Sec 3E Pure Chem Notes

Fairfield Methodist School ( Secondary)

Chapter 14 Metals
Name: __________________ ( ) Class: __________ Date: _________
Structure of Metals
The lattice structure of metals is described as a
_______________________ surrounded by a _______________________!"
Physical Pro#erties of Metals
Metals usually ha$e hi%h meltin% and boilin% #oints" (due to stron% metallic
bonds)
E&ce#tions: 'rou# ( metals and mercury
Metals are %ood conductors of electricity due to the #resence of
__________ _______________________ )ithin the metal lattice"
Metals are _______________ (can be bent into sheets) and
____________ (can be dra)n into )ires)"
*eason:
1
Sec 3E Pure Chem Notes
Metals usually ha$e _____________________ as atoms are closely
#ac+ed"
E&ce#tions: 'rou# ( metals
Metals ha$e shiny surfaces (unless coated by a layer of metal o&ide)"
Metals are %ood conductors of heat"
,lloys
Pure metals ha$e many uses but they are not )idely used"
*eason: Pure metals are _________________ and ha$e lo) resistance to
corrosion"
Most metallic substances )hich )e use no)adays are alloys"
-hat is an alloy.

(n an alloy/ the atoms of different elements ha$e ____________________"

Thus/ alloys are much _______________ and _____________ than #ure

metals"
,lloyin% is used to ______________________________ of metals"
2
Sec 3E Pure Chem Notes
Solder is an alloy of tin (012) and lead(012)"
(t has a lo)er meltin% #oint than #ure tin or lead and can be used to 3oin
metals"
3
Sec 3E Pure Chem Notes
Common e&am#les of ,lloys
,lloys Com#onents
444Steel (to be elaborated later)
5rass
Solder Tin and 6ead
*eacti$ity Series
E$en thou%h metals ha$e common #hysical and chemical #ro#erties/ they
are different in many )ays"
E%: Metals are not all e7ually reacti$e durin% a chemical chan%e"
(t is useful to arran%e metals in order of their reacti$ity"
The reacti$ity series is a list of elements in )hich the _________________
element is #laced at the _______ and the __________________ element is
#laced at the ________________ of the list"
8o) is the order of reacti$ity determined.
The order of reacti$ity is determined from e&#erimental obser$ations in the
laboratory"
They include reactions of metals )ith )ater/ steam and hydrochloric acid"
*eaction of Metals )ith -ater
Metals 9bser$ations:E7uations
Potassium *eacts $iolently and enou%h heat is #roduced to melt the #otassium"
The hydro%en #roduced catches fire and burns )ith a lilac flame"
;<(s) = ;8;9(l) ;<98(a7) = 8;(%)
Sodium *eacts ra#idly and enou%h heat is #roduced to melt the sodium" The
molten sodium darts around the )ater surface" The hydro%en
#roduced may catch fire"
;Na(s) = ;8;9 (l) ;Na98(a7) = 8;(%)
Calcium *eacts readily" 6ots of bubbles of hydro%en %as #roduced" Calcium
hydro&ide solution obtained"
Ca(s) = ;8;9 (l) Ca(98) ;(a7) = 8;(%)
Ma%nesium *eacts $ery slo)ly"
>inc
(ron
6ead
Co##er
Sil$er
No reaction
4
Sec 3E Pure Chem Notes
'eneral E7uation:

9nly _____________________ metals are able to react )ith )ater"

*eaction of Metals )ith Steam
>inc and iron do not react )ith cold )ater but they react )ith
____________"
The metal is stron%ly heated until it is $ery hot"
The %lass )ool is then heated to %enerate a flo) of steam o$er the hot
metal"
Metal 9bser$ations:E7uations
Ma%nesium
8ot M% reacts $iolently" __________________ and _________
#roduced" , bri%ht )hite %lo) is #roduced durin% the reaction and
8; burns"
>inc
8ot >n burns in steam to #roduce ________________ and ____"
>inc o&ide is ____________________ and _________________
_____________"
>n(s) = 8;9(%) >n9(s) = 8;(%)
(ron
*ed?hot iron reacts slo)ly )ith steam to form ____________ and
__________________" (ron must be heated constantly as
reaction is re$ersible"
5
Sec 3E Pure Chem Notes
3@e(s) = A8;9(%) @e39A(s) = A8;(%)
6ead
Co##er
Sil$er
No reaction
'eneral E7uation:

__________________________ metals can react )ith steam"

*eaction of Metals )ith 8Cl
Metal 9bser$ations:E7uations
Potassium
Sodium
E&#lodes" 8ydro%en %as burns in air"
<(s) = 8Cl(a7) <Cl(a7) = 8;(%)
Na(s) = 8Cl(a7) NaCl(a7) = 8;(%)
Calcium *eacts $i%orously" 6ots of bubbles of hydro%en #roduced"
Ca(s) = ;8Cl(a7) CaCl;(a7) = 8;(%)
Ma%nesium *eacts ra#idly" 6ots of bubbles of hydro%en #roduced"
M%(s) = ;8Cl(a7) M%Cl;(a7) = 8;(%)
>inc *eacts moderately fast" 6ots of bubbles of hydro%en %as #roduced"
>n(s) = ;8Cl(a7) >nCl;(a7) = 8;(%)
(ron *eacts slo)ly" Pale %reen solution of iron((() chloride and bubbles
of hydro%en %as #roduced"
@e(s) = ;8Cl(a7) @eCl;(a7) = 8;(%)
6ead Slo) reaction
Co##er
Sil$er
No reaction
*eacti$ity Series
Potassium Most *eacti$e Please
Sodium Sto#
Calcium Callin%
Ma%nesium Me
,luminium ,
>inc >ebra
(ron (
6ead 6o$e
(8ydro%en) 8ot
Co##er Chic+en
6
Sec 3E Pure Chem Notes
Mercury Mushroom
Sil$er Sou#
'old 6east *eacti$e 'oodB
7
Sec 3E Pure Chem Notes
8ydro%en is sometimes #laced in the reacti$ity series"
Metals ____________________ in the series
_________________________ to #roduce hydro%en %as"
E&ce#tions:
Dilute nitric acid/ bein% an ____________________/ reacts )ith metals to
#roduce _____________________ (#oisonous bro)n %as) instead of
hydro%en"
A8N93(a7) = Cu(s) Cu(N93);(a7) = ;N9;(%) = ;8;9(l)
Cse of the *eacti$ity Series
Csed to #redict chemical reactions
E%: 5arium is bet)een sodium and calcium in the reacti$ity series"
-e can #redict that barium )ill ___________________ )ith cold )ater"
E%: Platinum is belo) %old in the reacti$ity series"
-e can #redict that #latinum is ________________ to)ards )ater or
hydrochloric acid"
The #osition of a metal in the reacti$ity series is im#ortant in the
dis#lacement of metals and in the e&traction of metals" (to be discussed later)
*eduction of Metal 9&ides )ith Carbon
The reacti$ity of different metals can also be com#ared by studyin% the
reaction of their o&ides )ith carbon"
Carbon can _____________________ from ____________________
metals (_________________)"
444
8
Sec 3E Pure Chem Notes
-hen a mi&ture of lead((() o&ide and carbon is heated/
__________________
______________________________________________

(f the e&#eriment is re#eated )ith ma%nesium o&ide/ no reaction occurs"

*eactions of some metal o&ides )ith carbon as sho)n belo)"
Metal 9&ide *eaction
Potassium o&ide
Sodium o&ide
Calcium o&ide
Ma%nesium o&ide
9&ides are N9T reduced by carbon"
>inc o&ide
(ron((() o&ide
6ead((() o&ide
Co##er((() o&ide
Sil$er(() o&ide
9&ides are reduced by carbon"
The o&ides of metal that are ___________________ in the reacti$ity
series are _______________________________"
These o&ides are so ______________ that they can only be reduced by
____________________"
(n industry/ metal _____________________ in the reacti$ity series are
often e&tracted from their ores by ____________________________"
This method is _________________ com#ared to electrolysis"
9
Sec 3E Pure Chem Notes
*eduction of Metal 9&ides )ith 8ydro%en
8ydro%en %as is #assed o$er the metal o&ide"
(t acts as a reducin% a%ent to reduce the o&ides of S9ME metals to the
metals"
E%: Cu9(s) = 8;(%) Cu(s) = 8;9(l)
@e;93(s) = 38; ;@e(s) = 8;9(l)
*eactions of some metal o&ides )ith hydro%en as sho)n belo)"
Metal o&ide *eaction )ith hydro%en
Potassium o&ide
Sodium o&ide
Calcium o&ide
Ma%nesium o&ide
>inc o&ide
8eated metal o&ides are N9T reduced
(ron(((() o&ide
6ead((() o&ide
Co##er((() o&ide
Sil$er(() o&ide
8eated metal o&ides are reduced
Dis#lacement *eactions of Metals
Metals can dis#lace other metals from their salts"
-hen Dinc is added to lead((() nitrate/ ____________________ are
#roduced"
>inc has dis#laced lead from its salt"

