212

SUBSURFACE STRATIGRAPHY OF CUBA BASED ON DEEP WELLS

Jorge R. Sanchez, Raphael Segura, Rolando Garcia, Gustavo Eschevarrla,
Ernesto MIlian, Jose Fernandez and Carlos Perera
Centro de Investigaciones y Desarrollo del Petroleo,
Otic/os 154, Box 167,
LaHabana 10100,
Cuba.
INTRODUCTION
Thissubsurface geologyof CubaIsbased ondeepwells
drilledduringthe last thirty years (FIg. 1 & 2). It Is by no
meansanexhaustivelookatthe stratigraphyoftheIsland.
All the stratIgraphic columns were made based on the
studyof manycores, cuttingsandwell logs (Figs. 3 to 7).
Outcropswerealsoconsidered, mainlyInthevlnclnltyof
thewells. Correlations amongwellsarenot shownInthe
figures due to the fact that In many cases they were
locatedIndifferenttectonostratigraphic units. Mostof the
wells were drilled In areas associated with oil and gas
reservoirs, mainly within two major structural elements
shownInthe recentlypublished"Tectonic Mapof Cuba:
TheNorthernCubanBasin, scale1:500,000andalsoover
depostlonaJ basinsInthe centre-south of the Island. The
former Includes different zones that were tectonically
displaced by overthrusting, so that several
tectonostratigraphic unitscan be recognised.
The Northern Cuban Basin can be subdivided Into the
western, central and eastern basins. Considerable
differences IntheInnerstructureof thethrust sheets, the
range of the stratigraphic Interval Involved, the facies
features andtheirteetonlcrelationships. canbe observed
Inthesethreeareas. ThedeposltionaJ basinsarecomposed
basicallyof Tertiary and Upper Cretaceous sediments.
Underneath thesesediments, the sametype of volcanic
rockswhich cropout over the rest of Cuba, southof the
NorthernOverthrust, arefound.
NORTHERN CUBANBASIN
Plnar del Rio region:
The Guanlguanlco, La Esperanza and Bahia Honda
tectonostratigraphicunitswereestablishedInthewestern
part of Cuba. At Guanlguanico (Sierra de los Organos
subunit), well Plnar 1 (Fig. 3) was drilled Into several
allochthonouscarbonatesequencescomposedof pelagic
sediments, rangingfromTithoniantoAlbianage,overlying
a polymictic clay ollsto-strome of Campanian to
Maastrichtian ( or younger) age. These overly
aJlochthonouscarbonaterocks, ofKlmrnarldglantoAlblan
age,which arepossiblyfault Implaced. At thebottomof
the well, stringers of anhydrite and gypsum
accummuJations weredescribed.
At the Sierra Cfel Rosario subunit, well Plnar2 (Fig. 3) has
sofar penetrated3500 metresandIsstilidrilling. Fromthe
surfaceto 3450metres, thewell encountered lithological
sequence consisting of different kinds of limestone.
sandstones, sandyshales. argillitesandcherts, ranging In
age from Neocomlan to Maastrichtian. Underneath,
calcareous argillites were found, mixed with different
types of rocks: serpentlnltes, effusive rocks andcherts,
givingriseto a chaotic sequence.
Inthe Esperanza unit, well Dimas1 (Fig. 3) encountered
athicksequenceofallochthonous, terrigenous- carbonate,
flysch-typesediments, frornUpperJurasslctoNeocomlan
age, overlying an olistostrome of probable Paleocene
age, which was Incompletelypenetrated. Thiswell also
drilled some non-metamorphosed rocks of the San
Cayetano formation (lower-middle Jurassic). The
Esperanz.aGroupIsessentiallycomposedofterrlgenous-
carbonatesediments. basedonthe results of the Dimas,
SanRamon, Riodel Medloand Los Arroyoswells. The
lithofacies changes systematically towards the La
Esperanza wells(Fig. 3), wherecarbonate sediments are
dominant.
Recent studies In the Martin Mesa area, near Havana,
where several well have been drilled, show lithologic
similarities withthe Pinar2 section. In bothareas, lower
and upper Cretaceous sediments are penetrated.
Mariel 1 was drilled on the Bahia Honda
tectonostratigraphic unit and Is characterised by the
existenceofanophioliticsequence, asamelangetogether
with rocks of the Cretaceous IsJand-arc. Togetherthese
form nappesover the carbonate-terrigenous sediments
of upper Cretaceous age of the continentlal margin.
LA HABANA MATANZAANDVARADERQ.
