 3-.4 of
their total duration.
9. '+3 are 1a/a1)!a21e 1+22e1!e5 )2 a2 )m/,0e 1,rre2! 4e2era!+r6
%n high impulse current generation, a (an) of capacitors connected in parallel are charged to a
specified value and are discharged through a series R-L circuit.
:. .$a! are !$e !8/e +- 3a*e -+rm 3)00 ;e a*a)0a;0e )2 )m/,0e 1,rre2! 4e2era!+r +,!/,!6
-. %mpulse current 2aves - +,-. and /,0. 1 s6 Tolerances are 3 -.4.
0. ectangular 2aves - Durations of the order of ..5 to 5 ms, 2ith rise and fall times of the
2aves (eing less than 3-.4 of their total duration.
7. Dra3 a 1)r1,)! 5)a4ram +- a )m/0e *+0!a4e 5+,;0er.
'ig.$.-. 8oltage Dou(ler Circuit
#. .r)!e !$e e7/re)+2 !+ -)25 !$e +/!)m,m 2,m;er +- !a4e a25 <r)//0e )2 a *+0!a4e m,0!)/0)er
1)r1,)!.
I
fC V
n
optimum
ma9

=. .$a! ) !e0a 1+)06

Tesla coil is the commonl! used high fre&uenc! resonant transformer, 2hich is a dou(l! tuned
resonant circuit. The primar! and the secondar! are 2ound on an insulated former 2ith no core :air-
cored; and are immersed in oil.
>. Dra3 a )m/0e !e0a 1+)0 e?,)*a0e2! 1)r1,)! -+r 4e2era!)+2 +- $)4$ -re?,e218 AC $)4$ *+0!a4e.
'ig.$.0. Tesla Coil < =utput *aveform
1%. .$a! are !$e a5*a2!a4e +- $)4$ -re?,e218 re+2a2! !ra2-+rmer ,e5 )2 'VAC 4e2era!)+26
Advantages of these high fre&uenc! transformers are>
i. A(sence of iron core saves in cost and si?e,
ii. "ure sine 2ave output,
iii. #lo2 (uild-up of voltage over a fe2 c!cles and hence no damage due to s2itching surges, and
iv. @niform distri(ution of voltage across the 2inding coils due to su(division of coil stac) into a
num(er of units.
11. F)25 !$e /er1e2!a4e r)//0e )2 !$e +,!/,! *+0!a4e /r+5,1e5 ;8 a2 = !a4e C+1@1r+-!(.a0!+2
m,0!)/0)er 1)r1,)! 3)!$ a 1a/a1)!a21e a00 e?,a0 !+ %.%:AF. T$e ,//08 !ra2-+rmer e1+25ar8
*+0!a4e ) 12:@V a! a -re?,e218 +- 1:%'B a25 !$e 0+a5 1,rre2! ) :mA.
"ercentage ipple
ma9
0
-.. A
nV
v

ipple 8oltage,
0
; - :
A
-
+

n n
fC
I
v
2here, Bo.of Capacitances,nC0 X Bo.of #tages
( )
4 077D . 0
-. -05 -7 0
-.. -. 7D . E.
4
7D . E.
0 -. .5 . . -5.
- -7 -7 -. 5
A
-. 5 ,
-7 / 0
$
$
7
$
$
-

Ripple
kV v
A I Current Load
n
-0. A C+1@1r+-! .a0!+2 !8/e *+0!a4e m,0!)/0)er $a = !a4e 3)!$ 1a/a1)!a21e a00 e?,a0 !+ %.%:AF.
T$e ,//08 !ra2-+rmer e1+25ar8 *+0!a4e ) 12:@* a! a -re?,e218 +- 1:%'B a25 !$e 0+a5
1,rre2! ) :mA.F)25 !$e +/!)m,m 2,m;er +- !a4e -+r m)2)m,m *+0!a4e re4,0a!)+2.
Ma9imum 8oltage, 8ma9C-05)8C-05X-.
$
8
Stages
I
fC V
n
optimum
-+ 7E$ . -$
-. 5
-. .5 . . -5. -. -05
$
5 $
ma9