10
Sec 3E Pure Chem Notes

-rite the chemical e7uation and ionic e7uation for the reaction bet)een
ma%nesium and co##er((() sul#hate"

(n this reaction/ M% loses electrons to become M%

;=
)hile Cu
;=
%ains
electrons to become Cu"
The #osition of a metal in the reacti$ity series is related to the tendency of
the metal to form #ositi$e ions"
, metal that is _____________ in the reacti$ity series has a
_____________ ______________________ to form #ositi$e ions"
Ma%nesium has a hi%her tendency than co##er to form #ositi$e ions/ thus
a dis#lacement reaction ta+es #lace"
*eaction bet)een a Metal and the 9&ide of another Metal
>inc is reacted )ith co##er((() o&ide"
Ma%nesium ribbon acts as a ______________"
-hen the M% ribbon is i%nited/ it #ro$ides enou%h ener%y to start this
reaction"
_________________________________ are #roduced"

The more reacti$e the metal/ the more readily it forms com#ounds"
Cnreacti$e metals tend to stay uncombined"
11
Sec 3E Pure Chem Notes
>inc/ bein% more reacti$e than co##er/ )ill ta+e a)ay the anion 9
;?
from
co##er((() o&ide"
12
Sec 3E Pure Chem Notes
The Thermit Process
The ______________________ is used for the ____________________
of lar%e metal ob3ects/ such as __________________"
(n this #rocess/ a mi&ture of _____________________ and
______________ is heated $ery stron%ly to #roduce a $iolent reaction"
;,l(s) = @e;93(s) ,l;93(s) = @e(l)
,luminium/ bein% more reacti$e than iron/ ta+e a)ay 9
;?
ion from iron(((()
o&ide/ formin% aluminium o&ide"
Since the iron formed is in the _________________/ it can be used to
)eld #ieces of metal to%ether"
Deducin% the 9rder of *eacti$ity of Metals
The usefulness of the reacti$ity series lies in the fact that
The #osition of a metal in a reacti$ity series can be #redicted from a
%i$en set of e&#erimental results"
The beha$iour of a metal can be #redicted from its #osition in the
reacti$ity series"
Euestion: -hen a #iece of Cr in #laced in >nS9A/ no reaction occurs"
-hen a mi&ture Cr #o)der and iron(((() o&ide is heated stron%ly/ a reaction
ta+es #lace" Deduce the #osition of Cr in the reacti$ity series"
,ns)er:
13
Sec 3E Pure Chem Notes
Euestion: Tin is belo) iron and abo$e lead in the reacti$ity series" Predict
the reaction bet)een
Tin and hydrochloric acid
Tin o&ide and carbon
,ns)er:
The Position of ,luminium in the *eacti$ity Series
,luminium does not a##ear to react )ith dilute acids e$en thou%h it is
abo$e hydro%en in the reacti$ity series" -hy.
The a##arent unreacti$ity of aluminium is due to the fact that the metal
_____ ___________________________________________________
(________)"
This _______________________________ ma+es aluminium
___________ __________________________________________________"
,ction of 8eat on Metal Carbonates
Some metal carbonates can ________________ )hen heated/ )hile
others do not"
The _____________________ of the metal carbonates is related to the
#osition of the metal in the reacti$ity series"

@or e&am#le/ co##er((() carbonate is thermally unstable"

