GRAPHS

Elements – line segments in a graph that represent network components.

Nodes – the terminals of the line segment.

Incident node and element – if the node is terminal of the element.

Graph – shows the geometrical interconnection of the elements of a network.

Subgraph – any subset of elements of a graph.

Path – a subgraph of connected elements with no more than two elements connected to
any one node.

Connected graph – if and only if there is a path between every pair of nodes.

Oriented graph – if each element of a connected graph is assigned a direction.

Example:

Single-line diagram:

2 4

1
G
G

Oriented connected graph:

7

1 2 3 4
6

5 4

2
3
1

Bus Admittance Matrix 1 -- A.C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Nov. 13 2003 1

Tree – a connected subgraph containing all nodes of a graph but no closed path.

Branches – the elements of a tree

Number of branches b required to form a tree:

b = n −1 where n = no. of nodes in the graph

Links – elements of the connected graph that are not included in the tree.

Cotree – a subgraph formed by the links of a connected graph.

Number of links l of a connected graph:

l =e−b where e = no. of elements of a connected graph

It follows that

l = e − n +1

Example:

1 2 3 4
6

5 4

2
3
1

Branch
0
Link

e=7 n=5 b=4 l=3

Bus Admittance Matrix 1 -- A.C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Nov. 13 2003 2
INCIDENCE MATRICES

Element-Node Incidence Matrix Â

The elements of the element-node incidence matrix of a connected graph are as follows:

aij = 1 if the ith element is incident to and oriented away from the jth
node.
aij = −1 if the ith element is incident to and oriented towards from the jth
node.
aij = 0 if the ith element is not incident to the jth node.

The dimension of the matrix is e × n.

Example:

For the previous example network, the element-node incidence matrix is

(0) (1) (2) (3) (4) Nodes

1 1 − 1 
2 1 −1 
 
3 1 − 1
 
 = 4  −1 1 
5  1 −1 
 
6  1 −1 

7  1 − 1

Elements

Since

n−1
∑ aij = 0 i = 1,2, K , e
j =0

the columns of  are linearly dependent ⇒ rank  < n.

Bus Admittance Matrix 1 -- A.C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Nov. 13 2003 3
Bus Incidence Matrix A

Bus incidence matrix A − obtained from  by deleting the column corresponding to

the reference node. The dimension of this matrix is e × (n – 1) and the rank is n – 1 =
b.

Example:

For the previous example network, if node 0 is chosen as the reference node, the bus
incidence matrix is,

(1) (2) (3) (4) Bus

1 − 1 
2  −1 
 
3  − 1
 
A = 4  −1 1 
5  1 −1 
 
6  1 −1 
7  − 1
 1

Element

The matrix is rectangular and therefore singular.

BINARY BUS CONNECTION MATRIX B

Binary valued matrix – a matrix whose entries are binary (Boolean) variables.

The elements of the square, binary bus connection matrix B is given by

1 bus i connected to bus j by a line


bij = 1 i= j
0 otherwise

i, j = 1,2, K , n

“1” denotes Boolean TRUE

“0” denotes Boolean FALSE

B s symmetric

Negation: A : All TRUE elements of A are replaced by FALSE, and all FALSE
entries by TRUE

Bus Admittance Matrix 1 -- A.C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Nov. 13 2003 4

Boolean AND: A•B

(A • B )ij = a i1 • b1 j + ai 2 • b2 j + L + aim • bmj

i = 1,2, K , r j = 1,2, K , c

“•” denotes Boolean AND

“+” denotes Boolean OR
A•B is r × c
A is r × m
B is m × c

Boolean OR: A + B

(A + B )ij = aij + bij for all i, j

It is necessary that A and B have the same dimensions.

The operation B•B produces a square matrix of dimension n for an n-bus system
where (B•B)ij is 1 when buses i and j are joined by a line or are joined through an
intervening bus by a line. Otherwise (B•B)ij is 0.

