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ISSN 2224-32! "#a$er% ISSN 222&-'3( ")nline%
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4'
The introduction of rubber planting recommendations by The
Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia since 1925

)ng ,hin -ei
+.
and A./. Sha0sul Bahri
2

+. ,ro$ I0$ro1e0ent and #rotection 2nit, 3he /u44er /esearch Institute of 5alaysia, 46 Sungai Buloh
Selangor, 5alaysia
2. Agrotechnology 7e$art0ent, 8aculty of Agrotechnology and 8ood Science, 2ni1ersiti 5alaysia 3erengganu
2+3 9uala 3erengganu, 5alaysia.
.:-0ail; cwong<lg0.go1.0y

Abstract
3he esta4lish0ent of 3he /u44er /esearch of 5alaysia "//I5% in +'2& has started the research and
de1elo$0ent in 1arious as$ects related to ru44er i0$ro1e0ent in 5alaysia. 5any i0$ro1e0ent $rogra00es
ha1e 4een carried out to de1elo$ high yielding ru44er clones and fa1oura4le characters such as low disease
incident and wind resistance clones. 8or al0ost ' years, //I5 has introduced the ru44er $lanting
reco00endations to 4enefit ru44er growers, $lantations and s0allholdings with the latest o4ser1ations,
e1aluations and results o4tained fro0 the e=$eri0ental trials. /u44er $lanting reco00endations $roduced 4y
//I5 has 4eco0e the 0ain reference for ru44er growers o1er the years to gather the latest infor0ation of high
yielding clones that a1aila4le in 5alaysia. 3here are continuously u$dated infor0ation related to ru44er clones
$resented in the $lanting reco00endations 4ut $rior to +'&6 there are not 0uch infor0ation disse0inated
through //I5>s internal re$orts and articles. 3herefore, this re1iew su00ari?e the o1er1iew of //I5 ru44er
$lanting reco00endations since +'2& and its i0$acts to the ru44er growers in 5alaysia.
Keywords; //I5, clones, $lanting reco00endations

1! The introduction of rubber in Malaysia
/u44er tree "Hevea brasiliensis% $roduces late= 4y its s$eciali?ed secretory syste0 in late= 1essels that
distri4uted throughout the 4ar@ surfaces. Hence, late= is har1ested through e=ercise of inAuring the 4ar@ surfaces
4y creating 0inor cut of the 4ar@ layers "Boonra0 et al., 2!C Sha0sul Bahri et al., 2+3%. 3he characteristics
of ru44er are highly water resistant, electrically non-conducti1e and dura4le in 0ost of its $roducts due to uniDue
0olecular structure "-ititsuwanna@ul et al., 2!%. In +!6E, Henry -ic@ha0 fro0 2nited 9ingdo0 collected
a4out 2 seedlings fro0 A0a?on and dis$atched to Sri Fan@a ",eylon%. Howe1er, only 22 ru44er seedlings
sur1i1ed and shi$$ed to Singa$ore Botanical Garden, Singa$ore. Fater, nine ru44er seedlings landed in 5alaysia
"5alaya% in +!66 and were 0ulti$lied and $lanted in e=$eri0ental trials 4etween +!'-+'+4 4y /idley "-e4ster
and Baul@will, +'!'%. Since then, the de1elo$0ent of co00ercial ru44er $lanting was e=$anding ra$idly in
5alaysia 0ainly 4ased on the $lanting 0aterials deri1ed fro0 the nine seedling originated fro0 the -ic@ha0>s
collection "-e4ster and Baul@will, +'!'C 5alaysian /u44er Board, 2&C )ng and Sha0sul Bahri, 2+4%.

