Applied Mathematics and Mechanics

(English Edition, Vol.9, No.6, June 1988)

Published by SUT,
Shanghai, China
T R A N S I E N T S P H E R I C A L F L O W OF N O N - N E WT O N I A N P O WE R - L A W
F L U I D S I N P O R O U S ME D I A
Liu Ci-qun ( : ~ J ~ )
(Research Division of Mechanics of Flow Through Porous Media, Academia Sinica, Lanzhou)
(Received Feb. 23. 1987)
Ab s t r a c t
The transient spherical.flow behavior of a slightly compressible, non-Newtonian.
power-law.fluids hz porotL~ media is studied. A nonlinear partial differential equation of
parabolic' type is derived. The d(ffasivit.v equation f or spherical f l ow is a special case of the
new equation. We obtain analytical, asymptotic and approximate solutions by using the
methods of Laplace transform and weighted mass conservation. The structures of
asymptotic and approx#nate solutions are similar, which enriches the theory of one-
dimensional f l ow of non-Newtonian fluMs through porous media.
I. I n t r o d u c t i o n
In 1966, Charas pl studied transient spherical flow of Newtonian fluids through porous media
that can analyse and calculate the data of bore-hole test. In 1979, Oden and Yang/21 l koku and
Ramey131 studied transient radial flow of non-Newtonian fluids through porous media; They
derived a nonlinear partial differential equation, numerical inversion solution of Laplace transform
and asymptotic solution are obtained by linearization that equation. On base of the mentioned
works transient spherical flow of non-Newtonian fluids through porous media is studied, nonlinear
partial differential equation of parabolic type is derived, analytical: asymptotic and approximate
solutions of linearized equation are obtained. The structures of' asympt ot i c and apprrxi mat e
solutions are similar which enriches the theory of one-dimensional flow of non-Newtonian fluids
through porous media.
I I . T r a n s i e n t S p h e r i c a l F l o w i n P o r o u s Me d i a
According to the principle of mass conservation, the continuity equation of slightly
compressible fluids for spherical flow in porous media may be written as
1 O Op
- - ; r ~ ( r ' . v , ) =r
where r is spherical distance;v, is superfical velocity in the spherical direction;
system compresibility; t is time; p is pressure.
The equation of flow through porous media for non-Newtonian power-law fluids is 12.31
k Op ( 2. 2)
v $ =
#e 8r
( 2. 1)
r i sporosl t y; ci s
521
Abs t r act
The one-dimensional problem of the motion of a rigid flying plate under explosive attack has
an analytic solution only when the polytropic index of detonation products equals to three. In
general, a numerical analysis is required. In this paper, however, by utilizing the "weak" shock
behavior of the reflection shock in the explosive products, and applying the small parameter pur-
terbation method, an analytic, first-order approximate solution is obtained for the problem of flying
plate driven by various high explosives with polytropic indices other than but nearly equal to three.
Final velocities of flying plate obtained agree very well with numerical results by computers. Thus
an analytic formula with two parameters of high explosive (i.e. detonation velocity and polytropic
index) for estimation of the velocity of flying plate is established.
1. I nt r oduc t i on
Explosive driven flying-plate technique ffmds its important use in the study of behavior of
materials under intense impulsive loading, shock synthesis of diamonds, and explosive welding and
cladding of metals. The method of estimation of flyor velocity and the way of raising it are questions
of common interest.
Under the assumptions of one-dimensional plane detonation and rigid flying plate, the normal
approach of solving the problem of motion of flyor is to solve the following system of equations
governing the flow field of detonation products behind the flyor (Fig. I):
a p +u_~_xp + au
--ff =o,
au au 1
y =0,
aS a s
a--T =o,
p =p(p, s),
( i . 0
293
where p, p, S, u are pressure, density, specific entropy and particle velocity of detonation products
respectively, with the trajectory R of reflected shock of detonation wave D as a boundary and the
trajectory F of flyor as another boundary. Both are unknown; the position of R and the state para-
meters on it are governed by the flow field I of central rarefaction wave behind the detonation wave
D and by initial stage of motion of flyor also; the position of F and the state parameters of products
522 Liu Ci-qun
whr k is permeability; /~e is effective viscosity (a viscosity level paramet er for power-law fluids);
n is flow .behavior index (power-law parameter).