Example:

(1)
(3) (5)
(2)

(4)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

(1) 1 1 0 1 0
(2) 1 1 1 1 0
B = (3) 0 1 1 0 1
 
(4) 1 1 0 1 0
(5) 0 0 1 0 1

Bus Admittance Matrix 1 -- A.C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Nov. 13 2003 5
 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
(1) 1 1 1 1 0 
( 2) 1 1 1 1 1 
 
B • B = (3) 1 1 1 1 1 
 
( 4) 1 1 1 1 0 
(5) 0 1 1 0 1

Note that B•B•B is also square and contains “1” in positions corresponding to buses
joined by three or fewer lines and two or less intervening buses. The diagonal entries
of B, B•B, B•B•B, and so on, are all “1”.

Generalization: Boolean AND Operations on the Binary Bus Connection Matrix

If B is the binary bus connection matrix for an n-bus power system, and the notation
(m)
B ,

B ( m) = B • B • L • B
← m times →
(1) (m)
is used to denote repeated AND operations, and B = B, then B consists of all 0’s
(m)
except in the diagonal position, where 1’s appear. Also, the position ij of B contains
1’s if and only if buses i and j are joined via m lines or less (hence giving m − 1
(n−1)
intervening buses). Furthermore, for an n-bus system B consists of all 1’s when all
system buses are connected to the system.

Applications if the Binary Bus Connection Matrix

To determine whether a given bus is close to another bus. The buses i and j may be
(m)
evaluated for “proximity” by examining B ; if this entry is a “1”, buses i and j are
connected to each other through m or fewer lines.
Potential application: If a fault study is to be done for a short circuit at bus k, only
buses “nearby” bus k need to be examined.
(n−1)

To determine whether a give system is connected. The matrix B must all be 1’s
when an n-bus system is connected since the farthest possible configuration between
bus 1 and bus n occurs when 1 and n are on opposite ends of a radial string of buses. If
(n−1)
B contains a “0”, the system is disconnected.

Bus Admittance Matrix 1 -- A.C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Nov. 13 2003 6
Bus Disconnection Matrix B

The disconnection matrix B and the matrices B • B , B • B • B , and so on, have
(2) (3)
properties similar to B , B , and so on. Allowing D to denote the bus disconnection
matrix, it is easy to show that

[ ]
B ( k ) D ( l ) = B ( k −l )

LINE INCIDENCE MATRIX L

The line incidence matrix L is defined by

1 line i starts at bus j


(L) ij = − 1 line i ends at bus j
0 otherwise


For a system of l lines and n buses, L is l × n. This matrix is used to calculate the voltage
difference between the buses at the terminals of each system line. Let Vline be a l-vector
of “line voltages” (i.e., voltage drops across each system line); then

Vline = L Vbus

For the purpose of calculating line voltage drops, each line must be considered to be
directed (i.e., having a start or higher voltage bus and an end or lower voltage bus). This
convention is reflected in the definition of line start and end in matrix L. While it is
unimportant which bus is selected as the start of a line and which as the end, once the
convention is established, it must be consistent in the definition of elements of Vbus.

Bus Admittance Matrix 1 -- A.C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Nov. 13 2003 7
BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX Ybus

Ybus Formation Methods:

1. Ybus building rules
2. Building block approach
3. Network incidence matrix

Node Equations

Node − a junction formed when two or more circuit elements (R, L, C, Vs, Is) are
connected to each other at their terminals.

Consider the circuit diagram

Yb 2 Ye

Yc Yd Yf
3 4
1
I3 Ya Yg I4
0

Reference

KCL at node 1: (V1 − V3 )Yc + (V1 − V2 )Yd + (V1 − V4 )Y f = 0

KCL at node 3: V3Ya + (V3 − V2 )Yb + (V3 − V1 )Yc = I 3
Rearranging,

( )
V1 Yc + Yd + Y f − V2Yd − V3Yc − V4Y f = 0
− V1Yc − V2Yb + V3 (Ya + Yb + Yc ) = I 3

Similar equations can be formed for node 2 and 4.

NOTE: All branch currents can be found when the node voltages are known, and a
node equation formed for the reference node would yield no further information.
Hence, the required number of independent node equations is one less than the number
of nodes.