2! The era before the introduction of rubber planting recommendations
/u44er $lanting 0aterials in 5alaysia were introduced at se1eral British settle0ents such as Soengei #antAoer
:=$eri0ental Garden, Alge0eene *ereniging /u44er #lanters )ost@ust Su0atra :=$eri0ent Station
"A.*./.).S% and -est-Jawa /u44er :=$eri0ent Station. In +'+', 5aas e1aluated the ru44er trees that $lanted in
the e=$eri0ental trials into 2 different classes according to the daily late= $roduction. 5aas also started the
1ery first ru44er seed garden for //I5 and a$$lied new 1egetati1e $ro$agation techniDues in cro$ i0$ro1e0ent
$ur$oses. In +'22, Grantha0 con1eyed the techniDue to $lant ru44er tree according to different soil ty$es. 7ry
ru44er yield were recorded on the ru44er trees that $lanted at four different soil ty$e viz. red soil, white sandy
soil loa0, white ce0enting soil and 4rown loa0. Grantha0 concluded the highest yield would co0e fro0 the
trees $lanted on red soil that full of high-density root syste0. Heusser "+'24% defined that good ru44er tree 0ust
4e selected fro0 those generated high dry ru44er yield followed 4y disease resistance and $hysiological factors
such as rooting syste0, 4ranching ha4its and wind resistance. Bo4ilioff "+'+'%, *ischer "+'2+%, Fa /ue "+'2+%
and Heusser "+'24% stated that late= 1essel is one of the i0$ortant characteristic in Hevea selection. Fater,
Gunnery "+'3&% de0onstrated the distincti1e ty$es of sie1es-tu4es e=isted in the 0ain ste0 and 4ranching
syste0 and found a strong correlation 4etween the e=istence of sie1e-tu4e and dry ru44er yield.
,ra0er "+'24% $ointed out the girth growth was crucial in ru44er $roduction, as ru44er trees grew faster, they
would reach at the right circu0ference for ta$$ing. ,ra0er also re$orted that 4udded trees that 0ulti$lied 4y
1egetati1e $ro$agation techniDue such as 4udded No.3 ,t, No.' ,t and No.!! ,t $erfor0ed 0ore 1igorous
co0$ared to seedlings trees. *ries and S$oon "+'26% highlighted the 1igorous $erfor0ance of these 4udded trees
along with A* &2 and A* !. Holder and Heusser "+'2!% tested A.*./.).S. 0aterials such as $edigree nu04er
&+, !', 6+, 6E, +&2, +E3 and +64 then concluded that selected seedlings would generate higher late= yield
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co0$ared to unselected seedlings. Heusser "+'32% $roceeded with the testing of 1arious legiti0ate seedling
crosses where standard ta$$ing was co00enced at the girth circu0ference of 2 inches "&.! c0% and at 2
inches "&.! c0% fro0 ground le1el, o$ened for ta$$ing fro0 left-to-right s$iral cut half the circu0ference, on a
slo$e of 22 degrees.
In +'3s, 5ann e0$hasi?ed the co0$arison of yield 4etween seedlings o4tained fro0 hand $ollination
$rogra00es and unselected seedlings "5ann, +'3&C 5ann +'36%. 3a$$ing was co00enced at the girth
circu0ference of +E inch "4.E4 c0% and at 4 inch "++.E c0% fro0 ground le1el. 3here were se1eral
outstanding $edigree 0aterials deri1ed fro0 the hand $ollination $rogra00es such A.*./.).S. 33, 3E, 4', &,
! and +&6. In general, the e0$hasis on the co0$arison of Hseedling 1s 4udded treeI and no $ro$er grou$ing of
the $lanting 0aterials 4efore the introduction of ru44er $lanting reco00endations. 3he conce$t of unifor0ity
using 4udded trees and $edigree selections was started to gain the attention of ru44er growers when they reali?ed
that 4udded trees always achie1ed higher dry ru44er yield co0$ared to unselected seedlings.

"! The introduction of rubber planting recommendations
"1 Rubber planting recommendations from 195#$19#%
3he data $resented in the ru44er $lanting reco00endations 0ainly are fro0 the e=$eri0ental sites at //I5.
Generally, the late= yield of ru44er clones were o4ser1ed for +-+& years after $lanting with at least three
re$licates arranged in a rando0i?ed co0$lete 4loc@ design under scheduled 0anuring $rogra00es. 3he earliest
record of /u44er #lanting /eco00endations was a1aila4le in +'&6 where the introduction of high ru44er
yielding clones that tested in //I5 4reeding $rogra00es. 3he 0ain characteristics ta@en into consideration
were 0ainly on 1igour of girth growth and low leaf disease incident. #lanting reco00endations in +'&6
introduced ,lass I ru44er clones such as #B !E, 3AirandAi +, //I5 &+, //I5 &+3 and GI +, where ,lass I
clones were considered as high yielding clones that could $erfor0 well in large-scaled $lanting throughout in
5alaysia. 3he clones that were newly tested without $ro1en records were grou$ed into ,lass II and ,lass III.