-$. A !e0a 1+)0 $a a /r)mar8 3)25)24 ra!e5 -+r 1%@V 3)!$ 2AF 1a/a1)!a21e +2 /r)mar8 )5e a25
12F 1a/a1)!a21e +2 e1+25ar8 )5e. I- !$e e2er48 e--)1)e218 ) :<. Ca01,0a!e !$e +,!/,! *+0!a4e.
=utput 8oltage is given (!,
kV V
V
C
C
V V
-..
-. -. -.
-. -
-. 0
-..
5
-. -.
F
0
$
E
7
$
0
0
-
- 0

19. A 12 !a4e )m/,0e 4e2era!+r $a a %.126AF 1a/a1)!+r. T$e 3a*e -r+2! a25 3a*e !a)0 re)!a21e
are =%%+$m a25 :%%%+$m re/e1!)*e08. I- !$e 0+a5 1a/a1)!+r ) 1%%%/F, -)25 !$e -r+2! a25 !a)0
!)me +- !$e )m/,0e 3a*e /r+5,1e5.
Generator Capacitance, C-C:..-07,-0;C...-.5 G'
Hoad Capacitance, C0C-...X-.
--0
'C....- G'
-C/.. and 0C5...
'ront Time,

,
_

+

0 -
0 -
- - -
$ $
C C
C C
R C R t
e
Sec t 1 -E . 0
-. ..- . . -. .-.5 . .
-. ..- . . -. .-.5 . .
/.. $
7 7
7 7
-

,
_

+




Tail Time, ; ;: : D . .
0 - 0 - 0
C C R R t + +
Sec t
t
1 7E . +7
; -. ..- . . -. .-.5 . . ;: 5... /.. : D . .
0
7 7
0

+ +

1:. .$a! ) *+0!a4e m,0!)/0)er 1)r1,)!6
Multiplier circuit is a circuit to generate ver! high d.c voltages from single suppl! transformers (!
e9tending the simple voltage dou(ler circuits.
This is simple and compact 2hen the load current re&uirement is less than one milliampere, such
as for cathode ra! tu(es, etc.
Multiplier Circuits are designed to overcome the difficulties in higher voltage generation using
cascaded voltage multiplier circuits 2hich re&uire too man! suppl! and isolating transformers.
16. D)!)24,)$ ;e!3ee2 e0e1!r+ma42e!)1 a25 e0e1!r+!a!)1 ma1$)2e.
Electromagnetic machines> Current carr!ing conductors are moved in a magnetic field, so that the
mechanical energ! is converted into electrical energ!.
Electrostatic machines> Charged (odies are moved in an electric field against an electrostatic field in
order that mechanical energ! is converted into electrical energ!.
1#. Name !$e 1)r1,)! ,e5 !+ 4e2era!e 'VDC.
Iigh 8oltage Ialf *ave and 'ull *ave rectifier
8oltage Dou(ler and Cascaded 8oltage Dou(ler
8oltage Multiplier > Coc)croft *alton Multiplier
Deltatron Circuit
Electrostatic Machines> a.8an De Graff Generator, (.Electrostatic Generator
1=. .$a! are !$e a5*a2!a4e a25 5)a5*a2!a4e +- De0!a!r+2 1)r1,)!6
Can produce high voltages
Gives high sta(ilit!
#mall ripple factor
'ast regulation
1>. .$a! are !$e 0)m)!a!)+2 +- Va2 5e 4ra-- 4e2era!+r6
Applica(le onl! in lo2 current applications
Jelt velocit! is limited due to vi(ration
Difficult to have an accurate grading of fields.
Maintenance is re&uired due to mechanicall! stressed parts.
2%. .$a! are !$e a5*a2!a4e a25 5)a5*a2!a4e +- ,)24 1a1a5e5 !ra2-+rmer6
Advantages>
Jetter cooling
Eas! to transport since the units are light and compact
Construction is identical
Three phase connection in delta or star is possi(le for three units
Availa(le for (oth indoor and outdoor applications
Disadvantage>
Costl! and re&uires more space for installation
21. .$a! are )m/,0e 3a*e /e1)-)1a!)+26
22. .$a! ) !$e -r+2! a25 !a)0 !)me +- a !a25ar5 )m/,0e 3a*e6 .$a! are !$e !+0era21e a00+3e5 a
/er !$e /e1)-)1a!)+26
i. Fr+2! T)me" Time re&uired for the 2ave to rise from -.4 to E.4 :or .4 to -..4; of the
pea) value at first instance.
Tolerance> 3 $.4
ii. Ta)0 T)me" Time corresponding to 5.4 of the pea) value during its tail.
Tolerance> 3 0.4.
2&. '+3 ) !$e 3a*e -r+2! a25 3a*e !a)0 !)me 1+2!r+00e5 )2 )m/,0e 4e2era!+r 1)r1,)!6
'or a given impulse generator, the generator capacitance C- and load capacitance C0 2ill (e fi9ed
depending on the design of the generator and the test o(Kect. Ience, the desired 2aveshape is
o(tained (! controlling - and 0.
'ront Time,