Bus Admittance Matrix 1 -- A.C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Nov. 13 2003 8
General matrix format:

Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14  V1   I1 

Y Y22 Y23 Y24  V2   I 2 
 21 =
Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34  V3   I 3 
    
Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44  V4   I 4 

or Ybus V = I

Usual rules when forming Ybus:

1. Diagonal element Yjj = sum of the admittances directly connected to node j.
2. Off-diagonal element Yij = the negative of the net admittance connected between nodes
i and j.
Yjj : self-admittance or driving-point admittance.
Yij : mutual admittance or transfer admittance.

Using the rules,

 Yc( + Yd + Y f ) − Yd − Yc −Yf 
 − Yd (Yb + Yd + Ye ) − Yb − Ye 
Ybus =  
 − Yc − Yb (Ya + Yb + Yc ) 0 
 
 −Yf − Ye 0 (
Ye + Y f + Yg  )
Separating the entries for Yc,

(
 Yd + Y f ) − Yd 0 −Yf 
 −Y (Yb + Yd + Ye ) − Yb − Ye 
Ybus =  
d
 0 − Yb (Ya + Yb ) 0 
 
 − Y f − Ye 0 (Ye + Y f + Yg  )
 Yc 0 − Yc 0
 0 0 0 0
+
− Yc 0 Yc 0
 
 0 0 0 0

Bus Admittance Matrix 1 -- A.C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Nov. 13 2003 9
More compactly,

 Yc ⋅ − Yc ⋅ (1) (3)
 ⋅ 
 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅  1 − 1
− Yc ⋅
⇔  Yc
⋅ Yc − 1 1 
 
 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅

The smaller matrix on the right is a compact storage matrix for matrix contribution of Yc
to Ybus. It is an important building block in forming Ybus for more general networks.

Bus impedance matrix:

 Z11 Z12 Z13 Z14 

 Z 24 
−1  Z 21 Z 22 Z 23
Z bus = Ybus =
 Z 31 Z 32 Z 33 Z 34 
 
 Z 41 Z 42 Z 43 Z 44 

Branch and Node Admittances

Consider a generator in steady-state:Voltage equation:

I I
N N
Za + e + e
t t
w w
+ V o
Is Ya V o
Es r r
k k
- - -

E s = IZ a + V

Dividing voltage equation by Za,

E 1
I s = s = I + VYa where Ya =
Za Za

Bus Admittance Matrix 1 -- A.C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Nov. 13 2003 10
The voltage source Es and its series impedance Za can be interchanged with the current
source Is and its shunt admittance Ya, provided that

Es 1
Is = and Ya =
Za Za

Sources Es and Is may be considered externally applied at the nodes of the transmission
network, which then consists of only passive branches.

Suppose that only branch admittance Ya is connected between nodes m and n as part of a
larger network of which only the reference node is shown,
Za = branch impedance, primitive impedance

Im m Ia + Va - n In
+ +
Ya = 1/Za
Vm Vn
- -
Reference node

Ya = branch admittance, primitive admittance

Current and voltage equations:

I m   1  Vm 
 I  = − 1 I a ; Va = [1 − 1] V 
 n    n
Vm 
YaVa = I a ; Ya [1 − 1]   = I a
Vn 
1 Vm   1  I m 
− 1Ya [1 − 1] V  = − 1 I a =  I 
   n    n
 Ya − Ya  Vm   I m 
− Y =
 a Ya  Vn   I n  nodal admittance equation for branch Ya

nodal admittance matrix

Bus Admittance Matrix 1 -- A.C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Nov. 13 2003 11

The nodal admittance matrix is singular because neither node m nor node n connects
to the reference.

When n is the reference node, Vn = 0 and

[Ya ]Vm = I m
This corresponds to removal of row n and column n from the coefficient matrix (nodal
admittance matrix).

Note that

1  1 − 1
− 1[1 − 1] = − 1 1 
   

building block

The nodal admittance matrices are simply storage matrices with row and column
labels determined by the end nodes of the branch. To obtain the overall nodal
admittance matrix of a network, we simply combine the individual branch matrices
by adding together elements with identical row and column labels.

