New Passover Exodus

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The New Covenant Deliverance
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by John Dunn
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A Glorious New Passover Exodus
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A Glorious
New Passover Exodus
The New Covenant Deliverance
in Jesus Christ
by John Dunn
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For Christ, our Passover Lamb,
has been sacrificed.
1 Corinthians 5:7
5
Within these pages....
Preface
page 6
Introduction
page 9
The Passover-Exodus Event
page 11
The Law Covenant as Marriage Contract
page 13
The Fall of Adamic Israel
page 15
The Laws Purpose
page 18
The Laws Fulfillment
page 20
The New Passover Exodus Deliverance
page 21
Covenantal Distinctions
page 24
The New Passover Exodus Fulfillment
page 27
Conclusion
page 51
The New Exodus/New Covenant Redemption Foretold
page 54
Snapshot
Old Testament Types
and their Eschatological Fulfillments
page 56
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PREFACE
What Child is this who, laid to rest
On Mary's lap is sleeping?
Whom Angels greet with anthems sweet,
While shepherds watch are keeping?
-William Dix
Simpleas it might be, WilliamDixs infamous Christmas Carol What Child
is this? asks the very question which demands the attention of everyone
who bears the name of Christ (and not just the scholar or theologian). In
response to that question, any number of correct answers could be given:
This is the Christ child, Gods Son, the Savior of the world, the Prince of
Peace, the Redeemer of Gods people, the Prophet, Priest, and King, the
King of kings andLordof lords, the exact imprint of Gods nature, andeven
the agent of creation.
But do these titles and descriptors describe all that Christ is? Do these
phrases, as glorious as they are, do justice inillustrating andconveying the
Person and Work of Jesus Christ in fully comprehensive, biblical fullness
and exhaustiveness? I unequivocally say no. Christ is much more than
these things. For the Bible says He is much more. And in this short but
significant work, my friend John Dunn unfolds redemptive history for us,
showing that the Child who, laid to rest on Marys lap is actually the
reality, thesubstance, of theMosaicexodusof Israel. That whichtheexodus
of old prefigured and foreshadowed is actually fulfilled and embodied in
the Person and Work of Christ, the New Exodus.
This is but one picture Dunn unearths. You will be tantalized by other
connections.
In my nearly 13 years of pastoral ministry, its been my observation that
among the things the church needs most is a robust Christology, a viewof
Christ in all His sweet, glorious fullness as the Scriptures reveal Him. I say
this for two reasons: (1) the purpose of the church is Christ-entranced
worship. Is our Christ too small? Is a diminished Christ cause for the
churchs lack of interest in Him? Is a dreadfully inadequate view of Jesus
why so little worship actually takes place? The Christ of the Bible is truly a
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glorious Christ! Dunns hermeneutic is a telescope, a lens of sorts through
whichwemayseeChrist inall His splendor. Omight our hearts burnwithin
us andevenleapfor joyas welearnof Him! (2) Thepurposeof our salvation
is that we be conformedinto the image of Christ (Romans 8:29). Howdoes
this happen? The apostle Paul supplies the answer
But we all, with unveiled face beholding
as in a mirror the glory of the Lord,
are being transformed into the same image from glory to glory,
just as from the Lord, the Spirit (2nd Cor. 3:18. NASB).
What Godordains will come topass without fail. Andtransformation, even
conformity to Christ, happens when we gaze into the glory of the Lord
Christ. Dunns hermeneutic helps us see what we see and behold the glory
of the Lord. We will not sing or dance until we see Christ. Neither will we
be transformed.
As a pastor convinced that Christ is the apex of Gods revelation, the be all
endall of redemptive history, I crave toleadmypeople toreadingmaterial
in keeping with this exalted view of Christ. In this penetrating work, the
author displays a robust Christology, and supplies a nourishing, green
pastureuponwhichmypeoplecangraze. I will joyfullycommendthis work
to my church. And I wholeheartedly commend it to you as well. May God
open your eyes to the marvelous truth of Christ presented herein.
Nails, spear shall pierce Him through,
The cross be borne for me, for you.
Hail, hail the Word made flesh,
The Babe, the Son of Mary.
Pastor Todd Braye
Sovereign Grace Baptist Church
Blackie, Alberta, Canada
May 16, 2012
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ForyourMakeris yourhusband, theLORDof hosts is his name; and
the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer, the God of the whole earth
he is called. For the LORD has called you like a wife deserted and
grieved in spirit, like a wife of youth when she is cast off, says your
God. For abrief moment I desertedyou, but withgreat compassion
I will gather you. In overflowing anger for a moment I hid my face
fromyou, but witheverlastinglove I will have compassiononyou,"
says the LORD, your Redeemer. (Isaiah 54:5-8)
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Introduction
Throughout the Pentateuchnarratives anunfolding story of Redemptionis being told.
