Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
u1
Multipath of useful time of symbol 1.
T
g1
Multipath of cyclic prex of symbol 1.
T
u2
Useful time of symbol 2.
T
g2
Cyclic prex of symbol 2.
T
u2
Multipath of useful time of symbol 2.
T
g2
Multipath of cyclic prex of symbol 2.
Here, is presented the signals to one carrier, but they
can be generalized to other ones. The rst symbol hasnt
any type of interference, thus, it is necessary to use the
second symbol to learn about the protection mechanism
against multipath interference.
CASE T
g2
+ T
u1
: If the spread delay of multipath is
less or equal that cyclic prex duration,
T
g
, are
Fig. 3. The MCM symbol.
will not occur interference of anterior OFDM symbol in
the actual OFDM symbol. The anterior OFDM symbol
multipath will just provoke interference in the cyclic
prex of actual OFDM symbol. In this way, it hasnt
inter symbol interference. In OFDM modulation it is
possible to add a time guard because the symbol duration
is higher. The impact on symbol rate is acceptable.
In the SCM modulation, it is impossible, because the
time guard will be many times the value for symbol
duration, the impact over symbol rate is unacceptable.
The new rate using the cyclic prex must be evaluated.
The duration of cyclic prex, called guard time, is given
by
T
g
= 1/4 T
u
= 1/4 8 ms = 2 ms (6)
resulting in OFDM symbol with duration of
T
s
= T
u
+T
g
= T
u
(1+1/4) = 8 ms + 2 ms = 10 ms
(7)
The new OFDM symbol rate is
R
s
= 1/ [T
u
(1 + 1/4)] = 1/10 ms = 100 sym/s (8)
Thus, the new bit rate to data carriers is
R
dc
= 6
carrier
OFDM symbol
2
bits
carrier
100
OFDM symbol
second
= 1, 2 kbps
(9)
The new bit rate for pilots carrier is
R
pc
= 2
carrier
OFDM symbol
1
bits
carrier
100
OFDM symbol
second
= 200 bps
(10)
Generalizing, the new rates can be adjusted by factor:
=
T
u
T
u
+ T
g
(11)
5. INTER SYMBOL INTERFERENCE
The repetition of nal part of useful symbol has
the objective of generating a continued signal, without
discontinuing.
CASE T
g2
+ T
g2
: the objective of this part is also to
avoid the inter symbol interference. In this example, this
part just has intra symbol interference. But this part isnt
used in the receiver to estimate the transmitted symbol.
CASE T
u2
+ T
g2
and T
u2
+ T
u2
: In the received, the
correlation operation will be evaluated over the useful
symbol, that contains the direct path and multipath
signals. The summation of two (or more) signals with
equal frequency but distinct amplitude and phase result
in other signal with same frequency but amplitude and
phase different of last two. Then, the consequence is
that the demodulated signal will have amplitude and
Fig. 7. Signals in antenna receiver.
phase different of original transmitted signal, but with
same frequency. The channel, to produce this effect,
multiplies the transmitted signal by a complex gain, that
modies the amplitude and phase of each sub carrier
of transmitting signal. This interference can be resolved
using a complex multiplication, inverting the gain and
phase introduced in each sub channel. Consider the
transmission of complex symbol, s
n
= a
n
+ jb
n
, and
that the frequency response of channel,H(f) , to carrier
with frequency f
n
is equal to
H(f
n
) = H
n
e
j
n
(12)
where H
n
is the gain amplitude and
n
the phase in each
frequency f
n
. It can proved that the received complex
symbol, s
n
= a
n
+ jb
n
, is given by
a
n
= H
n
[a
n
cos(
n
) + b
n
sin(
n
)]
b
n
= H
n
[b
n
cos(
n
) a
n
sin(
n
)]
(13)
where a
n
is the in phase and b
n
is the quadrature
values. The analysis of (13) shows that exists mutual
interference between the value of quadrature and phase
components. The effect of channel is a constellation
rotation of each sub carrier, illustrated in phasor diagram
in Figure 8.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
I
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
. . . . . . . . Q
............................................................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
s
n
.................................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
a
n
..............................................................................................
. . . . . . . .
b
n
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .........
... . . . . .
Q
........................................................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
a
n
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .........
.. . . . . . . b
n
. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . ........
. . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
Fig. 8. Diagram of components in phase and quadrature.