,
_

+

0 -
0 -
- - -
$ $
C C
C C
R C R t
e
Tail Time, ; ;: : D . . 0
0 - 0 -
C C R R t + +
29. .$a! ) /ea@ *a0,e6
The ma9imum positive deviation of the output 2ith respect to its desired value is )no2n as pea)
value.
2:. G)*e -+,r 1+m/+2e2! +- a m,0!)!a4e )m/,0e 4e2era!+r.
-. D.C. Charging #et
0. Charging esistors
$. Generator Capacitors and #par) Gaps
+. *ave-shaping esistors and Capacitors
PART(B
1. Describe the cascaded transformer connection to generate high alternating voltages.
'or voltages higher than +.. L8, it is desired to cascade t2o or more transformers depending upon
the voltage re&uirements.
The transformers are usuall! identical, (ut transformers of different designs can also (e used.
-..
E.
D.
5.
$.
-.
=
=
-
t
-
M t
-
t
f
t
0
t
t
t
84
A
D
G
'
C
E
J
'ig.$.$. %mpulse 2aveform and its definitions
t
f
- 'ront Time :-.01#ec;
t
t
Tail Time :5. 1#ec;
*ith this, the 2eight of the 2hole unit is su(divided into single units and, therefore, transport and
erection (ecomes easier.
F)4,re &.9. Ba)1 & !a4e 1a1a5e5 !ra2-+rmer
'ig.- sho2s a (asic scheme for cascading three transformers. The primar! of the first stage
transformer is connected to a lo2 voltage suppl!.A voltage is availa(le across the secondar! of this
transformer.
The tertiar! 2inding :e9citation 2inding; of first stage has the same num(er of turns as the primar!
2inding, and feeds the primar! of the second stage transformer.
The potential of the tertiar! is fi9ed to the potential V of the secondar! 2inding as sho2n in 'ig. -.
The secondar! 2inding of the second stage transformer is connected in series 2ith the secondar!
2inding of the first stage transformer,so that a voltage of 0V is availa(le (et2een the ground and the
terminal of secondar! of the second stage transformer. #imilarl!, the stage-%%% transformer is
connected in series 2ith the second stage transformer. *ith this the output voltage (et2een ground
and the third stage transformer, secondar! is $V.
%t is to (e noted that the individual stages e9cept the upper most must have three-2inding
transformers. The upper most, ho2ever, 2ill (e a t2o 2inding transformer.
'ig. - sho2s metal tan) construction of transformers and the secondar! 2inding is not divided. Iere
the lo2 voltage terminal of the secondar! 2inding is connected to the tan).
The tan) of stage-% transformer is earthed. The tan)s of stage-%% and stage-%%% transformers have
potentials of V and 0V, respectivel! a(ove earth and, therefore, these must (e insulated from the earth
2ith suita(le solid insulation. Through I.T. (ushings, the leads from the tertiar! 2inding and the h.v.
2inding are (rought out to (e connected to the ne9t stage transformer.
2. With neat sketch explain the working principle of a cockroft-Walton voltage
multiplier circuits
'ig.$.5. Coc)roft-*alton Circuit
'ig.$.7. =utput of Coc)roft-*alton Circuit
The first stage, i.e. D-, D0, C-, C0, and the transformer T are identical as in the voltage dou(let sho2n in
'ig.a. 'or higher output voltage of +.7,... 0n of the input voltage 8E the circuit is repeated 2ith cascade or
series connection. Thus, the condenser C+ is charged to +8ma9 and C0n to 0n8ma9 a(ove the earth
potential. Jut the volt across an! individual condenser or rectifier is onl! 08ma9.
3. Describe with neat diagram the principle of operation, advantages, limitations and
applications of vande-graff generator.
Charge is spra!ed on to an insulating moving (elt from corona points at a potential of -. to