CORRAULLOREGIONS
TowardstheeastoftheIsland, thenorthernbasinIncludes
the La Habana-Matanza and the Varadero-Corralillo oil
and gas bearing regions. Numerous Wells have been
drilledInthe 011 fieldsofboth areas(Via Blanca-Boca de
Jaruco, Yumurl, Camarloca, Cantel, Varadero sur,
Varadero, Guasimas, L1toral, Marbella and Marti). The
1"rtmfQc1iMs Ofthe2ndGeoIogicQ/ Conferenct ofthe CSTI', Ed. JG4 CiIIneau, Published byCSTI', 1991
2nd Geological Conference of the Geological Society of Trinidad and Tobago - 1991
UBICACION DE LOS POZOS MAS REPRESENTATIVOS DE CUBA.
REPRESENTATIVE OIL-WELLS IN CUBA AND THEIR LOCATION.
FIG. 2.
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SIMBOLOS CONVENCIONAL ES PARA LIIS COLUMNIIS DE POZO
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FIG. I
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10. V;o Bloneo -10
11. Boco de Jo,,,eo - 3
12. Ooco 'de Joruco - 500
13. Veqol - 4
14. "'erud.. - 2
15. Cochinos -I
16. Yum",,' - 9 -18 -20
11. Comorioco - 'I
f8. ConI.' -: I
19. Vo,odcro -23-31
20. Vorodero Sur - 5
2f. -7;"Lilorol-'1
22. Colorodol - I
2nd Geological Conference of the Geological Society of Trinidad and Tobago - 1991
stratigraphic sequences in these areas belong to the
Placetasandcamajuanltectonostratigraphlcunits.which
are characterised by great complexity and are strongly
deformed. with dips rangingfrom horizontal to vertical.
and high angle faults occurring, together with tectonis
becclasandchaoticblocks. Thisprovidessomeevidence
for the existence of the large-scale, low-anglethrusting
which Iscalled"TheNorthernCubanOver-thrust Belt-.
The parautochthonous structural stage is evidenced by
carbonate-terrigenous sediments, of Oxfordianto early-
lower Eoceneage. Thelast phaseincludesa polymictic
olistostromewhichunderliestheallochthonousstructural
stage, andconsistsof carbonate-clay rocks, of Aptianto
Turonian ageat thebase. ThisIsoverlain bytheophiolitic
melange which is Itself overlain by over-thrusted
terrigenous-carbonate sediments, of Campanian to
Maastrichtian age.
The existence of several of thesethrust sheets fromthe
continental margin, associated with those mixed units
fromthe Cretaceous island-arc, can be observed in well
Guanabo19(Fig. 3). Theoldest rocks drilledinthe area
areof UpperJurassicageand consist of two sequences.
Thebasecanbe seenInwellBocadeJaruco500andwells
Varadero 23 and 31 (Figs. 4 &5). The sequence is
composed of quartziferous, polymictic and mica
sandstones and limestones, calcareous shales with
carbonaceousmatter, schlsticrocksandsomeIntercalated
limestones. The sequence has not been completely
penetrated, and the known thickness to date is 600
metres. based on the drilling of well Varadero 201. The
fauna recovered from this well Is very poor so a pre-
Tithonian age is Indicated. This sequenceIsregarded as
the first observed influx of material derivedfrom an acid
source.
The upper part of the Jurassic is overlain by black
limestones. secondarydolomitesandbituminousargillites.
A thickness of 500 metres was measured at Boca de
Jaruco; the equivalent sectionat Varadero is about 300
metresthick.Thefaunaincludescalpionellids, withspecies
ofthegeneraCh/t/no/della andCrass/collar/a. Fragments
of Favreina sp. and Saccocoma sp. and the ammonites
Hap/oceras gallardo/ andParadontoceras sp. werealso
discovered.
Thelower CretaceousNeocomianageis represented by
600metresof brownpelagiclimestones, Interbeddedwith
smaJllensesof chert.argilliteandclay. Thelimestonesare
very rich In Radiolaria and Nannoplankton, especially
species of Nannoconus. Some dense, argillaceous
limestones andsecondarychertsarealsopresent. Inthe
middlepartofthe section.fine-grained quartzsandstones
were described. On the basis of species of the genera
Ca/p/onella, Ca/p/onellops/s and Ca/p/onellltes. the
Neocomian issubdivided into the Berresian-Yalanginian
andtheHauterivian-Barremianstages. Thebiostratigraphy
of thesedepositsiswell establishedat biozonelevelinthe
Marti. Guadal and Varadero23 wells (Fig. 3) and In the
214
litoral 4, Yumuri and Varadero 31 wells (Fig. 4). The
limestones arerichlyorganicandoftengivea bituminous
odour whenbroken. Theserocks areusuallyoverlain by
fragmental limestonesof MaastrichtianageIntheBocade
JarucaandYumuriwells.andbyterrigenoussedimentsof
upper Paleocene age in the Varadero wells.
