Introduction

A smart grid is a modernized electrical grid that uses information and

communications technology to gather and act on information, such
as information about the behaviours of suppliers and consumers, in
an automated fashion to improve the efficiency, reliability,
economics, and sustainability of the production and distribution of
electricity. Roll-out of smart grid technology also implies a
fundamental re-engineering of the electricity services industry,
although typical usage of the term is focused on the technical
infrastructure. There are many smart grid definitions, some
functional, some technological, and some benefits-oriented. A
common element to most definitions is the application of digital
processing and communications to the power grid, making data flow
and information management central to the smart grid. Various
capabilities result from the deeply integrated use of digital
technology with power grids, and integration of the new grid
information flows into utility processes and systems is one of the key
issues in the design of smart grids. Electric utilities now find
themselves making three classes of transformations: improvement of
infrastructure, called the strong grid in China; addition of the digital
layer, which is the essence of the smart grid; and business process
transformation, necessary to capitalize on the investments in smart
technology. Much of the modernization work that has been going on
in electric grid modernization, especially substation and distribution
automation, is now included in the general concept of the smart grid,
but additional capabilities are evolving as well.



Development of the electricity grid with time:

The first alternating current power grid system was installed in
1886. At that time, the grid was conceived as a centralized
unidirectional system of electric power transmission, electricity
distribution, and demand-driven control.
In the 20th century power grids originated as local grids that grew
over time, and were eventually interconnected for economic and
reliability reasons. By the 1960s, the electric grids of developed
countries had become very large, mature and highly interconnected,
with thousands of 'central' generation power stations delivering
power to major load centres via high capacity power lines which
were then branched and divided to provide power to smaller
industrial and domestic users over the entire supply area. The
topology of the 1960s grid was a result of the strong economies of
scale of the current generation technology: large coal-, gas- and oil-
fired power stations in the 1 GW (1000 MW) to 3 GW scale are still
found to be cost-effective, due to efficiency-boosting features that
can be cost effectively added only when the stations become very
large.
Power stations were located strategically to be close to fossil fuel
reserves (either the mines or wells themselves, or else close to rail,
road or port supply lines). Siting of hydro-electric dams in mountain
areas also strongly influenced the structure of the emerging grid.
Nuclear power plants were sited for availability of cooling water.
Finally, fossil fuel-fired power stations were initially very polluting
and were sited as far as economically possible from population
centres once electricity distribution networks permitted it. By the
late 1960s, the electricity grid reached the overwhelming majority of
the population of developed countries, with only outlying regional
areas remaining 'off-grid'.
On the other side, in recent years there have been some efforts for
application of smart grid in developing countries. Some countries like
China, India and Brazil are pioneer on smart grid in developing world.
Metering of electricity consumption was necessary on a per-user
basis in order to allow appropriate billing according to the (highly
variable) level of consumption of different users. Because of limited
data collection and processing capability during the period of growth
of the grid, fixed-tariff arrangements were commonly put in place, as
well as dual-tariff arrangements where night-time power was
charged at a lower rate than daytime power. The motivation for
dual-tariff arrangements was the lower night-time demand. Dual
tariffs made possible the use of low-cost night-time electrical power
in applications such as the maintaining of 'heat banks' which served
to 'smooth out' the daily demand, and reduce the number of
turbines that needed to be turned off overnight, thereby improving
the utilisation and profitability of the generation and transmission
facilities. The metering capabilities of the 1960s grid meant
technological limitations on the degree to which price signals could
be propagated through the system.
Through the 1970s to the 1990s, growing demand led to increasing
numbers of power stations. In some areas, supply of electricity,
especially at peak times, could not keep up with this demand,
resulting in poor power quality including blackouts, power cuts,
and brownouts. Increasingly, electricity was depended on for
industry, heating, communication, lighting, and entertainment, and
consumers demanded ever higher levels of reliability.
Towards the end of the 20th century, electricity demand patterns
were established: domestic heating and air-conditioning led to daily
peaks in demand that were met by an array of 'peaking power
generators' that would only be turned on for short periods each day.
The relatively low utilisation of these peaking generators
(commonly, gas turbines were used due to their relatively lower
capital cost and faster start-up times), together with the necessary
redundancy in the electricity grid, resulted in high costs to the
electricity companies, which were passed on in the form of increased
tariffs.