Its not just any story. It is Gods story. As such, this story is a rich literary and poetic
masterpiece of Divine proportions. It is ladenwithlayers of vividimagery, interwoven
themes, inlaid motifs, variegated typology, detailed chiastic structures, and
recapitulating paradigms and patterns. From its incipient stages, this story is one of
Paradise lost and the gracious promise of Paradise redeemed through a conquering
Son. The historical account of Adam not only serves as the place of covenantal
redemptive beginnings, but the Edenic account of fall and redemption serves as the
central controlling paradigm the Adamic paradigm through which all of the
subsequent stories are framed and expanded upon.
The entire literary framework of the Pentateuch revolves around this Adamic
paradigm. Each particular story is replete with repeating patterns of the Adamic
paradigm fall and redemption mans miserable failure and Gods powerful
salvation. This redemptive Pentateuchal storyline builds from its incipient stages in
the Garden with Adamuntil it finds its full covenantal expression in Israels Passover-
Exodus redemption fromEgypt and covenant betrothal at Sinai. Much more could be
written on this controlling Adamic paradigm alone, but this is not the immediate
purpose of this work.
My primary purpose is to explore the rich typological imagery of Israels Passover-
Exodus redemption from enslavement in Egypt. I will demonstrate that Israels
corporate redemption was a historical type of the glorious Christ-event to come the
true eschatological Passover-Exodus through which the corporate believing
community in Christ would be redeemed from sin and death. As such, I will be
approaching this work through the interpretive lens of picture-fulfillment, showing
from the Scriptures that the earthly Old Testament redemptive types and patterns
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serve a copy and shadowof the heavenly things (Heb 8:4-5). Said another way, the
entire Old Testament storyline was like a pre-show dress rehearsal of the ultimate
redemptive acts that were to be accomplished, fulfilled, and transcended by Jesus
Christ in his life, death, burial, resurrection, and exaltation!
In Christ, Old Testament shadowy pictures gave way to the grand New Covenant
fulfillments. Fleshly type gave way toheavenly antitype. Andearthly shadowgave way
to eschatological reality. In short, all of the old redemptive paradigms were
recapitulatedas theyachievedtheir fullest expressionandescalationinChrists person
and work.
John Dunn
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The Passover-Exodus Event
The Passover-Exodus deliverance of the nationIsrael fromEgypt throughthe bloodof
the Passover lambwas the archetypical salvationevent of the entire redemptive record
of the Old Testament. The long history which preceded this momentous event
anticipated and foreshadowed it. All of the patriarchs had their own individual
experiences in Egyptian bondage and deliverances by Gods almighty hand. God even
plainly told Abrahamthat his national descendants would be in bondage to Egypt and
that He would powerfully effect their deliverance after 400 years (Gen 15:13-14). The
continual repetition of the Passover-Exodus motif demonstrates that it was a divine
pattern that was interwoven into the very fabric of all his chosen peoples experiences
from the beginning.
Therefore, Israels Passover-Exodus deliverancefromEgypt byYahwehs outstretched
armbecametheultimateexpressionof thisredemptionparadigmintheOldTestament
period. This climactic event served to shape Israels entire cult of worship, Psalms of
praise, feast celebrations, prophetic revelation, and Messianic hope during the long
years of her exile.
During Israels later enslavement and exile in foreign lands, the prophets utilized the
Passover-Exodus imagery to foretell of a coming salvation in which the Davidic
Messiah(Isa 11:1; 55:3-4; Jer 33:14-17) woulddeliver the covenant people throughthe
means of an ultimate Exodus event (Isa 11:11; 48:20-21; 52:1-12; Eze 36:24) which
would include the establishment of a gloriously newcovenant where sins would be no
longer remembered (Jer 31:31-34; Isa 42:6; 49:8). This was not to be another
redemptionfrommerenational andgeographic enemies. Rather, theScriptures spoke
of an eschatological redemption fromthe spiritual enemies of Adamic sin and death
a redemption which embraced the entire fallen Adamic race - both Jewand Gentile
and promised a radically new creation (Isa 65:17-25).
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Something that we must keep in mind as we consider Israels Exodus redemption is
that it was a corporate event. The entire community was redeemed, not fromsin and
death, but fromfleshly enslavement to Pharaoh. The blood of the Passover lambs was
not sufficient for the forgiveness of sins, as evidenced by the fact that most of the
congregation perished in the wilderness as unbelieving stiff-necked rebels (Heb
3:15-19). Nevertheless, this event stoodas the penultimate type whichpointedtoward
that perfect Paschal blood of Christ the Lamb, which was shed to redeem His entire
corporate believing community from Sin (Heb 10:4-14). Salvation, then, is to be
properly understood within a corporate framework. The believing new covenant
community has been redeemed into one Body. They share in one faith and one hope.