14
Sec 3E Pure Chem Notes
-hen heated stron%ly/ it )ill decom#ose into co##er((() o&ide and carbon
dio&ide"
CuC93(s) Cu9(s) = C9;(%)
Metal Carbonate 9bser$ation
Potassium carbonate
Sodium carbonate
Cnaffected by heat
Calcium carbonate
Ma%nesium carbonate
,luminium carbonate
>inc carbonate
(ron((() carbonate
6ead carbonate
Co##er carbonate
Decom#ose into metal o&ide and carbon dio&ide
Sil$er carbonate Decom#ose into sil$er and carbon dio&ide
E&traction of Metals
Metals are $ery im#ortant in our daily life"
8o)e$er/ only a small number of _________________ metals (%old/
#latinum) occur freely in nature as uncombined elements"
Most metals react )ith other elements to form ores"
E&am#les of 9res
Name of mineral Chemical Name of
Mineral
Chemical @ormula
of Mineral
Metal e&tracted
from mineral
S#halerite >inc sul#hide >nS >inc
15
Sec 3E Pure Chem Notes
E&traction of Metals
The e&traction of metals from their ores %enerally in$ol$es three ma3or
sta%es"
F" 9re concentration
;" ___________________ to the crude metal
16
Sec 3E Pure Chem Notes
3" ______________ to obtain the #ure metal (to be discussed in Cha#ter F0)
Ste# F ? 9re Concentration
9re is a com#ound of the metal (usually the o&ides/ sul#hides/ chlorides
and carbonates) mi&ed )ith lar%e amounts of im#urities"
The ore is se#arated from the im#urities by #hysical or chemical methods
before it is #rocessed"
Ste# ; G *eduction of 9re to Metal
There are t)o main methods for e&tractin% metals from their ores:

The #osition of a metal in the reacti$ity series is a $ery im#ortant factor in

determinin% the method used for its e&traction"
*eacti$ity Series and Method of E&traction
Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
Ma%nesium
,luminium
>inc
(ron
6ead
(8ydro%en)
Co##er
Mercury
Sil$er
17
Sec 3E Pure Chem Notes
'old
E&traction of (ron from 8aematite
The main ore of iron is ____________________"
This contains ______________________ mi&ed )ith clay and sand"
(ron is e&tracted from haematite in a blast furnace"
*eactions in the blast furnace
F" Production of carbon dio&ide
___________ reacts )ith ______________ from the air to form ________
________________ and a lot of heat"
Carbon = 9&y%en Carbon dio&ide

18
Sec 3E Pure Chem Notes
;" Production of carbon mono&ide
_______________ reacts )ith more __________ to form _____________
____________________"
Carbon dio&ide = Carbon Carbon mono&ide

3" *eduction of haematite

___________________ reacts )ith __________________ to #roduce
____________ and _____________________"
(ron(((() o&ide = Carbon mono&ide (ron = Carbon dio&ide

Carbon mono&ide acts as the ___________________ in this reaction"

The iron formed is molten and runs to the bottom of the furnace"
8ot )aste %as containin% carbon dio&ide esca#e throu%h the to# of the
furnace"
A" Decom#osition of calcium carbonate
________________ is ________________________ to #roduce
__________________ and ____________________"
Calcium carbonate Calcium o&ide = Carbon dio&ide

0" The remo$al of im#urities

The iron ore contains im#urities such as __________ and _________
(____________________)"
6imestone is added to remo$e these im#urities"
_________________ (basic o&ide) formed from the decom#osition of
limestone reacts )ith ___________________ (acidic o&ide) to form a
__________________ named _______________________"
Calcium o&ide = silicon((H) o&ide Calcium silicate
19
Sec 3E Pure Chem Notes

The li%hter sla% floats on to# of the molten iron"

The sla% and iron are ta##ed off se#arately at the bottom of the furnace"
-hen the sla% solidifies/ it is used mainly for ____________________"
Ma+in% of Steel
The iron from the blast furnace is not $ery useful as it contains im#urities/
)hich ma+es it ______________"
(t cannot be bent or stretched"
Most iron is made into steel"

Steel is stron% and tou%h" (t can be bent and stretched"