To make a Grid Smart:
Smart grid technologies have emerged from earlier attempts at using
electronic control, metering, and monitoring. In the
1980s, Automatic meter reading was used for monitoring loads from
large customers, and evolved into the Advanced Metering
Infrastructure of the 1990s, whose meters could store how electricity
was used at different times of the day.
]
Smart meters add continuous
communications so that monitoring can be done in real time, and
can be used as a gateway to demand response-aware devices and
"smart sockets" in the home. Early forms of such Demand side
management technologies were dynamic demand aware devices
that passively sensed the load on the grid by monitoring changes in
the power supply frequency. Devices such as industrial and domestic
air conditioners, refrigerators and heaters adjusted their duty cycle
to avoid activation during times the grid was suffering a peak
condition.

Example of a smart meter based that has the ability to reduce load,
disconnect-reconnect remotely.





Features of smart grid:
Reliability:
The smart grid will make use of technologies that improve fault
detection and allow self-healing of the network without the
intervention of technicians. This will ensure more reliable supply of
electricity, and reduced vulnerability to natural disasters or attack.

Efficiency:
Numerous contributions to overall improvement of the efficiency of
energy infrastructure is anticipated from the deployment of smart
grid technology, in particular including demand-side management,
for example turning off air conditioners during short-term spikes in
electricity price. The overall effect is less redundancy in transmission
and distribution lines, and greater utilisation of generators, leading
to lower power prices.


Peak curtailment/leveling and time of use pricing:
To reduce demand during the high cost peak usage periods,
communications and metering technologies inform smart devices in
the home and business when energy demand is high and track how
much electricity is used and when it is used. It also gives utility
companies the ability to reduce consumption by communicating to
devices directly in order to prevent system overloads. Examples
would be a utility reducing the usage of a group of electric vehicle
charging stations or shifting temperature set points of air
conditioners in a city. To motivate them to cut back use and perform
what is called peak curtailment or peak leveling, prices of electricity
are increased during high demand periods, and decreased during low
demand periods. It is thought that consumers and businesses will
tend to consume less during high demand periods if it is possible for
consumers and consumer devices to be aware of the high price
premium for using electricity at peak periods. This could mean
making trade-offs such as cycling on/off air conditioners or running
dishes at 9 pm instead of 5 pm. When businesses and consumers see
a direct economic benefit of using energy at off-peak times, the
theory is that they will include energy cost of operation into their
consumer device and building construction decisions and hence
become more energy efficient.

Smart power generation:
Smart power generation is a concept of matching electricity
production with demand using multiple identical generators which
can start, stop and operate efficiently at chosen load, independently
of the others, making them suitable for base load and peaking power
generation. Matching supply and demand, called load balancing, is
essential for a stable and reliable supply of electricity. Short-term
deviations in the balance lead to frequency variations and a
prolonged mismatch results in blackouts. Operators of power
transmission systems are charged with the balancing task, matching
the power output of all the generators to the load of their electrical
grid. The load balancing task has become much more challenging as
increasingly intermittent and variable generators such as wind
turbines and solar cells are added to the grid, forcing other
producers to adapt their output much more frequently than has
been required in the past.


Challenges:
Most opposition and concerns have centered on smart meters and
the items (such as remote control, remote disconnect, and variable
rate pricing) enabled by them. Where opposition to smart meters is
encountered, they are often marketed as "smart grid" which
connects smart grid to smart meters in the eyes of opponents.
Specific points of opposition or concern include:
consumer concerns over privacy, e.g. use of usage data by law
enforcement
social concerns over "fair" availability of electricity
concern that complex rate systems (e.g. variable rates) remove
clarity and accountability, allowing the supplier to take advantage
of the customer
concern over remotely-controllable "kill switch" incorporated into
most smart meters
concerns over giving the government mechanisms to control the
use of all power using activities
concerns over RF emissions from smart meters

Security:
With the advent of cybercrime there is also concern on the security
of the infrastructure, primarily that involving communications
technologies. Concerns chiefly center around the communications
technology at the heart of the smart grid. Designed to allow real-
time contact between utilities and meters in customers' homes and
businesses, there is a risk that these capabilities could be exploited
for criminal or even terrorist actions. One of the key capabilities of
this connectivity is the ability to remotely switch off power supplies,
enabling utilities to quickly and easily cease or modify supplies to
customers who default on payment. This is undoubtedly a massive
boon for energy providers, but also raises some significant security
issues.
[
Cybercriminals have infiltrated the U.S. electric grid before on
numerous occasions. Aside from computer infiltration, there are also
concerns that computer malware like Stuxnet, which targeted SCADA
systems which are widely used in industry, could be used to attack a
smart grid network.