They have been baptised with one baptism of the Spirit. They have one Lord. One
Spirit. One God and Father of all. (Eph 4:4-6)
This corporate understanding of salvation is foreign to much of our western
individualistic thinking. However, the Passover-Exodus model provides a clear
biblical corrective to the shallow individualistic spirituality that has consumed the
modern Church. Allowing the corporate paradigm of the Passover-Exodus event to
saturate and informour thinking, as it did the early church, will challenge us to begin
moving, acting, praying, and serving together as a unified believing community in the
power of the Spirit, under the authority of the apostolic Word.
NOTES
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The Law Covenant
as Marriage Contract
Following Israels Passover-Exodus event, Yahweh led his people to Sinais dreadful
mount of terror (Heb12: 18-21) whereHeenteredintoaconditional Lawcovenant with
them. It was here that Yahweh sealed his righteousness to Israel and betrothed her to
be His bride (Isa 54:5; Jer 31:32). The Law guaranteed Yahwehs faithful covenantal
blessing and favour toward Israel, if she remained faithful to Him. However, the Law
also guaranteed Yahwehs fierce displeasure and jealous wrath upon Israel for her
covenantal unfaithfulness (Deut. 28, Neh. 10:28-39). The Law covenant, written on
tables of stone, was the conditional marriage treaty by which Yahweh bound Israel to
himself as a bride.
This marriage covenant promised life and blessing to Israel, however Yahwehs
ultimate purpose ingiving the Lawwas to expose and judge the sinfulness of the fallen
Adamiccondition(Rom4:15; Gal 3:19). Becauseof theweaknessof theflesh, Israel was
never able to attain to the righteous perfection of the Law (Rom 8:3). She repeatedly
andmiserably committedspiritual adultery against Yahwehthroughbreakingthe Law
covenant and whoring after the false gods of the surrounding gentile nations (Judges
8:33; 1 Chron5:25; Jer 3:2; Ezek 16:15-24; Hos 1:1-5). Yahwehs eschatological design
ingivingIsrael theLawwasnot toblessbut toexposeandcondemntheadulterousGod-
rebellion that had manifested itself in the entire Adamic race since the Fall in the
Garden.
Under the Laws administration, Israel became the new Adam. She federally
represented the entire world in her fall at Sinai, demonstrating that the entire Adamic
race had abandoned their beloved Creator to become the treacherous and unfaithful
harlot-wife, becoming childrenof darkness and rendering service to the devil being
captured by him to do his will (2 Tim 2:26). To this end, the Law served to
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covenantally imprison everything under Satans deadly power until the promised new
eschatological Husband (Christ) would come to redeemhis fallen Bride (Hos 2:19-23)
and bring about the justification of the unrighteous, not through the Law, but through
faith in Him (Rom 3:21-26).
Israels role as the new federal Adam is seen in the fact that just before the Passover-
Exodus event Yahwehidentifies Israel as his firstbornsonThus says theLord, Israel
is my firstborn son (Ex 4:22). This identification as the firstborn son places Israel
under the curse and rejection that all the preceding firstborn sons up to that point had
received from Cain to Lot, Ishmael, Esau, Er, Reuben, and Manasseh. All of the
firstborn sons recapitulated the pattern of Adams tragic fall and subsequent curse.
However, the younger and/or secondbornsons (Abel, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph,
Ephraim) were types of the promised redeemer Son to come, Jesus Christ. They each
foreshadowed the promise of Exodus redemption through their individual Exodus
experiences. TheapostlePaul confirms this paradigminGalatians 4:21-31, identifying
fleshly Israel with the cursed firstborn son, Ishmael. He contrasts Israel with all those
who are born according to the Spirit like Isaac, the second born son.
Therefore, as Yahwehs firstborn son the nation Israel became the full fleshly
expression of the fallen Adam. This designation makes sense of the fact that Jesus is
said to have come as the second or last Adam (1 Cor 15:45). However, the only
difference is that while Jesus is the second Adam, he is never identified as the second
born son. Rather, he is identified as the faithful firstborn son who perfectly fulfilled
theLawandborethecurseandwrathowingtothefirst Adam, thefirst Israel (Luke2:7;
Rom 8:29; Col 1:15-18; Heb 1:6).
NOTES
15
The Fall of Adamic Israel
After Israels glorious redemption from Egypt through the Passover-Exodus event,
Yahwehbrought Israel intocovenant unionwithhimself at thefoot of Mount Sinai. The
Law, engraved on tables of stone, was the covenant contract of Yahwehs marriage to
Israel, whereby she became his redeemed bride (2 Chron 5:10; 6:11).
. . . the covenant that I made with their fathers on the day
when I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt,
my covenant that they broke, though I was their husband,
declares the LORD (Jer. 31:32).
In the covenant ceremony, God uttered the solemn words of the covenant to Israel
the 10 Commandments. Israel replied by vowing to be perfectly obedient to the Law,
thereby entering intocovenant withYahweh(Ex. 24:3-8). Israels covenant unionwas
then sealed with the sprinkling of blood. The sprinkling of blood signified that Israel
wouldincur uponherself, andtheworldsherepresented, thepenaltyof theLaws curse
of death if she failed to keep it perfectly.