When n = 1, Eq. (2.2) reduces to Darcy' s law for Newt oni an fluids. If n < 1, the fluid is pseudo
plastic. If n > 1, the fluid is dilatant.
Substituting Eq. (2.2) into Eq. (2.1), differentially calculating and neglecting pressure gradient
squared term yield nonlinear partial differential equation for transient spherical flow of non-
Newtonian power-law fluids through porous media.
1 o i , . op C V. r op op
rZ . ~-~kr ~ } =n . c . d \ h / 9 ( 2. 3)
\ Or ] Ot
When n = 1, Eq. (2. 3)reduces to spherical diffusion equation
1 0
Or- ( 2. 4)
In semi-infinite porous media, the flow rate of spherical bore with radiusrwis Q0. Linearizing
the pressure gradient on the fight-hand side of Eq. (2.3), that is
op _ go. , ~ tz,[ Oo ~t
9 Or - W ~" T~, ~ff~! ( 2. 5)
and substituting Eq. (2.5) into Eq. (2.3), we obtain dimension less linem" equation for transient
spherical flow of non-Newtonian power-law fluids
1 O I 2,OPo \ OPD
r~" Ors L rD ~ro ) =r ~' l - " . Oto (2. 6)
where
{2zrrCr~" k P--Po tD= G.r;_2,.
P = ] r-----C-"
#e ~.0 n- !
r
r D :.-:
r w
P0 is initial pressure.
The available nondimenional initial and boundary condi t i ons are
po(ro, 0)=0
I I I .
a # o ]
Orb /ra~-i =- - 1
Po( oo, t D) =0
Ana l y t i c a l and As y mp t o t i c So l ut i o ns
( 2. 7)
( 2. 8)
( 2. 9)
Considering initial condition (2.7), the Laplace transforms of partial differential equation (2.6)
and boundary conditions (2.8), (2.9) are
1 d i ~.d~o \ 2~1-.)
r~" dro ~r~ =s ' r ~ ~D
( 3. 1)
Abs t r act
The one-dimensional problem of the motion of a rigid flying plate under explosive attack has
an analytic solution only when the polytropic index of detonation products equals to three. In
general, a numerical analysis is required. In this paper, however, by utilizing the "weak" shock
behavior of the reflection shock in the explosive products, and applying the small parameter pur-
terbation method, an analytic, first-order approximate solution is obtained for the problem of flying
plate driven by various high explosives with polytropic indices other than but nearly equal to three.
Final velocities of flying plate obtained agree very well with numerical results by computers. Thus
an analytic formula with two parameters of high explosive (i.e. detonation velocity and polytropic
index) for estimation of the velocity of flying plate is established.
1. I nt r oduc t i on
Explosive driven flying-plate technique ffmds its important use in the study of behavior of
materials under intense impulsive loading, shock synthesis of diamonds, and explosive welding and
cladding of metals. The method of estimation of flyor velocity and the way of raising it are questions
of common interest.