3he introduction of new clones such as G3 + into ,lass II for 0oderate $lanting scale and //I5 E ,lone
Series into ,lass III for s0all $lanting scale that not 0ore than +2 acres in aggregate "//I5, +'&6%.
In +'E6, //I5 E and other //I5 E Series clones e0erged as the 0ost acce$ted ,lass I clone while //I5
& ,lone Series was slowly 4een withdrawn fro0 the #lanting /eco00endations +'E6-E! "//I5, +'E6%.
5eanwhile, Green Bud-Grafting techniDue was widely i0$le0ented to $roduce ru44er $lanting clones at 0any
$lantations "-e4ster and Baul@will, +'!'%. 3his techniDue 4eca0e a $o$ular 0ethod to re$roduce and 0ulti$ly
clonal 0aterials for e=$eri0ental testing in //I5 "//I5, +'&6%. Howe1er, seedlings fro0 #rang Besar Isolated
Gardens "#BIG% with $ro1en records were introduced in #lanting /eco00endations fro0 +'&6 to +'64 "//I5,
+'&6C //I5, +'&'C //I5, +'63%.
"2 &n'ironma( planting recommendations from 19#5$19#9
3he conce$t of :n1iron0a= was featured in #lanting /eco00endations +'E6-E! 4ut re0ained 1ague until the
introduction of :n1iron0a= #lanting /eco00endations +'6&. At that ti0e, 0any ru44er clones in //I5 !
clone series were not reco00ended to 4e $lanted widely in diffrent regions in 5alaysia 4ecause these clones
would not $erfor0ed well if out of their s$ecific $lanting regions. 3he a$$roach was intended to signify the
conce$t of H0a=i0i?ing the yield $otential of a $articular locality su4Aect to the inhi4itory influence of the
en1iron0ental factorsI as coined in :n1iron0a= #lanting /eco00endations +'6&-6E "//I5, +'6&C //I5
+'66%. 3here was an e1idence of in4reeding de$ression in //I5 ! clone series due to the re$roduction of
closely related $arents "//I5, +'!'%. 3he attentions to disease resistance, growth 1igour, fitness after ta$$ing
and high ru44er yield in ta@en into serious consideration in :n1iron0an= #lanting /eco00endations "//I5
+'6&C //I5 +'6'%. :1entually, 0any clones introduced in :n1iron0a= #lanting /eco00endations only
reco00ended for s0all-scaled $lanting where each clone not reco00ended $lanting area 0ore than + hectares
in aggregate. In addition, ,rown Budding techniDue to 0odify the cano$y structure was introduced es$ecially for
,lass II and III clones. It was reco00ended to reduce the se1ere da0age caused 4y ro4ust wind and leaf fall
diseases "//I5 +'66%.
"" RRIM planting recommendations from 19)!$199#
//I5 #lanting /eco00endations were introduced 4etween +'! and +''6 to re$lace 3he :n1iro0a= #lanting
/eco00endations. 5a$s of 0aAor diseases incidents, soil categori?ation and se1ere wind da0age areas were
inserted in //I5 #lanting /eco00endations started in +'! "//I5 +'!C //I5 +'!3C //I5 +'!E%. In these
//I5 #lanting /eco00endations, there were three general classes of $lanting 0aterials that grou$ed into ,lass
I, ,lass II and ,lass III ",lass III A and III B%. )utstanding ,lass I ,lones were highly reco00ended for large-
scaled $lanting throughout 5alaysia such as //I5 E, //I5 6+2, G3 +, #B 2+6, #B 2E, #/ 2&& and #/ 2E+.
3hese clones were reco00ended continuously as co00on clones $lanted in 5alaysia and good acce$tance fro0
the ru44er growers 4etween +'! and +''4 "//I5, +''4%. 3he 0aAor i0$ro1e0ent in //I5 #lanting
/eco00endations was the introduction of e=ce$tional rootstoc@s such as #B &J&+, #B 23&, G3 +, //I5 E&
and //I5 E23 in 1arious 1egetati1e 4udding techniDues "//I5, +''2%.