Shockingly, no sooner had the Lawcovenant been ratified by blood that Israel played
the harlot and broke the covenant by worshipping the golden calf. In clear parallels to
the Garden of Eden, Israel re-enacted the Adamic fall. The Adamic figure in this story
was Aaron. He was Yahwehs priestly representative for the nation. The Eve figure in
this story was the congregation of Israel. The LawCovenant identified the forbidden
fruit as worshipping another god and making idols. Acting like the unfaithful Eve,
Israel presentedtheforbiddenfruit of Egypts falsegod, Baal, toAaronandurgedhim
to partake of this fruit by fashioning a golden idol for themto worship. In weakness,
he gave in to Israels seductions and made the requested idol. In this treacherous act
of spiritual adultery, Israel broke covenant with Yahweh by worshipping the satanic
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fertility god of Egypt. In their debauched festivities, the people gave themselves over
to nakedness intheir orgy. Like AdamandEve, they stoodinneedof a covering. The
Law covenant was broken and unbelieving Adamic Israel was now espoused to death
and hell under the condemning power of the Law (Isa. 28:15-18). Upon returning to
thecampMoses discoveredthenations idolatrous nakedness andsmashedthestone
tablets of the covenant, signifying that the Law covenant was broken. Like the
forbidden Tree of Eden, the Law had made known the knowledge of good and evil
Gods good Law had discovered Israels treacherous evil heart and total inability to
keep the Law.
In the same way that God returned to the Garden and questioned Adam about his
transgression, so Moses returned to the camp and questioned Aaron regarding his
transgression. Aaron acted like Adam and shifted the blame to (Eve) the people (Ex.
32:21-24). As in the Garden when God uttered curses for Adams disobedience, so
Yahweh issued curses upon Israel by killing 3,000 people and having Moses make a
newset of Lawtablets. Fromthat point onward, the Lawwhichhadonce promisedlife,
had irreversibly become the cursed instrument of death to Israel from which she
needed to be redeemed (Rom7:10; Gal 3:12-13). The Laws pedagogical purpose then
was to expose Israels sin and lead her to behold the promised Messiah as represented
and foreshadowed to her in the tabernacle/temple sacrificial system.
In Edenic parallels (Gen 3:21), the tabernacle and its sacrificial service was given to
Adamic Israel as her temporary andtypological redemptive covering(Heb8:4-5) the
garment of skins - to clothe her nakedness and point forward to the coming Lamb of
God whose bloody sacrifice would one day be the once for all covering for sin (Heb
7:27; 9:12; 9:26; 10:10).
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NOTES
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The Laws Purpose
Israels recapitulation of the Adamic fall on this climactic national scale brought the
curseof sinanddeathuponherself andtheentireworldsherepresented. Sinanddeath
were in the world from the time of Adam to Moses, but sin was not formally counted
against mankind as covenantal transgressionuntil the giving of the Lawat Sinai (Rom
5:12-14). Thus, the Lawwas the official indictment laiduponAdams fallenrace for the
crime of High Treason against God. Through the Law, all men, both Jewand Gentile,
stood judged and condemned as adulterous covenant breakers (Rom 3:9-20) and in
need of an eschatological redemption through a new Redeemer Husband. This
promised Husband would come to purchase and purify to himself a glorious Bride out
of the mass of adulterous Adam (Hos 2:19-23; Rom 9:22-26).
For this reason, the NewTestament correctly describes the Lawas the lawof sin and
death (Rom. 8:2), a killing letter, a ministry of death, and a ministry of
condemnation (2Cor. 3:6-9). It was givenbyYahwehtoincreasethetrespass (Rom.
5:20) and expand Adams original Edenic transgression into a written legal covenant
by whichtouniversally condemnthe whole worldof covenantal rebellion. As such, the
Lawbrings theknowledgeof sin(Rom. 7:7). It arouses andenflames sin(Rom. 7:8-10).
It produces nothing but death(Rom. 7:11). It provides Satanhis dreadful power under
which the entire Adamic race has been taken captive by him to do his will (John
8:41-44; Eph. 2:1-3; 2 Tim. 2:26).
TheLawwas aspiritual instrument (Rom. 7:14), but it was not of therealmof faith(Gal.
3:12). It spoke only to the fallen order of the flesh. Therefore, it had no power of itself
to produce the righteousness of faith (Rom. 4:13-16). It had absolutely no power to
make anything perfect (Heb. 7:18-19; 9:9; 10:1-4). It was merely a shadowof the good
things to come (Heb 10:1), with the substance belonging entirely to Christ (Col. 2: 17,
Rom. 10:4). As a shadow, the Law pointed away from itself to Christ, the Incarnate
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Word, whowas the divine embodiment of the NewCovenant andits righteousness (Isa
42:6, 49:6-8, 55:3-4, John 1:14). Ultimately, the Law, just like the temple, the
priesthood, and entire sacrificial system, served as an imperfect and passing type
which pointed to Messiah, the One who fills all and in all (Eph. 1:23).