-.. )8 a(ove earth and is removed and collected from the (elt connected to the inside of an
insulated metal electrode through 2hich the (elt moves.
The (elt is driven (! an electric motor at a speed of -... to 0... metres per minute. The
potential of the high voltage electrode a(ove the earth at an! instant is V C Q/C 2here Q is the
charge stored and C is the capacitance of the high voltage electrode to earth. The potential of the
high voltage electrode rises at a rate.
The charging of the (elt is done (! the lo2er spra! points 2hich are sharp needles and
connected to a d.c. source of a(out -. to -.. )8, so that the corona is maintained (et2een the
moving (elt and the needles.
The charging of the (elt is done (! the lo2er spra! points 2hich are sharp needles and
connected to a d.c. source of a(out -. to -.. )8, so that the corona is maintained (et2een the
moving (elt and the needles. The charge from the corona points is collected (! the collecting
needles from the (elt and is transferred on to the high voltage electrode as the (elt enters into the
high voltage electrode. The (elt returns 2ith the charge dropped, and fresh charge is spra!ed on
to it as it passes through the lo2er corona point.
'ig.$.D. 8an De Graff Generator
L)m)!a!)+2"
Ho2 current output
Himitations on (elt velocit! due to vi(ration
%t is difficult to have an accurate grading of electric fields
Maintenance necessar! due to mechanicall! stressed parts.
A5*a2!a4e"
8er! high DC voltages can (e generated
ipple free output
"recision and fle9i(ilit! of control
#ta(ilit! of voltage can (e acheived 2ith suita(le sta(ili?ing devices
. !ive the "arx circuit arrangement for multistage impulse generator. #ow is the basic
arrangement modified to accommodate the wave time control resistances$
'ig.$.D.a. Mar9 Circuit 'ig.$.D.(. Modified Mar9 Circuit
Je!ond 0..)8 voltage, a single capacitor and its charging unit ma! (e too costl!, and the
si?e (ecomes ver! large. The cost and si?e of the impulse generator increases at a rate of
the s&uare or cu(e of the voltage rating.
Ience, for producing ver! high voltages, a (an) of capacitors are charged in parallel and
then discharged in series.
The arrangement for charging the capacitors in parallel and then connecting them in
series for discharging 2as originall! proposed (! Mar9. Bo2-a-da!s modified Mar9
circuits are used for the multistage impulse generators.
@suall! the charging resistance
#
is chosen to limit the charging current to a(out 5. to
-.. mA, and the generator capacitance C is chosen such that the product CR
S
is a(out -.
s to - min.
The gap spacing is chosen such that the (rea)do2n voltage of the gap G is greater than
the charging voltage V.
Thus, all the capacitances are charged to the voltage V in a(out - minute. *hen the
impulse generator is to (e discharged, the gaps G are made to spar) over simultaneousl!
(! some e9ternal means.
Thus, all the capacitors C get connected in series and discharge into the load capacitance
or the test o(Kect.
The discharge time constant CR
1
/n :for n stages; 2ill (e ver! ver! small :microseconds;,
compared to the charging time constant CR

2hich 2ill (e fe2 seconds. Ience, no

discharge ta)es place through the charging resistors R
S
.
%n the Mar9 circuit is of 'ig. a the impulse 2ave shaping circuit is connected e9ternall! to
the capacitor unit %n 'ig.(! the modified Mar9 circuit is sho2n, 2herein the resistances
-
and
0
are incorporated inside the unit.