Using the trigonometry, it is easy to show that the
received symbol can be found applying a phase rotation
and adjusting in amplitude given by
a
n
= H
n
[a
n
cos(
n
) b
n
sin(
n
)]
b
n
= H
n
[b
n
cos(
n
) + a
n
sin(
n
)]
(14)
In the OFDM system, it is necessary to know the gain
in each carrier frequency, H
n
, and the phase,
n
. Before
the equalization, it is necessary to estimate the frequency
response of channel, using one of these two methods:
1) Transmission of an OFDM symbol to estimate
the frequency response of channel: all the carriers
are used to make the estimation of channel. In
this method, it is possible to know the gain and
phase of channel in each carrier, without error.
But, among the transmission of training symbols,
the frequency response can change. This method
is good to slow fading.
2) Transmission of pilot carriers in each symbol
OFDM: in all symbols are transmitted data and
training data. The estimation is made using the
pilots carrier and interpolating the frequency res-
ponse among the pilots carrier. The carrier between
two pilots carriers are correct using the interpola-
ting the gain and phase among the pilots carriers.
This last one is the most employed method.
6. SIMULATION USING CARRIER PILOTS
Using the OFDM system and channel presented in the
last sections, a simulation was made to illustrate these
concepts. The simulation scheme is illustrated in Figure
9. In the Figure 10 is shown the frequency response of
channel together of estimated response frequency using
the linear interpolation. In Figure 11 is shown the trans-
mitted, received and equalized symbols constellation.
In Table I is shown the result of simulation and
equalization. In rst column is presented the transmitted
symbol and in second columns is presented the received
symbols. The equalization of received symbols is per-
formance using (14) and presented in last column. The
received symbols using simulation are coherent with the
values obtained applying (13) over transmitted symbols.
7. CONCLUSION
The analysis of result shows the importance of cho-
osing appropriate spacing among pilots carriers. The
distance between two pilots adjacent must be less than
coherence bandwidth of channel. In the linear interpo-
lation we can see the error provoked in amplitude of
response frequency. The phase is estimated without error,
because the linear phase of channel contributes, then
the linear interpolation can get the perfect response.
The amplitude estimate is more difcult, because the
curve is non-linear. In this case, it is necessary to use
other interpolation method, such as, low-pass lter or
polinomial. After estimation of channel, the equalization
can be performed using one complex gain by sub carrier.
This gain adjusts the amplitude and phase of each
received symbol.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank to INATEL and
FINEP/FUNTTEL for the nancial support.
REFERENCES
[1] Fasolo, S.A.,Equalizac ao de receptores para televis ao digital em
alta denic ao para a modulac ao 8 VSB(in Portuguese), State
University of Campinas-UNICAMP. February, 2001.
[2] Bahai, Ahmad R. S.; SaLltzberg, Burton R., Multi-Carrier digital
communications: theory and applications of ofdm. New Jersey,
2001.
[3] Van Nee, Richard And Prasad, Ramjee; Ofdm for wireless mul-
timedia communications. Boston: Artech House, 2000.
Fig. 9. Simulation scheme.
Fig. 10. Transfer function from pilots carriers.
Fig. 11. Transmitted, received and + equalized symbols constellations.
TABLE I
TRANSMITTED, RECEIVED AND EQUALIZED SYMBOLS.
f(Hz) Transmitted Received Equalized
Rectangular Polar Rectangular Polar Rectangular Polar
0 1.000 1.0000 1.9999 1.9999 0 0.9998 0.9998 0
125 0.707 + 0.707i 1.000 45 1.0898 - 1.6309i 1.9615 303.70 0.7835 - 0.7835i 1.1080 -0.7854
250 -0.707 + 0.707i 1.000 135 -1.7071 - 0.7071i 1.8477 202.50 -0.8483 - 0.8483i 1.1996 -2.3562
375 -0.707 - 0.707i 1.000 225 -0.3244 + 1.6309i 1.6629 101.25 -0.8974 + 0.8974i 1.2692 2.3562
500 0.707 - 0.707i 1.000 315 1.4142 1.4142 0 0.9257 + 0.9257i 1.3091 0.7854
625 0.707 + 0.707i 1.000 45 -0.2168 - 1.0898i 1.1111 258.75 0.9241 - 0.9241i 1.3068 -0.7854
750 0.707 - 0.707 1.000 315 0.7071 - 0.2929i 0.7653 337.50 0.8725 + 0.8725i 1.2340 0.7854
875 1.000 1.000 0 0.0761 - 0.3827i 0.3902 281.25 0.9998 0.9998 0