NOTES
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The Laws Fulfillment
In the broad scope of redemptive history, the Law covenant served as temporary
guardian and manager (Gal. 3:23-24, 4:1-5) to keep adolescent Israel, the enslaved
children of the bondwoman (Gal. 4:25), governed under a typological pattern of
righteousness until the true eschatological righteousness was revealed, namely Jesus
Christ. Christ is now the full and final revelation of Gods righteousness to the world
(Rom. 3:21; 1 Cor 1:30). We no longer need to view the Law to see what Gods
righteousness looks like. Rather, we look to Christ alone, who is the end of the Lawfor
righteousness to all who believe (Rom 10:4; 2 Cor 3:12-18). To this end, the Old
Covenant was only a temporary guardian established until Christ came (Gal. 3:24),
inorder that justificationmight be by faithinChrist, the newliving covenant (Isa 42:6;
49:8). In His death upon the cross, Jesus completely abolished the Law once and for
all (Rom 7:1-6; 2 Cor 3:7-11; Eph 2:15; Col 2:14).
NOTES
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The New Passover
Exodus Deliverance
The wonder of Israels Passover-Exodus deliverance, and subsequent betrothal to
Yahweh through the Law, is that it gloriously foreshadowed the Churchs new
eschatological Passover-Exodus deliverance throughJesus Christ andher subsequent
betrothal to himby the Spirit. The Church is the redeemed NewCovenant community
of theSpirit, thefulfillment of all that Israel dimlytypifiedintheflesh. TheLawbrought
death to Israel, but the Spirit of Christ gives life to the Church, for the letter kills, but
the Spirit gives life (2 Cor. 3:6). The Church of Christ is nowthe eschatological Israel
of God(Gal. 6:16), thetrueAbrahamicnation(Gal 3:29), thetruespiritual circumcision
(Phil 3:3), and the Lords true Bride (Eph. 5: 22-32, Rev. 21:9). This eschatological
reality was the prophetic hope of Hosea, when he prophesied of a new betrothal to
come, a betrothal which would include the Gentiles (affirmed later by Paul in Romans
9:25-26):
And in that day, declares the LORD, you will call me 'My Husband,' and no
longer will you call me 'My Baal.' For I will remove the names of the Baals from
her mouth, and they shall be remembered by name no more And I will make for
them a covenant on that day with the beasts of the field, the birds of the heavens,
and the creeping things of the ground. And I will abolish the bow, the sword, and
war from the land, and I will make you lie down in safety. And I will betroth you
to me forever. I will betroth you to me in righteousness and in justice, in steadfast
love and in mercy. I will betroth you to me in faithfulness. And you shall know
the LORD. And in that day I will answer, declares the LORD, I will answer the
heavens, and they shall answer the earth, and the earth shall answer the grain,
the wine, and the oil, and they shall answer Jezreel, and I will sow her for myself
in the land.
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And I will have mercy on No Mercy, and I will say to Not My People, 'You are my
people'; and he shall say, 'You are my God.'" (Hosea 2: 16-23)
This hope of a new eschatological betrothal was also the prophetic hope of Isaiah:
For your Maker is your husband, the LORD of hosts is his name; and the Holy One
of Israel is your Redeemer, the God of the whole earth he is called. For the LORD
has called you like a wife deserted and grieved in spirit, like a wife of youth when
she is cast off, says your God. For a brief moment I deserted you, but with great
compassion I will gather you. In overflowing anger for a moment I hid my face
from you, but with everlasting love I will have compassion on you," says the
LORD, your Redeemer. (Isaiah 54:5-8)
Therefore, to view Israels Passover-Exodus redemption exclusively as an Old
Testament event, confined narrowly to Hebrewhistory, is to miss the Messianic glory
contained in the Law, the Psalms, and the Prophets. All the Scriptures pointed to the
revelationof Jesus Christ, Yahwehs bright morning star. The Paschal event of oldwas
the divinely cast paradigmof Messiahs redemptive work, through which the glorious
New Passover/New Exodus/New Covenant/New Creation/New Marriage would be
accomplished. The apostolic Gospels and epistles are nothing less than the full
expounding these eschatological realities. The New Testaments apostolic authors
incorporated many Paschal motifs and patterns into their writings.
These themes clearly demonstrate that the apostolic writers understood the New
Covenant Christ-event as a completely new eschatological Passover-Exodus and the
grand fulfillment of all the Old Covenant types. Through this redemptive historical
lens, it can be seen that promise gives way to fulfillment, shadow gives way to
substance, old gives way to new, flesh gives way to Spirit, failure gives way to victory,
andall gives way toChrist. Christ is all andinall (Eph. 1:23, Col. 3:11), the full andfinal
revelationof God made knownto man, not through spokenfiat as at the first Creation,
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but through the Word made flesh. Christ, the incarnate Word, is the fountainhead of
the NewCreation. He is the last Adam. He is the Seed of Abraham. He is the greater
than Moses. He is the Great High Priest. He is the royal Son of David. He is the
redeemer of his Bride. He, with his Body, are the embodiment of the Temple, the new
Israel of God. He is the living incarnation of Yahwehs promised New Covenant (Isa.