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In //I5 #lanting /eco00endations +''&, there were only two classes of clones co0$ared to three classes in
$re1ious reco00endations. /u44er growers, $lantations and s0allholdings could choose to ado$t the
reco00ended ,lass I ,lones for large-scaled $lanting at any region or ,lass II clones for s0all-scaled $lanting
at s$ecific regions in 5alaysia "//I5, +''&%. 3he ru44er $lanting 0aterials reco00ended since +''& onwards
would co0e with well-tested yield $erfor0ance records and fa1oura4le secondary characteristics such as
resistance to 4ar@ dryness, resistance to diseases, high girth incre0ent o1er the years and fast renewed 4ar@. 3he
$ro0inent ,lass I ,lones were as follow; //I5 E, //I5 6+2, //I5 '+, //I5 '!, //I5 '++, //I5 '2+,
//I5 '3E, //I5 '36, //I5 '3!, //I5 '4, #B 23&, #B 2&&, #B 2E, #B 2!, #B 3&, #B 3&&, #B 3&' and
#B 3EE. Howe1er, ,lass II ,lones such as //I5 '2! and //I5 '2' were not reco00ended for large-scaled
$lanting 4ecause these clones with 1ery li0ited yield, growth and good secondary characteristics records "5/B,
+''!%.
"% MR* planting recommendations from 199)$2!!+ onward
//I5 $lanting reco00endations has changed its na0e to 5alaysian /u44er Board "5/B% $lanting
reco00endations after the 0erging of se1eral agencies into //I5 and for0ed 5alaysian /u44er Board in +''!.
5/B introduced Fate= 3i04er ,lones "F3,% that generate 4oth high late= and ru44erwood yield are highlighted
and reco00ended to the ru44er growers es$ecially //I5 2 ,lone Series "5asahuling et.al., 2EC
Shige0atsu, 2+%. //I5 2 ,lone Series consisted of ru44er clones that are well- tested and $ro1en records
of late= and ru44erwood yield at //I5>s e=$eri0ental sites. 3hese ru44er clones would generate high wood
1olu0e through their 4ranching ha4its along with the outstanding late= yield with o1er 2 @gJhaJyear as
$roAected in 3a4le +.
,lone Branching Ha4it
5ean Fate=
Bield
"@gJhaJyear%
//I5
2+
Narrow and conical cano$y, light green foliage colour. ,lustered and widely se$arated 4ranching. 7issol1ed
in 0ain 4ranch. S0ooth 4ar@ surface.
2!&
//I5
22
7ense crown, low and 0oderate set crown. Acute angle and dissol1e in 0ain 4ranch. *igorous 0ain
4ranchlets and secondary 4ranchlets.
234!
//I5
2!
7ense and wide cano$y 4ut considered as low set crown. 7issol1ed leader, acute angle and 1igorous
4ranching. #ossessed s0ooth 4ar@ surface.
2E!E
//I5
2'
3he 4ranching leader 0ay e04raced either $ersistent or dissol1ed. 5any 4ranchlets on 0ain and secondary
4ranching. S0ooth 4ar@ surface.
2266
//I5
2+E
High to 0oderate set cano$y. ,losed and slightly 4alanced crown. #ersistent 0ain leader with hea1y
secondary 4ranch leaders. S0ooth to slightly 4u0$y 4ar@ surface.
2&!2
//I5
22
7ense and high set crown. )$en and 4alanced cano$y. #ersistent 0ain leader 4ut with 0oderate 4ranchlets
on 0ain and secondary 4ranching. ,olour of late= a$$eared to 4e crea0 in colour.
2232
Table 1 The branching habits and mean late( yield of selected rubber clones from RRIM 2!!! ,lone
-eries
Source; 5/B #lanting /eco00endations 23.
Table 2 The introduction of planting recommendations by RRIM.MR* since 1925
Bear /eco00endations
+'2&-+'&E 2nselected seedlings and 1ague $lanting 0aterials
+'&6 #lanting /eco00endations +'&6
+'&' #lanting /eco00endations +'&'-E
+'E+ #lanting /eco00endations +'E+-E2
+'E3 #lanting /eco00endations +'E3-E4
+'E& #lanting /eco00endations +'E&-EE
+'E6 #lanting /eco00endations +'E6-E!