Steel?ma+in% in$ol$es _______________/ follo)ed by ______________"
Sta%e F: *emo$in% (m#urities 5y 9&idation
The common im#urities in cast iron are ___________/ ___________/
_______________ and ______________"
Molten iron is #oured into a lar%e container"
20
Sec 3E Pure Chem Notes
Pure 9; at hi%h #ressure is then blo)n throu%h the molten iron to
____________ the im#urities (Cha#ter F;: Cses of o&y%en)
The %aseous im#urities such as sul#hur dio&ide and carbon dio&ide are
then blo)n out of the furnace"
Calcium carbonate is later added to the furnace"
,t hi%h tem#eratures/ it decom#oses to form calcium o&ide )hich reacts
)ith silicon((H) o&ide and #hos#horus o&ide to form sla%"
The sla% is #oured off to lea$e #ure iron behind"
Sta%e ;: ,ddin% other elements to ma+e $arious ty#es of steels
There are many ty#es of steel de#endin% on the amount and ty#e of
elements added to iron"
(n this sta%e/ carbon and other transition metals are no) added into the
molten iron in the correct amounts to %i$e steel its s#ecial #ro#erties and
uses"
Ty#es of Steels
Ty#e of steel Main elements
added to iron
Pro#erties Cses
6o) carbon steel
(Mild steel)
C (1";2)
Mn I Si (F2)
8ard/ stron% and
malleable
Ma+e car bodiesJ
machineryJ steel
rods to reinforce
concrete
21
Sec 3E Pure Chem Notes
8i%h carbon steel C (1"A0?F"02) 8arder/ stron%er
but brittle
Ma+e +ni$esJ
cuttin% toolsJ
borin% tools
hammersJ sa)s
Stainless steel Carbon/ chromium
and Nic+el
*esistant to
corrosion
Ma+in% of cutleryJ
sur%ical
instrumentsJ
chemical #lants
The main #roblem )ith most steel is that it rusts"
*ust #re$ention )ill be discussed in the later #art of this cha#ter"
22
Sec 3E Pure Chem Notes
Cses of ,luminium
Cse Pro#erty for this use
Ma+in% o$erhead cables 'ood electrical conducti$ity
6o) density (li%ht metal)
*esistant to corrosion due to #rotecti$e layer
of aluminium o&ide
Ma+in% coo+in% utensils/
food containers/ drin+in%
cans and aluminium foil"
'ood thermal conducti$ity
Non?to&ic
*esistant to corrosion by air and )ea+ acids
Manufacture of aircrafts
and #arts of motor
$ehicles"
6o) density (Duralumin/ an alloy of ,l and M%/
is used for aircraft)
-ei%ht of $ehicle is reduced/ so less fuel is
needed"
*esistant to corrosion
*ustin%
Steel is the most )idely used metal in the )orld"
8o)e$er/ the main #roblem of steel is that it _____________"
*ustin% costs #eo#le a lot of money"
Thus/ it is im#ortant to sto# or slo) do)n rustin%"
Corrosion and *ustin%
-hat is corrosion.
___________________________________________________________
____________________________" This is +no)n as corrosion"
-hat is rustin%.

A@e(s) = 39;(%) = ;x8;9(l) ;@e;93"x8;9(s)

8ydrated iron(((() o&ide
(rust)
Conditions @or *ustin%
__________ and ____________ are needed for rustin%"
,cidic #ollutants such as S9; and C9; also s#eed u# the rustin% #rocess"
23
Sec 3E Pure Chem Notes
24
Sec 3E Pure Chem Notes
*ust Pre$ention
*ust is $ery brittle and fla+y"
-hen steel corrodes/ the rusted surface of the metal fla+es a)ay"
This #roduces a ne) surface to corrode"
E$entually all of the metal )ill rust and fla+e a)ay"
There are three %eneral methods of rust #re$ention:
___________________ ____________/ _______________________ and
__________________"
Csin% a Protecti$e 6ayer
Method: Coatin% a layer of __________/ _____________/ ____________/
________ or another metal such as _________"
8o) it )or+s: This layer
__________________________________________
___________________________"
Effecti$eness: (f the layer is bro+en/ air and )ater can reach the iron or
steel" Then the rustin% starts"
Sacrificial Protection:'al$anisin%
Method: Coatin% iron or steel )ith a ______________________ (E%:
M%:>n)