42:6-8; 49:8; 55:3-4), the Sunof righteousness whohas risenwithhealing inhis wings
(Mal. 4:2).
NOTES
24
Covenantal Distinctions
This New Exodus/New Covenant understanding of redemptive history is not a
formulation of classical Reformed Covenant Theology. Covenant Theology views the
New Covenant age as merely a renewed administration of a pre-existing, continuing,
andover-archingcovenant of grace, whichAdamic Israel alsosupposedlypartookof.
The theological formulations of Covenant Theology do not give full recognition to the
complete eschatological overthrow which occurred with the inauguration the New
Covenant at the deathandresurrectionof Jesus Christ. As aresult, Covenant Theology
insists ona continuing use of the Moral Law(10Commandments), anidentificationof
Adamic Israel as the Churchmade upof visible andinvisible members, andcovenantal
inclusion of flesh-born infants into the Church through infant baptism a type of wet
circumcision. The covenantal divisions of ReformedCovenant Theology (covenant of
works and covenant of grace) are systematic theological formulations of the 16
th
century academy, not Scriptural terms or apostolic categories. The terminology and
theological constructs of the covenant of works or covenant of grace cannot be
validated or affirmed by Scriptural exegesis.
In the same way, the NewExodus/NewCovenant understanding is not a formulation
of classic Dispensationalism, with its insistence on several distinct dispensations or
epochs of salvation and its radical separation of Israel and the Church. Again, the
concept of distinct dispensations is a theological formulation which is nowhere
validated by sound Scriptural exegesis. The term dispensation is used in the New
Testament, but it doesnot possessthetheological valuethat Dispensationalismassigns
to it. Classic Dispensationalism also fails to recognize the distinctive eschatological
newness of the New Covenant.
On the other hand, the Scriptures do explicitly describe, develop, and distinguish
between two primary covenant epochs, specifically the Old Covenant and the New
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Covenant (Jer 31:31-34; 32:38-40; 2 Cor. 3:6-14, Gal. 4:24, Heb. 8:6,13; 9:15;
10:14-16). These historical Biblical covenants stand opposed to the artificial
theological formulations of both Covenant Theology and classic Dispensationalism.
Jeremiah 31:31-34 explains that the Old Covenant was established with Israel
following her Passover-Exodus redemption fromEgypt, a covenant which they broke.
Israel became Yahwehs unfaithful bride throughher spiritual adultery andidolatrous
whoredom. However, Jeremiah goes on to explain that Yahweh promised to make a
new covenant with the house of Israel, not like the covenant that I made with their
fathers. This was to be an entirely newmarriage covenant, with Yahwehs indwelling
righteousness (the Spirit) being written upon new covenantal tablets of the heart (2
Cor. 3:3) andtheMessiahtakingtohimself afaithful newBride(Eph5:25-32; Rev19:7;
21:9). This New Covenant would bring about the complete forgiveness of sins (Heb
9:13-15) and establish the perfection of its worshippers (Heb 10:11-18).
The Old Covenant with its attending legislation and tangible rudiments were
completely abolished (Eph 2:15; 2 Cor 3:7-11; Heb 8:7-8, 13; 10:9) and became the
weak and worthless elementary principles of the world to which we can no longer
return (Gal. 4:9).
This is not to say that the passing away of the old types has left an empty void. Rather,
the old types have given way to the glorious New Covenant eschatological realities
which they prefigured and pointed toward. So, as it concerns the firstborn son, the
Passover lamb, the Exodus event, the 10Commandments engravedontablets of stone,
the covenant mediator, the nation Israel, the temple, the Levitical priesthood, the cult
of worship, Sabbath observance, feasts and festivals, the bloody sacrificial system,
etc. . . theyhaveall permanentlyandeverlastinglyperishedwiththeusing(Col. 2:22).
They were merely a shadow of the good things to come (Heb 8:5; 10:1) with the
substance belonging to Christ (Col. 2:17).
26
These Biblical covenantal distinctions are clearly identifiable when the Christ-event is
viewed through the lens of the Passover-Exodus paradigm.
NOTES
27
The New Passover
Exodus Fulfillment
The Passover-Exodus event of the Old Testament scriptures gloriously foreshadowed
the ultimate Passover-Exodus redemption accomplished by Jesus Christ. The entire
scope of Jesus life, death, burial, resurrection, exaltation, andpouring out of the Spirit
gave full andfinal eschatological embodiment to all the oldPassover-Exodus patterns.