-
is divided into n parts e&ual to
-
,n and put in series 2ith the gap G.
0
is also divided
into n parts and arranged across each capacitor unit after the gap G.
This arrangement saves space, and also the cost is reduced. Jut, in case the 2aveshape is
to (e varied 2idel!, the variation (ecomes difficult. The additional advantages gained (!
distri(uting
-
and
0
inside the unit are that the control resistors are smaller in si?e and
the efficienc! "Vo/nV# is high.
%mpulse generators are nominall! rated (! the total voltage :nominal;, the num(er of
stages, and the gross energ! stored.
%. What is tesla coil$ #ow is damped high fre&uenc' oscillations obtained from a tesla coil
'ig.$./. Tesla Coil
Commonl! used high fre&uenc! resonant transformer is the Tesla coil, 2hich is a dou(l!
tuned resonant circuit sho2n schematicall! in 'ig. a.
"rimar! voltage rating> -. )8
#econdar! voltage rating> 5.. to -... )8.
"rimar! is fed form a.D.C. =r a.C. #uppl! through the condenser, C
-
.
#par) gap G connected across the primar! is triggered at the desired voltage 2hich induces a
high self e9citation in the secondar!.
"rimar! and #econdar! 2indings are 2ound in air-cored former
*indings are tuned to a fre&uenc! of -. to -..)I? (! means of the condensers C
-
and C
0
.
=utput voltage, 8
0
is a function of the parameters H
-
, H
0
, C
-
, C
0
, and the mutual inductances
M.
esistance 2ill (e small and contri(ute onl! for damping of the oscillations
Anal!sis of the output 2aveform can (e done in a simple manner neglecting the 2inding
resistance.
Condenser C
-
(e charged to a voltage 8
-
2hen the spar) gap is triggered
Current i
-
flo2 through the primar! 2indings H
-
and produce a current i
0
through H
0
and C
0
.
The energ! stored in the primar! circuit in the capacitance C
-
is transferred to C
0
via the
magnetic coupling.
%f *
-
is the energ! stored in C
-
and *
0
is the energ! transferred to C
0
and if efficienc! of the
transformer is , then
0
-
- 0
0
0 0
0
- - -
0
-
0
-
C
C
V V .! e . i
V C V C $

Coefficient of Coupling,
0 -
0
L L
%
&

%f L is large, oscillation fre&uenc! is less
'or Harge 8alues of the 2inding resistance and L, the 2aveform ma! (ecome a
unidirectional impulse.
(. )xplain an' one method of generating #*+, at power fre&uenc' and discuss its
limitations -or. features.
"Refer Q'A.(art-).1#
/. Draw and explain the circuits for producing impulse waves.
A dou(le e9ponential 2aveform ma! (e produced in the la(orator! 2ith a com(ination of a
series -H-C circuit under overdamped condition or (! the com(ination of t2o -C circuits.
Different e&uivalent circuits that produce impulse 2aves are given in 'igs. $.E a to e. =ut of
these circuits, the ones sho2n in 'igs. $.E a to d are commonl! used. Circuit sho2n in 'ig. $.Ea
is limited to model generators onl!, and commercial generators emplo! circuits sho2n in 'igs.
$.E( to $.Ed.
A capacitor C
-
or C previousl! charged to a particular d.c. voltage is suddenl! discharged into
the 2ave-shaping net2or) ( )
- 0 0
H, , C or other com(ination
(! closing the s2itch #. The
discharge voltage ( )
.
8 t
sho2n in 'ig. $.E gives rise to the desired dou(le e9ponential 2ave-
shape.
+nal'sis of 0mpulse !enerator ,ircuit 1eries 2-3-, 4'pe
eferring to 'ig. $.E the current through the load resistance is given (!
( )
t
.
- di
8C idtNiNH 7.-7
C dt