Theallochthonous natureof the sediments of Aptianto
Turonian age Is well illustrated In Fig. 4 (Camarioca.
Cantel, VaraderosurandGuaslmaswells). Thesequence
consistsofthrustsheetscomposedofdifferentlithologies:
gray, dense-to-fine, fragmental, argillaceous limestones;
massive-bedded. intenselyfractured limestones. cherts,
non-calcareous shales, poly-mlctlc sandstones and
Iimolites; clays; calcarenites and calcareous breccias.
Thelimestonesare usuallyblack in color.
Thethicknessisestimated to be800-1,000 metres. Arich
fauna of planktonic forams and radiolarians provide a
good basisfor subdivision of the different stages: upper
Aptian, Albian, Cenomanian and Turonian. TheAlbian -
Cenomanian at Coloradosand Hicacos Is composed of
interbedded fragmental limestones, calcirudites,
calcareous breccias,ooliticlimestones andblackprimary
chert beds. An interesting aspect of these fragmental
limestones is their content of shallowwater organisms,
suchasNummolocultn he/mi. Orblto/ina, Dicycllna and
Choffatella. These sedimentsareinterbeddedwithpelagic
limestoneswith abundant planktonicforams. Weagree
with what has beensuggested by Pardo(1975). that the
abruptandrepeated changesfromcoarse. shallow-water,
fragmental limestonetodense, pela-giclimestone, cannot
be evidenceof rapidly changing sealevel and instead it
points toward an origin by submarine slidesor turbidity
currents, inarelativelydeepsea. Well Coloradospenetrated
about 1.000 metresin this sequence.
ConiacianandSantoniansedimentsappeartobemissing
Inthe Placetas and Camajuani Units.
As a result of a very complicated sedimentary process,
contemporaneous with the beginningof overthrusting in
theupperCretaceous, andtheemplacement of horizontally
displacedsheetsofvolcanicandultramaficrocksoverthe
NorthAmericancontinental margin, faunisticallydistlnctive
types of Campanian and Maastrichtian sediments were
deposited. Thesesedimentshavebeenestablished based
onpaleontological dataandit isverydifficultto recognize
themotherwisein order to correlatethe sections.
Three types of terrigenous-carbonate sediments were
described:
1.Sedimentsnot complicatedbythepresenceof volcanic
and ultramafic sheets. such as in the Boca de Jaruco,
Camarioca and Guasimas areas. 2. Sediments
complicated by the presenceof volcanic and ophiolitic
sheets, asintheYiaBlancaandCantelwells. 3. Transttlonal
type In which the ophiolitic rocks are Nlnterlayered- with
the sediments, as oIistolites slid out into the flysch basin
during Maastrichtian time (Yumurlwells).
2nd Geological Conference of the Geological Society of Trinidad and Tobago - 1991
1'1)
....
(II
4()55
B. J.ARUCO-3 VIA BI.ANCA.IO

- - J3t
3200
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MARTIN 2
3529

S!l!lO
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EN PERFORACION
DRILLING
5200
,?INAR_ .. GUANAHACABIIES - I
2200
.000
..00
100
FIG. 3
-
2nd Geological Conference of the Geological Society of Trinidad and Tobago - 1991
2350
VARAOERO.- 3/ \.ITORA\.-4
3595
2130
VARAOERO SUR-5
3000
CANTE\.-I
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YUMURI-18
IOlIO
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100
tIOO
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FIG. 4
N
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m
2nd Geological Conference of the Geological Society of Trinidad and Tobago - 1991
N
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CA....O COCO.2 FRAGOSO. I GIBARAI
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::FIG. 5
2nd Geological Conference of the Geological Society of Trinidad and Tobago - 1991
GLORIA.I
ACeION.! TllfA. I CANDELARIA.!
CDCIlINOS.1
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FIG.6
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OD
2nd Geological Conference of the Geological Society of Trinidad and Tobago - 1991
I\)
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SOU711 GUANTANAMO.
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GRANMAI LIIVANDERAS .1
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FIG.7
2nd Geological Conference of the Geological Society of Trinidad and Tobago - 1991
TheupperCretaceous depositsareoverlainwithangular
unconformitybythecarbonateandterrigenous sediments
of the neoautochthonous'structural stage, ranging from
Iate-lower Eoceneto Neogene.