The Gospel story is the definitive Passover-Exodus story. This will be evidencedinthe
following point-by-point comparisons, where the picture-fulfillment correlation
between Israels fleshly paradigms and the corresponding Christological fulfilments
will be seen. All that Israel represented was fulfilled and consummated in one,
singular, Divine embodiment Jesus Christ . . . and his Body, by His organic union to
her by His indwelling and infilling Spirit.
1. Yahweh promised that Abrahams descendents would be enslaved in Egypt for
400 years before being delivered (Gen. 15:13-14), through the Exodus event.
Yahweh promised the exiled remnant of Israel that a new eschatological
Exodus event would take place through the Messiah to come (Isa. 11:11-16;
43:13-21).
2. Moses, the deliverer, was born into lowly poverty and laid in a basket (Ex. 2:3).
Jesus, the Messiah, was born into lowly poverty and laid in a manger (Luke
2:7).
3. Moses escaped to Egypt in a basket, by the hand of his parents, to avoid
Pharaohs edict of infanticide (Ex. 2:1-10). [Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob also
28
prefigured the Exodus imagery. They each fled to Egypt to escape death by
famine. They each received gifts from the kings when they came out.]
Jesus escaped to Egypt with his parents to avoid Herods edict of infanticide
(Mat. 2:13). This was to fulfill the Exodus imagery as prophesied in Hosea
(11:1), And he rose and took the child and his mother by night and departed
to Egypt and remained there until the death of Herod. This was to fulfill what
the Lord had spoken by the prophet, Out of Egypt I called my son" (Mat.
2:14-15).
4. Moses forsook the pleasures of Egypt (Heb. 11:26) and was rejected of his
brethren and men (Ex. 16:7-8, Num. 14:36). He spent 40 years in the
wilderness where, being called of God, he returned to be Israels deliverer and
prophet (Acts 7:29-30).
Jesus forsook the pleasures of heaven (2 Cor. 8:9) and was rejected of his
brethren and men (Isa. 53:3, John 7:1-5). Jesus spent 40 days in the
wilderness where, being called of God, he returned to be Israels deliverer and
prophet (Luke 4:1-21, Rom. 11:26). Christ is the greater prophet and
mediator than Moses (Deut 18:15-18). He has delivered his people from the
slavery and bondage of Sin through his own blood.
5. Moses ministry was inaugurated by God with fire. When God called and
appointed Moses to serve Him, He appeared to Moses in the burning bush and
revealed His covenant name, I AM WHO I AM (Ex. 3:14).
Jesus ministry was inaugurated by God with heavenly fire. When God called
and appointed Jesus to serve Him, Jesus was revealed AS the Burning Bush, in
that His body was baptized with the fire of the Holy Spirit from heaven (Mat
3:11-16; Lk 3:16; Rev 4:5). And God revealed his New Covenant name, saying,
29
This is my beloved Son, with whom I AM well pleased (Mat 3:17).
Jesus later revealed the fullness of his New Covenant name, saying, before
Abraham was, I AM (John 8:58). Jesus revealed the seven-fold nature of his
I AM name: I AM the Bread of Life (John 6:35), I AM the Light of the World
(John 8:12), I AM the Door (John 10:7), I AM the Good Shepherd (John
10:11), I AM the Resurrection and the Life (John 11:25), I AM the Way, the
Truth, and the Life (John 14:6), I AM the True Vine (John 15:1).
NOTES
30
6. God identified Israel as the Adamic Firstborn Son Then you shall say to
Pharaoh, Thus says the Lord, Israel is my firstborn son (Ex 4:22). This
firstborn son designation is an Adamic identification. All of the firstborn sons,
flowing from Adam to Israel, were unfaithful sons who inherited the Adamic
curse instead of the birthright blessing of the redemptive promise (e.g. Cain,
Lot, Ishmael, Esau, Reuben, Manasseh). The blessing of redemptive promise
was inherited by the younger and/or second sons (e.g. Abel, Abraham, Isaac,
Jacob, Joseph, Ephraim).
God identified Jesus as the faithful and victorious Firstborn Son (Lk 2:7; Rom
8:29; Col 1:15-18; Heb 1:6; Heb 12:23; Rev 1:5). Jesus faithfully fulfilled and
consummated in Himself all the covenantal responsibilities and blessings of
the Firstborn birthright that Israel was entrusted with but trampled and
despised-through her covenant unfaithfulness and idolatrous whoredoms. As
the eschatological Firstborn Son, Jesus is shown to be the promised New
Israel. Furthermore, Jesus designation as the faithful Firstborn Son is
intimately related to his designation as the Last Adam (1 Cor 15:45; Rom 5:14).
Jesus is the both the Alpha and Omega the Last Adam and the ultimate
Firstborn Son (the New Israel). Therefore, the Body of Christ, by virtue of her
spiritual union to this Firstborn Son, is now identified as the Israel of
God (Gal 6:16).