Such addition causes the sum of the branch currents flowing from each node of the
network to equal the total current injected into that node, as required by KCL.

Provided at least one of the network branches is connected to the reference node, the
net result is Ybus of the system.

Bus Admittance Matrix 1 -- A.C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Nov. 13 2003 12
Example:

Single-line diagram:

3 4
1

Reactance diagram (per unit):

2
j0.25 j0.2

j0.125
j0.25 j0.4
3 4
1
j0.1 j0.1

j1.15 j1.15
+ +
1.25 0o 0 0.85 -45 o
- -

Bus Admittance Matrix 1 -- A.C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Nov. 13 2003 13
 Admittance diagram:

Ib 2 Ie
-j4.0 -j5.0
Ic Id -j8.0 If
3 -j4.0 -j2.5 4
Ia 1 Ig
-j0.8 0
-j0.8
1 -90
0.68 -135

(3) (2) (3) (1)

(3) (3)  1 − 1 (3)  1 - 1 (4)
(3) [1] Ya ; Y ; Y ; (4) [1]Yg
(2) − 1 1  (1) - 1 1 
b c

( 2) (1) (4) (2) (4) (1)

(2)  1 − 1 (4)  1 - 1 (4)  1 - 1
  Yd ;   Ye ; Yf
(1) − 1 1  (2) - 1 1  (1) - 1 1 

Combining elements of the above matrices having identical row and column labels,

(1) (2) (3) (4)

(1) (
 Yc + Yd + Y f ) − Yd − Yc −Yf 
 − Yd (Yb + Yd + Ye ) − Yb − Ye 
( 2)   =Y
  bus
(3) − Yc − Yb (Ya + Yb + Yc ) 0
 
( 4)  −Yf − Ye 0 (
Ye + Y f + Yg  )

The order in which the labels are assigned is not important here, provided the columns
and rows follow the same order.

Nodal admittance equations of the overall network:

− j14.5 j8.0 j 4.0 j 2.5  V1   0 

 j8.0 − j17.0 j 4.0   
j 5.0  V2    0 
 = 
 j 4.0 j 4.0 − j8.8 0.0  V3   1.00∠ − 90o 
    
 j 2.5 j 5.0 0.0 − j8.3 V4  0.68∠ − 135o 

Bus Admittance Matrix 1 -- A.C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Nov. 13 2003 14
Mutually Coupled Branches in Ybus

Two mutually coupled branches with impedance parameters or with admittance

parameters:

Ia Ib
Im ZM
+ + Ip
Va Za Zb Vb
In - - Iq
Ia Ib
Im YM
+ + Ip
Va Ya Yb Vb
In - - Iq

Primitive impedance equations:

Va   Z a Z M  Ia 
V  =  Z Z b   I b 
 b  M

where mutual impedance ZM is positive when Ia and Ib enter the dotted terminals.

Inverse of the primitive impedance matrix:

−1
 Za ZM  1  Zb − Z M   Ya YM 
Z = =
 M Z b  
Z a Z b − Z M 2 − Z M Z a  YM Yb 

primitive admittance matrix

Bus Admittance Matrix 1 -- A.C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Nov. 13 2003 15
Voltage-drop equations:
Vm  Vm 
  V 
Va  Vm − Vn  1 − 1 0 0  Vn   n
V  = V − V  = 0 0 1 − 1 V  = A V 
 b  p q   p p
   
Vq  Vq 

where A = coefficient matrix

Current equations:
I m   1 0
I   
 n  =  − 1 0   I a  = AT  I a 
 I p   0 1   I b  I 
 b
   
I
 q   0 − 1

Substitute voltage drop equations into the primitive impedance equation,

Vm 
 
 Ya YM  Vn   I a 
Y A = 
 M Yb  V p   I b 
 
Vq 

Premultiply by AT,

Vm  I m 
V   
 Ya YM   n  T I a   I n 
AT  A =A  =
YM Yb  V p   Ib   I p 
   
Vq   I q 

Nodal admittance equations of the two mutually coupled branches:

(m) ( n) (p) (q)

( m)  Ya − Ya YM − YM  Vm   I m 
 −Y    
(n)  a Ya − YM YM  Vn   I n 
=
( p)  YM − YM Yb − Yb  V p   I p 
    
(q) − YM YM − Yb Yb  Vq   I q 

The 4 × 4 submatrices above form part of the larger nodal admittance matrix of the
overall system. The pointers m, n, p, q indicate the rows and columns of the system
matrix to which the elements of the above nodal admittance matrix belong.

Bus Admittance Matrix 1 -- A.C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Nov. 13 2003 16
Nodal admittance matrix by inspection:

(m) (n) (p) (q)

( m) 1 − 1  1 − 1 
 Ya − 1 1 YM 
(n)
 − 1 1    
 
( p)  1 − 1  1 − 1 
 YM − 1 1 Yb 
(q)  − 1 1    

If node n is the reference, we may eliminate the row and column of that node.

If n and q are one and the same node, columns n and q are combined (since Vn = Vq),
and the corresponding rows are added because In and Iq are parts of the common
injected current.

Example:

j0.25 2

3 j0.25
j0.15
1

j0.25
Primitive admittances:

−1
 j 0.25 j 0.15 − j 6.25 j 3.75 
 j 0.15 =
 j 0.25 
 j 3.75 − j 6.25

Nodal admittance matrix:

(3) (1) (3) (2)

(3)   1 − 1  1 − 1 
(1)   (− j 6.25) − 1 1  (+ j 3.75)
  − 1 1    
 
(3)   1 − 1  1 − 1 
  (+ j 3.75) − 1 1  (− j 6.25)
( 2)  − 1 1    

Bus Admittance Matrix 1 -- A.C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Nov. 13 2003 17
Adding the columns and rows of the common node 3,

(1) (2) (3)

(1)  − j 6.25 j 3.75 j 6.25 − j 3.75 
(2)  j 3.75 − j 6.25 − j 3.75 + j 6.25 

(3)  j 6.25 − j 3.75 − j 3.75 + j 6.25 − j 6.25 − j 6.25 + j 3.75 + j 3.75

Nodal equations:

− j 6.25 j 3.75 j 2.50  V1   I1 

 j 3.75 − j 6.25 j 2.50  V  =  I 
   2  2
 j 2.50 j 2.50 − j 5.00 V3   I 3 

Three branches with mutual coupling:

m p r
Ia Ib Ic

Za Zb Zc

ZM1 ZM2

n q s

−1
 Za ZM1 ZM 2   Ya YM 1 YM 2 
Z Zb 0  =  YM 1 Yb YM 3 
 M1
 Z M 2 0 Z c  YM 2 YM 3 Yc 

To form Ybus for a network with mutually coupled branches:

1. Invert the primitive impedance matrices of the network branches to obtain the
corresponding primitive admittance matrices. A single branch has a 1 × 1 matrix. Two
mutually coupled branches have a 2 × 2 matrix, three mutually coupled branches have
a 3 × 3 matrix, and so on.
2. Multiply the elements of each primitive admittance matrix by the 2 × 2 building-block
matrix.

Bus Admittance Matrix 1 -- A.C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Nov. 13 2003 18
3. Label the two rows and the two columns of each diagonal building-block matrix with
the end-node numbers of the corresponding self-admittance. For mutually coupled
branches it is important to label in the order of the marked (dotted) --- then ---
unmarked (undotted) node numbers.
4. Label the two rows of each off-diagonal building-block matrix with node numbers
aligned and consistent with the row labels assigned in (3); then label the columns
consistent with the column labels of (3).
5. Combine, by adding together, those elements with identical row and column labels to
obtain the nodal admittance matrix of the overall network. If one of the nodes
encountered is the reference node, omit its row and column to obtain the system
Ybus.

Bus Admittance Matrix 1 -- A.C. Nerves, U.P. Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Nov. 13 2003 19