Under the assumptions of one-dimensional plane detonation and rigid flying plate, the normal
approach of solving the problem of motion of flyor is to solve the following system of equations
governing the flow field of detonation products behind the flyor (Fig. I):
a p +u_~_xp + au
--ff =o,
au au 1
y =0,
aS a s
a--T =o,
p =p(p, s),
( i . 0
293
where p, p, S, u are pressure, density, specific entropy and particle velocity of detonation products
respectively, with the trajectory R of reflected shock of detonation wave D as a boundary and the
trajectory F of flyor as another boundary. Both are unknown; the position of R and the state para-
meters on it are governed by the flow field I of central rarefaction wave behind the detonation wave
D and by initial stage of motion of flyor also; the position of F and the state parameters of products
Transient Spherical Fl ow of Non-Newt oni an Power-Law Fluids 523
) (3 :)
\ d r , / r e , =1 = - - ~
~ o ( ~ , s ) = O ( 3 . 3 )
where
o o
p v ( r o , s ) - - : - Jo P o ( r o , t o ) ' e x p [ - - s t o j ' d t o
On account of the procedure for ordinary differential equations of second order, the solution of
Eqs. ( 3. 1) - ( 3. 3) in Laplace space is
r o 2 9 KJ-J_~, ( ~ - "
, o ( r D , s ) = - , -, , __ ( t )
" <
( 3. 4)
where K, ( . ) is modified Bessel function of the second kind of order v
At the bore-hole, r o = 1, and
pwo( s) = # o ( 1 , s ) =
K , - , . ( # s
3
s 7 - K,
( 3. 5)
When n = 1/2, Eq. (3.5) reduces to the pseudo radial flow case
Pw~(s)- K0(2~/s/3)
s{ . K, (2~/ 7/ 3)
( 3. 6)
When n = 1, Eq, (3.5) reduces to the spherical flow case for Newtonian fluids
~ w o ( s ) - - ( 3. 7)
$
s7 IQ, ( ~ / s )
2
Reiman-Mellin formula of Laplace transform inversion is
1 s o
P w o ( t o ) = 2 ~ i ~ w o ( s ) ' e x p [ - - s t o ] . d s ( 3. 8)
] " - - I " - '
where y is a real number; line s--=y at the right-hand side of singular points ofi nt egrand ~ w o
which has pole s--0.
Analytical equation &spheri cal bore pressure is obtained by using and integrating equivalent
integral path of Eq. (3.7) as routinely.
4 - - 2 n ! i " l - ' e , ~ P ~ - - u t D ] d u
p w o ( t o ) - - .,rz ~:
( 3. 9)
Abs t r act
The one-dimensional problem of the motion of a rigid flying plate under explosive attack has
an analytic solution only when the polytropic index of detonation products equals to three. In
general, a numerical analysis is required. In this paper, however, by utilizing the "weak" shock
behavior of the reflection shock in the explosive products, and applying the small parameter pur-
terbation method, an analytic, first-order approximate solution is obtained for the problem of flying
plate driven by various high explosives with polytropic indices other than but nearly equal to three.
Final velocities of flying plate obtained agree very well with numerical results by computers. Thus
an analytic formula with two parameters of high explosive (i.e. detonation velocity and polytropic
index) for estimation of the velocity of flying plate is established.
1. I nt r oduc t i on
Explosive driven flying-plate technique ffmds its important use in the study of behavior of
materials under intense impulsive loading, shock synthesis of diamonds, and explosive welding and
cladding of metals. The method of estimation of flyor velocity and the way of raising it are questions
of common interest.
Under the assumptions of one-dimensional plane detonation and rigid flying plate, the normal
approach of solving the problem of motion of flyor is to solve the following system of equations
governing the flow field of detonation products behind the flyor (Fig. I):
a p +u_~_xp + au
--ff =o,
au au 1
y =0,
aS a s
a--T =o,
p =p(p, s),
( i . 0
293
where p, p, S, u are pressure, density, specific entropy and particle velocity of detonation products
respectively, with the trajectory R of reflected shock of detonation wave D as a boundary and the
trajectory F of flyor as another boundary. Both are unknown; the position of R and the state para-
meters on it are governed by the flow field I of central rarefaction wave behind the detonation wave
D and by initial stage of motion of flyor also; the position of F and the state parameters of products
524 Liu Ci-qtm
where J , ( . ) . , y, ( . ) are Besset functions .of thefirst and second kind of order v
From the limiting form for small argument, .when s-->0, that is, t o is very large,
2 " " / - ' ( v )
K , f s ) ~ 9
~ ' . ~
( 3 . 1 0 )
Eq. (3.5) reduces to
( 4- 2n) ~' - tr O ,) 1 1
r \ 4 - - 2 n !