CORRAUUQ-GIBARA REGION
Based on well information, the stratigraphy and general
structural features of this area agree with the
tectonostratlgrahlc units named Remedios and Cayo
Coco. BotharesimilarInthesensethattheybelongtothe
samecarbonateprovince.
TheRemedios Tectonostratigraphic Unit liesnorthof the
Camajuanl UnitandIswell exposed Incentral andeastern
Cuba. It IsrepresentedInseveral wellssuchasBlanquizal,
Camaguey3andGlbara(Fig. 3). Thetotalknownthickness
Isabout 4,300 metresbut the basehasnot beenfound.
The mainlithology of this thick sequence is as follows:
massive limestones, microcrystalline lime-stones,
secondarycrystallinedolomites, fine-grained calcarenites,
ooliticlimestones, miliolld-bearlng crystalline limestones
andalgallimestones. Alltheserocksareusuallyfractured.
TheserocksareknownasthePerros. Palenque. Purioand
Remedios Formations. and they have been previously
describedby Meyerhoff and Hatten(1968).
TheCayoCocoTectonostratigraphicUnitIsmostlyknown
fromdrillingalongthenorthcoastof Cuba. Inthenorthern
Clegode Avilaand Camaguey provinces and the keys.
Thetotal thicknessIsover 5,000 metres (Fig. 5, Fragoso
well) andthe basehasnot beenencountered.
The oldest known rocks consists of more than 1,000
metresof saltscalledthePuntaAlegreformation. of pre-
upper Jurassicage.
The Upper Jurassic Is represented by the Cayo Coco
formationwith a measured thicknessof 870metres. The
sequence Is composed of Interbedded massive
limestones, secondarydolomites, gypsumandanhydrite,
which In tum Is ovenaln by 1.600 metres of massive,
secondary dolomites and shallow-water. platform-type
limestones, ranging in age from Neocomlan through
Aptian.
It Is Interesting to note that In the sections of the Cayo
Coco,GloriaandCoJlazoweils(Figs. 3and6)a900metres
thicksection, of AlbiantoCenomanianageIscharacterized
by denselimestones, many limestones and mans, with
Intercalationsof cherts.Planktonicfcramsandespecially
Radiolaria areabundant, Thissuggeststhat at thetimeof
deposition, thiszonewaslQC8ted Ina marinedepression,
atthe periphery ofthe f3ahamas platform.
Thestructureof CayoCoco Unit Iscomplicatedalongits
southernedge by gypsumand salt diapirs which occur
220
alongfaults. IntheAcclonandTinawells. theemplacement
of volcanic and ultramafic rocks over the saJts can be
seen. Thiscouldbe possiblethroughdisplacement along
the LaTrochafault.
Younger evaporitedeposits were observed In Miocene
depositsat PuntaAiegre. asaconsequenceof redeposition
ofacarbonate-evaporftesequenceof Jurasslcage.giving
rise to the presence of two distinct salt deposits: the
JurassicsaltsIntheTinawellsandtheyoungerdirtysalts
of CoJlazo.
UPPER CRETACEOUS - TERTIARY BASINS
These basins are located In the central-south zaza
Tectonostratigraphic Unit, that comprises the volcanlc-
arc rocks. Threebasinsare examined: western. central
and eastern. Theformer Isthe largest.
Western balln or 101 Palacios
It isillustratedinwellsCandelaria. Vegas, Mercedes2and
Cochlnos. In the Candelaria well, a 2050 metrethick,
carbonatesequence of Neogene(mainlyMiocene) age
waspenetrated. Thisisthemaximumthicknessreported
in Cuba.
IntheVegas well.thethicknessof theTertiary sediments
changes, and the undenylng deposits are tuffs of the
volcanlc-arcandtheupperpart of theophioliticcomplex.
Centralballn or Jatlbonlco
This is the most drilled area In Cuba and two separate
areas are distinguished: the south-west and north-east
edges. Inthe sectionsof the Comets and Catalina wells
(Fig. 6) two sequences can be differentiated: 1. a sandy-
ciay-carbonate geneticassociation, whichbelongstothe
orogenicphase, rangingfromthelowerCretaceoustothe
lower part of middle Eocene, and 2. a sandy-carbonate-
claygeneticassociation. correpondlngtothepostorogenic
phase, rangingfromthe upper part of middleEoceneto
Recent.
In the northeast edge, the sections of Angelina and
JatobonlcoareUlustrated InFig.7. Thedeepestwell was
Jatlbonico78(4,336metres) whichpenetrated Island-arc .
volcanic materials such as lava and pyro-clastlcs. of
AlbiantopnH;ambrlanage,Interbeddedwithnon-volcanic
sediments; all these rocks overlying the ophiolitic
sequence.