8o) it )or+s:
Effecti$eness: Hery effecti$e" E$en if the >n layer is bro+en or scratched/
and air and )ater reaches the iron underneath/ the Dinc still #rotects the steel"
25
Sec 3E Pure Chem Notes
Sacrifical Protection G E&am#les
_________________________________ are #rotected from rustin% by
attachin% them to bloc+s of M% or ba%s of M% scra# metal/ usin% insulated
co##er cables"
M% #rotects the #i#elines by corrodin% in #lace of the steel in the #i#e"
Not used for most steel ob3ects as it )ould corrode too 7uic+ly"
'al$anisin% G E&am#les
5loc+s of Dinc are attached to the ____________________"
_____________ ____________________________/ #re$entin% rustin%"
Dustbins/ 5uc+ets/ roofs/ +itchen sin+s
26
Sec 3E Pure Chem Notes
The table belo) summarises the common methods of rust #re$ention"
Method -here it is used Comment
Paintin% 6ar%e ob3ects li+e
cars/ shi#s/
brid%es etc
Common method for lar%e iron and steel ob3ects" (f
#aint is scratched/ rustin% )ill ta+e #lace under the
#ainted surface"
9ilin% or %reasin% Tools and
machine #arts
,lso hel#s lubrication" The #rotecti$e film %athers
dust and must be rene)ed"
Co$erin% )ith tin
(Tin?#latin%)
@ood cans (f tin coatin% is scratched/ the iron beneath it rusts
$ery 7uic+ly"
Co$erin% )ith
chromium
(Chrome?#aintin%)
Ta#s/ +ettles/
bicycle handle
bars
Chromium is a shiny bri%ht metal/ )hich can
#roduce an attracti$e a##earance"
Co$erin% )ith
Dinc ('al$anisin%)
5uc+ets/
dustbins/ Dinc!
roofs/ +itchen
sin+s
Common method as Dinc is a chea# metal" (t has a
fairly lo) meltin% #oint/ so it can easily be a##lied
by di##in% the iron or steel in molten Dinc"
Csin% bloc+s of
Dinc metal
Steel hulls of
shi#s
5loc+s of Dinc are attached to the hull" Sea )ater
and air can reach most of the steel/ but the Dinc
bloc+s corrode instead of the steel because it is a
more reacti$e metal"
Csin% bloc+s of
ma%nesium metal
Cnder%round
#i#es
Ma%nesium corrode slo)ly in #lace of the steel
because it is a more reacti$e metal"
Stainless steel Cutlery/ sur%ical
instruments
Contains 7uite a lar%e amount of Cr and Ni" Does
not rust but is 7uite e&#ensi$e"
Csin% alloys
The best +no)n rust?resistant alloy of iron is stainless steel"
Stainless steel contains ____________________"
9n e&#osure to air and moisture/ a $ery hard coatin% of
_________________ _____________/ Cr;93/ forms on the surface of the
steel/ #rotectin% it from further corrosion"
*ecyclin% Metals
Metals are ___________________"
This means that the amounts of the $arious metals in the earth are limited"
Some metals such as Cu and ,l can only last less than a century"
Thus/ there is a need to recycle metals so that the )orld!s reser$es of ra)
metals may last lon%er"
27
Sec 3E Pure Chem Notes
,d$anta%es of *ecyclin%
*ecyclin% __________________ of e&tractin% ne) metals from ores"
Producin% ,l from scra# ,l re7uires K1?L12 less ener%y com#ared to
electrolysis"
That is )hy soft drin+s are se#arated from rubbish for recyclin%"
*ecyclin% is beneficial to the en$ironment"
There is _______________________________ and sol$es the #roblem of
__________________________"
*ecyclin% #re$ents abandoned metal ob3ects bein% slo)ly corroded by air
and rain"
-hen this ha##ens/ the metals leach into the soil and ri$er )ater )hich
then becomes contaminated and unfit for use"
There is better conser$ation of natural resources/ so that
_______________ _______________________"
Disad$anta%es of *ecyclin%
*ecyclin% metals can also dama%e the en$ironment"
9ld car batteries/ )hich contain a lot of lead/ are melted to e&tract and
recycle the lead"
8o)e$er/ the
_________________________________________________ into the air/
)hich #ollute the en$ironment"
28