+'E' #lanting /eco00endations +'E'-6
+'6+ #lanting /eco00endations +'6+-62
+'63 #lanting /eco00endations +'63-64
+'6& :n1iron0a= #lanting /eco00endations +'6&-6E
+'66 :n1iron0a= #lanting /eco00endations +'66-6'
+'! //I5 #lanting /eco00endations +'!-!2
+'!3 //I5 #lanting /eco00endations +'!3-!&
+'!E //I5 #lanting /eco00endations +'!E-!!
+'!' //I5 #lanting /eco00endations +'!'-'+
+''2 //I5 #lanting /eco00endations +''2-'4
+''& //I5 #lanting /eco00endations +''&-'6
+''! 5/B #lanting /eco00endations +''!-2
23 5/B #lanting /eco00endations 23
2E 5/B #lanting /eco00endations 2E
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%! /lanting Recommendations and its impacts
3he /u44er /esearch Institute of 5alaysia is constantly $ro1iding new i0$ro1e0ents $articularly in 4reeding
and selection of ru44er clones to the ru44er industry o1er the years as highlighted in 3a4le 2. )1erall, the 0ost
co00on clones $lanted in 5alaysia was //I5 E fro0 +'6s to !s and other widely $lanted clones such as
//I5 E&, //I5 E23, G3 +, #/ +6, #/ 2&+, #/ 2E+, #B 23& and #B 2!J&' "//I5, +'6&C //I5, +'6!%.
Besides that, //I5 '+ and #B 2E e0erged as the 0ost $o$ular clone acce$ted in 5alaysia in +'!s and 's
throughout e1ery region in 5alaysia "5/BC +''!%. 3he introduction of //I5 2 ,lone Series where //I5
2+ and //I5 22 are co00only acce$ted as high yielding late= ti04er clone "F3,% while #B 2E re0ained
as the 0ost $o$ular ru44er clone 0eant for late= 4ut not ru44erwood yield. 3herefore, the classical a$$roach of
ru44er $lanting concentrate only for late= yield is gradually $hasing out with the introduction of F3,.
Nowadays, Feaf 8all 7iseases "F87%, ta$$ing $anel dryness "3#7% and 4ranching ha4its of ru44er clones 0ust
4e fully tested 4efore reco00ended in ru44er $lanting reco00endations. In general, ru44er clones that
introduced in 5/B #lanting /eco00endations 23 would ha1e shorter i00ature $eriod and 1ery 1igorous
growth in girth incre0ent, which 0anaged to increase $rofita4ility through reduction of un$roducti1e $eriod
fro0 se1en to four years when co0$ared to the clones introduced during +'!s and 's. /u44er $lanting
reco00endations clearly assist the ru44er growers to endure the changing circu0stances in ru44er 0ar@eting
and su$$lying, with increasing concern for faster returns to their in1est0ents. 8urther0ore, the de1elo$0ent and
introduction of ru44er clones fro0 //I5 are released for free use to e1ery ru44er growers in 5alaysia since
+'2&. In other words, //I5 with its $lanting reco00endations has contri4uted 0eaningfully towards the
i00inent strategies related to the ad1ance0ents in Hevea i0$ro1e0ent.

Ac0nowledgment
3his re1iew is dedicated to all ru44er $lant 4reeders at //I5, $ast and $resent, who ha1e contri4uted to the
i0$ro1e0ent of ru44er clones in 5alaysia. 3he authors recognise the 1alua4le infor0ation gained fro0 the
Fi4rary of ,ro$ I0$ro1e0ent and #rotection 2nit at //I5 and online articles fro0 5alaysian /u44er Board.
3his re1iew is su$$orted 4y 2ni1ersiti 5alaysia 3erengganu "8/GS grant 8/GSJ+J2+3JS33J253J2J+%.

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th
July 2++.
//I5 "+'66% :n1iron0a= #lanting /eco00endations +'66-6'. 2/F; htt$;JJrios.lg0.go1.0yJc0s. Accessed on
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July 2++.
//I5 "+'6!% #lanting 0aterials used in #eninsular 5alaysia, +'6&. #lantersK Bulletin of 3he /u44er /esearch
Institute of 5alaysia. $$.+&-2.
//I5 "+'6'% 7isease sur1ey and $lanting reco00endations. #lantersK Bulletin of 3he /u44er /esearch
Institute of 5alaysia. $$.E-+.
//I5 "+'!% //I5 #lanting /eco00endations +'!-!2. 2/F; htt$;JJrios. lg0.go1.0yJc0s. Accessed on &
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July 2++.