Fromtopto bottom. thesequenceIsasfollows:1.several
metresof harzburgltlcserpentinltes: 2.vanolitlcporphyritic
basalts, not easily differentiated from the Island-arc
volcanltes. but duetothestrongalterationtogreen rocks.
anoriginastholeiiticrocksof heophioliticcomplexcanbe
assumed: 3. serpentinized u1trama-fites. composed of
schistose antigoritJc serpentinites witgh diabase and
2nd Geological Conference of the Geological Society of Trinidad and Tobago - 1991
221
microdiabase Inclusionsasan ophiolitic melange. Inthe
lowerportion, metamorphicschistswithaffinitiesto those
outcroppingInthe EscambrayUnit werefound.
IntheSanFranciscowells (Fig. 7) it is interesting to note
that a Cretaceous sequenceof carbonaterocks occurs
beneath the Island-arc volcanltes.
Eastern basin or Cauto
The most recent stratigraphic resultsIn this basin were
obtained from the Granma well (Fig. 7). Different
carbonate-terrigenous sequences rangingfromPliocene
to lower-middle Eocene were established In the upper
section. ThewelldrUled IntotheupperpartofthePaleogene
volcanic-arc ofeastemCuba. UpperCretaceouscarbonate
rocksandbituminousargillites, knownInsurfacesection
asthe Manacal formation, havenot yet beendrilled.
SOMEGENERALCONCLUSIONS
1.The La Habana - Matanzas and Varadero - Corralillo
areas all have a great thickness (about 1,000-1,500
metres) of carbonate and siliceous-carbonate rocks,
ranging from upper - Jurassic to upper Cretaceous
Turonian age. Thrusting movements from south to
northwhichinvolvedthesesediments, producedseveral
sheets, whichmakesIt difficult to correctly interpretthe
real stratigraphic sequences and the correlations.
Pelagic sedimentscorresponding to the Placetas and
Camajuani Tectonostratigraphic Units are developed
mainlyin the oil fields.
2.ln the Esperanza region, carbonate-terrigenous rocks
of upper Jurassicageand threeintervals of carbonate,
terrigenous and carbonate-terrigenous sediments of
Neocomian age, with a total estimated thickness of
more than 4,000 metres have been Interpreted as
a1lochtones. These rocks are different from those
describedat LaHabana-Corralillo becauseof thealrge
amount of terrigenous material and the presence of
dolomitesandan-hydrltesInthelower part. Theselast
mentioned rocksaretypical for theRemediosandCayo
CocoUnitsbuttheterrigenousrocksareabsent. Onthe
other hand, the existence of polymictic terrigenous
material Inthemidpartof thesectionIndicatessimilarity
to theIsochronoussectionat Sierradel Rosarioinwhich
dolomitesand anhydritesare not present.
3.The Remedios and Cayo Coco Tectonostratigraphic
Unitsrepresentsanevaporitedeposition,characteristic
of northernCuba. bothareverysimilarInthesensethat
they belongto the samecarbonateprovince.
4.TheUpper Cretaceous-Tertiary basinsall havea great
thicknessof Tertiaryrocks (2,000 to 3,000 metres). The
Eastern basin shows some differences mainly in the
presence of volcanic and sedimentary-volcanic rocks
of Paleocene-lower Eoceneage,knownastheEICobre
formation, whichIsseveral thousandmetresthickness
at Sierra Maestra Mountain.
5.Overthrusting is the main feature evident in the wells
drilled; so far, five sheets havebeenestablished from
bottom-upasfollows:two parautochthonesfromupper
Jurassic to lower Cretaceous age, two called
"mlogeosyncllnal allochthonesfromlower Cretaceous
to upperCretaceous age,andafifthcalledanophiolitic
sheetoflowerCretaceousage;thePaleocenerocksare
the main sliding media. PHed together, these known
sheets havea thicknessof 5,000 metres.
SELECTED REFERENCES
Coblella, J. (1984) Curso de Geologia de Cuba. Ed.
Puebloy Educaclon, La Habana, 114.pp.
Furrazola, G., Sanchez, J.R., Garcia, R. and Bassov, V.
(1978) Nuevoesquema de correlaclonestratigraflca
de las prlnclpalesformacionesgeologlcasde Cuba.
LaMinersenCuba, La Habana, 4, 3, 36-53.
Garcia, R. (178)Lltofacles del complejo mlogeoslncllnal
deCuba. LaMlneriaenCuba, LaHabana, 4, 1, 7-17.
Hatten, C.W., Schooler, O.E., Gledt, N. and Meyerhoff,
A.A. (1958) Geology of central Cuba, eastern Las
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