2ith initial condition at tC. (eing i:.;C. and the net charge in the circuit iCd&,dtC.. *riting the
a(ove e&uation as a Haplace transformer e&uation,
( )
( )
s
s
0 s
-
8,s C NNH % s
C
8 -
or, % s C
-
H
s N N
H HC
_

,
1
1
1
1
]
8
.
:t;
0

-
C
-
#
N
8
-
C
0

:(;
8
.
:t;
H
C
#
N
8
-
:a;
N
8
-
8
.
:t;
0

-
C
-
#
C
0

:d;

-
8
.
:t;
N
8
-
C
0

0

-
C
-
#
:c;

-
M
-
C
-
C
0

0
M
0
#
N
-
N
-
8
.
:t;
:e;
'ig.$.E Circuits for producing impulse 2aves
0
O
0
-
O
-
R
R
R
R

The voltage across the resistor :*hich is the output; is,

( ) ( )
( )
.
.
0 s
% s , hence,
-
v s C8
-
H
s N N
H HC
'or an overdam)pedcondition, ,0H -, HC
v s

Ience, the roots of the e&uation

0 s
-
s N N are
H HC LC L
R
L
R
s
-
0 0
0
-

,
_

+ ,
LC L
R
L
R
s
-
0 0
0
0

,
_

The solution of the e&uation for
( ) t
.

is,
( ) [ ]
t t
e e
LC L
R
L
R
V
t

1
]
1

,
_

0
-
0
0
.
-
+
0
C [ ]
t t
e e V

.
The sum of the roots
,
_

+
L
R
0

and the product of the roots are
LC
-


The 2ave front and the 2ave tail times are controlled (! changing the values of and H
simultaneousl! 2ith a given generator capacitance C6 choosing a suita(le value for H.

or the
2ave front time is determined and

or the 2ave tail time is controlled (! the value of in the

circuit. The advantage of this circuit is its simplicit!. Jut the 2aveshape control is not fle9i(le
and independent. Another disadvantage is that the (asic circuit is altered 2hen a test o(Kect
2hich 2ill (e mainl! capacitive in nature, is connected across the output. Ience, the 2aveshape
gets changed 2ith the change of test o(Kect.
5. #ow impulse currents are generated$ )xplain with the neat diagram.
Hightening discharges involve (oth high voltage impulses and high current impulses :-..
)A pea); on transmission lines.
"rotective gear li)e surge diverters have to discharge the lightning currents 2ithout damage.
*ave shapes used>
o Dou(le e9ponential and rectangular 2aves
Applications>
o Jasic research on non-linear resistors
o Electric arc studies
o #tudies relating to electric plasmas in high current discharges
According to the %EC :-ED$;, standard 2aves are T
-
C+,-. and T
0
C/,0.1#.
Jasic difference (et2een this circuit and impulse voltage generators is that here the
capacitances are much larger and the resistors are much smaller in magnitude.
%f the capacitor C is charged to a voltage 8 and discharged 2hen the gap G is triggered, the
current PiO can (e sho2n to var! 2ith time according to the relation,
sini e
L
V
i(t)
t

2ectangular ,urrent 6ulses7

The duration *
1+,
- 1.*
.+,
" as per I/C! 1.0+#.
*1e rectangular current impulses are generated (! discharging an artificial transmission line
2ith lumped H, and C elements into the test o(Kect through a sphere gap.
%f the line is charged to a DC voltage V and disc1arged t1roug1 the test o(Kect of resistance
R! t1e current pulse is given 23 I 4 V/"R 5 6
+
#! 2here 6
o
is t1e surge impedance of t1e line.
A pulse voltage of RV/"R 5 6
o
# is developed across the test o(Kect.
The duration *
.+,
of the current 2ave is estimated as
C
L
n
n
, *
-
0 E.