~3.11)
where r ( - ) is gamma function; v =( t - . 2n) l ( 4- . 2n) .
The asymptog~:-sol,ution ~tong, time:approximation)from tables of Laplace transform for Eq,
(3,11) yields
( 4 -- 2 n )'~" t~ 1
9. " ,
( 8 . t 2 )
IV. Appr oxi mat e Sol ~=hm
By using the idea oftraa~ient dramag~radiasand averaging equation of mass conservation, we
seek the approximate solution of problems (2.6) -= 2.9).
When the spherical bore works at a constant flow rate, the pressure disturbance propagates the
distance R(to) during time to; that is, at transient drainage radius R(to)exists under the following
conditions
Opo
Po ( R, to)=--~-~--~D(R, t o) =O ( 2, 9) '
Integrating Eq. (2.6) with respect to r o from 1 to R(to) by weighted mean method, on account of
inner and outer boundary conditions (2.8), (2.9)', yields average equation of mass conservation.
d u
dt~ =1 (4. 1)
where
i
R(t,)
u( t o) = Po ( r o , t o ) . r gdr o (4. 2)
Taking into account the initial condition (2.7), the solution of ordinary differential equation
will be
u ( t o ) =t o (4. 3)
Satisfying the inner and outer boundary conditions (2.8) and (2.9)', dimension less pressure
function can be written as
( r ~ - ' " )
p~( r o, t o) =. . 1 ( Rl _ ~ , _ r ~ _ 2 , ) 1 R1_2,
1--2n 3--2n R z (4. 4)
Eq. (4.4) may be explained as the solution of successive variation steady state, i.e. it is the
solution of the following equation for every moment
Abs t r act
The one-dimensional problem of the motion of a rigid flying plate under explosive attack has
an analytic solution only when the polytropic index of detonation products equals to three. In
general, a numerical analysis is required. In this paper, however, by utilizing the "weak" shock
behavior of the reflection shock in the explosive products, and applying the small parameter pur-
terbation method, an analytic, first-order approximate solution is obtained for the problem of flying
plate driven by various high explosives with polytropic indices other than but nearly equal to three.
Final velocities of flying plate obtained agree very well with numerical results by computers. Thus
an analytic formula with two parameters of high explosive (i.e. detonation velocity and polytropic
index) for estimation of the velocity of flying plate is established.
1. I nt r oduc t i on
Explosive driven flying-plate technique ffmds its important use in the study of behavior of
materials under intense impulsive loading, shock synthesis of diamonds, and explosive welding and
cladding of metals. The method of estimation of flyor velocity and the way of raising it are questions
of common interest.
Under the assumptions of one-dimensional plane detonation and rigid flying plate, the normal
approach of solving the problem of motion of flyor is to solve the following system of equations
governing the flow field of detonation products behind the flyor (Fig. I):
a p +u_~_xp + au
--ff =o,
au au 1
y =0,
aS a s
a--T =o,
p =p(p, s),
( i . 0
293
where p, p, S, u are pressure, density, specific entropy and particle velocity of detonation products
respectively, with the trajectory R of reflected shock of detonation wave D as a boundary and the
trajectory F of flyor as another boundary. Both are unknown; the position of R and the state para-
meters on it are governed by the flow field I of central rarefaction wave behind the detonation wave
D and by initial stage of motion of flyor also; the position of F and the state parameters of products
Transient Spherical Fl ow of Non-Newt oni an Power-Law Fluids 525
1 d
r ~ " ~-~. ( r ~ " - ~ ) = 0 ( 4 . 5 )
Substituting Eq. (4.4) into Eqs. (4.2) and (4, 3)yi el ds the-relationship between transient
drainage radius and time as
R 4 - Z " = 6 ( 2 - - n ) ( 3 - - n ) , t ~+ 1 ( 4. 6)
Eqs. (4.4) and (4.6) constitute the approximate solutions for the transient.spherical flow of non-
Newt oni an power-law fluids through porous media.