//I5 "+'!3% //I5 #lanting /eco00endations +'!3-!&. 2/F; htt$;JJrios. lg0.go1.0y c0s. Accessed on &
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July 2++.
//I5 "+'!E% //I5 #lanting /eco00endations +'!E-!!. 2/F; htt$;JJrios. lg0.go1.0yJc0s. Accessed on &
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July 2++.
//I5 "+'!'% //I5 #lanting /eco00endations +'!'-'+. 2/F; htt$;JJrios. lg0.go1.0yJc0s. Accessed on &
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July 2++.
//I5 "+''2% //I5 #lanting /eco00endations +''2-'4. 2/F; htt$;JJrios. lg0.go1.0yJc0s. Accessed on &
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July 2++.
//I5 "+''4% #lanting 0aterials used in #eninsular 5alaysia, +'!'-+''2. In; #lantersK Bulletin of 3he /u44er
/esearch Institute of 5alaysia. $$.3-++.
//I5 "+''&% //I5 #lanting /eco00endations +''&-'6. 2/F; htt$;JJrios.lg0.go1.0yJc0s. Accessed on &
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July 2++.
Sha0sul Bahri A. /, )ng ,.-, Ja0ilah 5.S and Ariffin 5.5 "2+3% 3rans0ission electron 0icrosco$y "3:5%
study on ru44er $articles in laticifers of nati1e Hevea s$ecies. Malaysian Journal of Microsco$y. *ol. ' $g. +4-
+44.
Shige0atsu A, 5i?oue N, 9aAisa,3 and Boshida S "2+%. I0$ortance of ru44erwood in wood e=$ort of
5alaysia and 3hailand. e% &orests, 4+, +6'-+!'.
*ischer - "+'2+% /esults o4tained with 4udded trees of Hevea brasiliensis on #asir -aringin :state, -est-Ja1a.
Archief Voor De Rubbercultuur. /u44er /esearch Institute of 5alaya. *ol &, $$.43-4&.
*ries ).7 and S$oon - "+'26% /u44er fro0 4udded trees. II. In1estigations onlate= and ru44er fro0 so0e
4udded trees in the ,ultuurtuin and their 0other trees. Archief Voor De Rubbercultuur. /u44er /esearch
Institute of 5alaya. *ol.++, $$.+4E-+4'.
-e4ster ,., and Baul@will -.J "+'!'% Rubber. Fong0an Scientific L 3echnical. 29.
-ititsuwanna@ul /, #asit@ul #, 9ano@wiroon 9, -ititsuwanna@ul 7 "2!% A role for a Hevea late= lectin-li@e
$rotein in 0ediating ru44er $article aggregation and late= coagulation. 'hytoche(istry E'; 33'-346.
Boonra0 9, 3a@ahashi S, /attana$ittaya$orn A, 9oya0a 3, -ititsuwanna@ul 7hirayos and -ititsuwanna@ul /
"2!% c7NA, fro0 He1ea 4rasiliensis late=, encoding +-deo=y-7-=ylulose-M-$hos$hate reductoiso0erase.
'lant )cience, +6&; E'4-6.

A4out authors;
1ng ,hin 2ei o4tained his Bachelor of Bioindustry ",ro$ Science% in 22 at 2ni1ersity of #utra, 5alaysia.
He recei1ed a 5aster Science of ,ro$ I0$ro1e0ent "5erit% fro0 2ni1ersity of Nottingha0, 2nited 9ingdo0 in
2+. He is a $lant 4reeder and ru44er clone ins$ector at 3he /u44er /esearch Institute of 5alaysia "//I5% that
$assionate a4out ru44er clone i0$ro1e0ent and genetics study.
AR -hamsul *ahri o4tained his #h7 fro0 2ni1ersity of 7urha0, 2nited 9ingdo0 in the field of #lant cell
4iology. He Aoined //I5 in +''2 and with his e=$ertise in 5icrosco$y and has 1arious s@ills in 5aterials
,haracteri?ation and #lant I0$ro1e0ent and #rotection. ,urrently, he teaches $lant 4reeding and 0icrosco$y
su4Aects at 3he 8aculty of Agrotechnology and 8ood Science in 2ni1ersiti 5alaysia 3erengganu.
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