2here n is t1e num2er of L-C stages
8. What are the components of multistage impulse generator$ )xplain.
D, ,harging set7
%t should (e capa(le of giving a varia(le d.C. voltage of either polarit! to charge the
generator capacitors to the re&uired value.
,harging resistors7
Bon-inductive high value resistors of a(out -. to -.. ).
8oltage atings> 5. and -.. )8.
!enerator ,apacitors and 1park !aps7
#par) Gap>
i. Arranged verticall! one over the other 2ith all the spar) gaps aligned
ii. #pheres or hemispheres of -. to 05 cm diameter.
Capacitors>
i. Designed for several charging and discharging operations.
ii. Capacitors 2ill (e capa(le of giving -. )A of current on dead short circuit.
Wave shaping resistors and capacitors7
#hould (e capa(le of discharging impulse currents of -... A or more
Designed for a ma9imum voltage of 5. to -.. )8
load capacitor ma! (e of compressed gas or oil filled 2ith a capacitance of - to -. 1'
%n modern cases, resin cast resistors are used 2ith voltage and energ! ratings of 0..
to 05. )8 and 0.. to 5.. )*sec.
The entire range of lightning and s2itching impulse voltages can (e covered using
these resistors either in series or in parallel com(ination
4riggering s'stem7
Consists of trigger spar) gaps to cause spar) (rea)do2n of the gaps
*oltage dividers7
8oltage dividers of either damped capacitor or resistor t!pe and an oscilloscope 2ith
recording arrangement are provided for measurement of the voltages across the test
o(Kect.
19. )xplain the principle of generation of high fre&uenc' +, high voltages briefl'.
"Refer Q'A.(art-).#
11. What is the principle of operation of resonant transformer$ #ow it advantageous over
cascaded transformers$
%n some case, the harmonics present in the test transformers are not desira(le and it could not (e
given for the test circuits 2ithout filtering. =n those case, an alternative method that is more
economical and some times technicall! superior is offered (! resonant circuits.
The resonant transformer consists of air cored primar! and secondar! coils housed in a steel tan). The
2indings are cooled (! the forced circulation of 'reon gas at a pressure of $ to + atmospheres.
'reon:CCl0'0; has a ver! high dielectric strength 2hich increases further at high pressures. Thus
'reon acts as coolant as 2ell as an insulating medium thus preventing corona.
These transformer have (een used for suppl! to X-ra! machines, other radiological test apparatus and
some electron accelerating devices.
"arallel resonance>
The addition of parallel reactors either in the primar! lo2 voltage circuit or the secondar! high
voltage circuit ma! or completel! neutrali?e the capacitive load current, thus improving po2er factor. %f
motor-alternator is used as the suppl! source, the ris) of self e9citation of the alternator 2ould thus (e
eliminated. %nput po2er reductions of -.>- are feasi(le, thus reducing drasticall! the cost of the regulator,
reactors and filters.
#eries esonance>
An alternative s!stem is series resonance circuit. J! resonating the circuit through a series reactor
H and a test fre&uenc!, harmonics are heavil! attenuated. The shunt capacitance c usuall! represents the
high voltage (ushing and the test o(Kect. 'ig 0 sho2s the e&uivalent circuit of the circuit transformer.
#ince eQQRHe and the voltage 80 is almost in phase 2ith 8M-. Thus,
C H -
-
8 8
e
0
O
- 0

.
As resonance approached, 80QQ 8M-. Thus there is no fi9ed ratio of primar! and secondar! voltage.
Therefor the secondar! voltage itself should (e measured accuratel! in the tests.

A5*a2!a4e +- Re+2a2! Tra2-+rmer"
-. A(sence of iron core saves the space re&uired for insulation from the core.
0. Due to the use of a tuned circuit, output 2aveform is almost sinusoidal. Also the oscillator!
currents are usuall! ver! large as compared to the load currents6 so the load neither distorts
the 2aveform nor causes su(stantial voltage drops.
$. 8oltage (uild up in output circuit is slo2, so that surge voltages due to s2itching of input or
load circuits 2ill not present.
+. Careful design of coil stac)s can give a fairl! uniform voltage gradient.
The main disadvantage is that the additional varia(le reactors should 2ithstand the full test voltage
and full current rating.
F)4,re &. . CaD. S)m/0)-)e5 1)r1,)! +- re+2a2! !ra2-+rmer, C;D. E?,)*a0e2! C)r1,)! E C1D. P$a+r D)a4ram