When n = 1/2, Eqs. (4.4) and (4.6) reduce to pseudo-radial flow case
n R 1_~ r~
P~ r-~a-- 2 \l----R-r-)
( 4. 4) t
RS=4~52 to + 1
When n = 1, Eqs. (4.4) and (4.6) reduce to spherical flow case of Newtoniarr fluids
( 4 . 6 ) t
1 2 r a
po=~- ~- + ,R~ (4..4)"
R ~ = 12tD + 1 ( 4 . 6 ) ~
The structures of these formulae are similar by comparing Eqs. (3.12) and Eqs. (4.4), (4.6), i.e.
] [ . : . I n
when n < I/2, Pwn' - ' t o l ' ' ' , whe; n > 1/2, t o) ) 1; # wz ' ~ I / ( 2 n - 1) ,
V . C o n c l u s i o n s
I. Analytical solution (3.9). asymptotic solution (3.12) and approximate solutions (4.4)and
(4.6) for transient spherical flow of non-Newtonian power-law fluids through porous media are
obtained.
2. The structures of asymptotic and approximate solutions are similar, which shows that
these formulae are available.
3. The results studied in this paper can be applied to the fields of ground-water flow, heat
conduction and diffusion, if their flows (conduction, diffusion) obey the nonlinear power-law.
which may enrich the theory for one-dimensional flow ofnon-Newt oni an, power-law, fluid through
porous media.
Re f e r e n c e s
[ I ] Charas, A.T., Unst eady spherical flow in petroleum reservoirs, Soc. Pet. Eng. J., June (1966),
I 0 3 - 114.
[ 2 ] Oden, A.S. and H.T. Yang, Fl ow of non-Newtonian power-law fluids through porous media,
Soc. Pet. Eng. J.. June (1979), 155- 163.
[ 3 ] Ikoku, C.U. and H.J. Ramey, Transient flow of non-Newtonian power-law fluids in porous
media, ibid, 164- 174.
Abs t r act
The one-dimensional problem of the motion of a rigid flying plate under explosive attack has
an analytic solution only when the polytropic index of detonation products equals to three. In
general, a numerical analysis is required. In this paper, however, by utilizing the "weak" shock
behavior of the reflection shock in the explosive products, and applying the small parameter pur-
terbation method, an analytic, first-order approximate solution is obtained for the problem of flying
plate driven by various high explosives with polytropic indices other than but nearly equal to three.
Final velocities of flying plate obtained agree very well with numerical results by computers. Thus
an analytic formula with two parameters of high explosive (i.e. detonation velocity and polytropic
index) for estimation of the velocity of flying plate is established.
1. I nt r oduc t i on
Explosive driven flying-plate technique ffmds its important use in the study of behavior of
materials under intense impulsive loading, shock synthesis of diamonds, and explosive welding and
cladding of metals. The method of estimation of flyor velocity and the way of raising it are questions
of common interest.
Under the assumptions of one-dimensional plane detonation and rigid flying plate, the normal
approach of solving the problem of motion of flyor is to solve the following system of equations
governing the flow field of detonation products behind the flyor (Fig. I):
a p +u_~_xp + au
--ff =o,
au au 1
y =0,
aS a s
a--T =o,
p =p(p, s),
( i . 0
293
where p, p, S, u are pressure, density, specific entropy and particle velocity of detonation products
respectively, with the trajectory R of reflected shock of detonation wave D as a boundary and the
trajectory F of flyor as another boundary. Both are unknown; the position of R and the state para-
meters on it are governed by the flow field I of central rarefaction wave behind the detonation wave
D and by initial stage of motion of flyor also; the position of F and the state parameters of products