7. The Israelites celebrated the Feast of the Firstborn upon their deliverance from
Egypt (Ex. 13:2), signifying that Israel had been figuratively raised from the
dead when the destroying angel killed all of Egypts firstborn sons, while
passing over Israels firstborn sons.
The scriptures identify Jesus as the eschatological Firstborn from the
dead (Col. 1:18), signifying that his resurrection is the fulfilment of the
Exodus type, and thereby identifying him as the true Firstborn Son, the New
31
Israel, actually raised from the dead.
8. Moses appeared to Israel, performing miraculous signs and wonders of
plagues, affliction, and death (Ex. 7:3).
Jesus appeared to Israel, performing miraculous signs and wonders of
healing, restoration, and life (Acts 2:22).
9. Israel killed male Passover lambs without blemish (Ex. 12:5), which blood the
destroying angel passed over (Ex. 12:13).
Jesus is the true Passover Lamb (1 Cor. 5:7), like that of a lamb without
blemish or spot (1 Peter 1:19), whose precious blood the wrath of God passes
over (Rom. 5:9).
10. Israels Passover lambs were slain in the darkness of evening (Ex. 12:6).
Jesus, the true Passover Lamb, was slain in a supernatural darkness which
covered the land during the day of his crucifixion (Mat. 27:45).
Jesus was crucified at the height of Israels celebration of Passover (John
18:39; 19:14).
NOTES
32
11. The Israelites were commanded to remove the leaven from their houses and eat
the Passover with unleavened bread (Ex 12:8-17).
Believers in Christ are commanded to remove the old leaven of sin from
their hearts (1 Cor. 5:6-8, Gal. 5:9).
12. Under Moses, the Feast of the Passover was inaugurated and observed (Ex.
34:25, Lev. 23:5). It was the Old Covenant meal by which Israel looked for
and anticipated her coming Messiah.
Under Jesus, the Feast of the Passover was fulfilled and transformed. At the
last Passover meal, Jesus changed the old celebration into the New Covenant
meal (the Lords Supper), saying this cup that is poured out for you is the
New Covenant in my blood (Luke 22:20), Do this, as often as you drink it, in
remembrance of me (1 Cor. 11:25). Jesus demonstrated that the typological
significance of the covenantal meal was fulfilled in one singular focus, namely
Himself through his broken body and poured out blood. In partaking of this
new Paschal meal, the Church now proclaims her Lords death and joyfully
anticipates His second coming in glory, proclaiming the Lords death until he
comes (1 Cor. 11:26).
13. The wooden crossbeams of the doorways (lintel and doorpost) were covered
with the blood of the Passover lamb (Ex. 12:7).
The wooden crossbeams of the Cross were covered with the blood of Jesus
Christ, the ultimate Passover Lamb (Col. 1:20).
14. Through the Passover lambs, the Israelites were released from servile bondage
and slavery under Pharaoh (Ex. 12:23-33).
33
Through Christ, our Passover Lamb (1 Cor. 5:7), the elect were released from
servile bondage to Sin under the condemning yoke of the Law (Rom. 7:1-6).
15. At Israels Passover-Exodus deliverance, Yahweh led the community of the
redeemed to their salvation from Pharaoh through a corporate baptism
through the Red Sea and Shekinah Cloud of the Spirit (1 Cor 10:2). Israel was
given rich gifts, the plunder of the Egyptians (Ex. 3:22, 12:36).
At the Churchs New Exodus deliverance, Jesus led the community of his
Redeemed to their salvation from Sin by a corporate baptism through his
Death and Resurrection by the Spirit (Rom 6:3-4; 1 Cor 12:13; Eph 4:5; Col
2:12). Christ then ascended on high and triumphed over a host of captives
(Eph. 4:7-8, Col. 2:15, Luke 11:21-22) and gave rich gifts to men - the Holy
Spirit and attending spiritual gifts (Acts 2:38, 10:45, I Cor. 12:1-11).
NOTES
34
16. At Israels Exodus, Pharaoh and his army were destroyed (Ex. 15:4,19).
At the Churchs New Exodus, Satan and his army have been disarmed and are
awaiting their final destruction (Col. 2:15, Heb. 2:14, I John 3:8, John 16:11,
Rev. 20:9-10).
17. Israels salvation came by the shedding of blood, fire, and water (slain Passover
lamb, the protecting and illumining Pillar of Fire, the path through the Red
Sea).
The Churchs salvation comes by the shedding of blood, fire, and water (slain
Lamb of God, baptism with fire by the Holy Spirit, washing with water by the
Word).
18. Egypts judgment and destruction came by blood, fire, and water (their own
blood by destroying angel, the separating pillar of fire which became darkness
to them Ex. 14:19-20, drowning in the Red Sea waters).
Sins judgment came by blood, fire, and water. This judgment was poured out
upon Jesus Christ who was made to be sin (2 Cor 5:21). Jesus was destroyed
by the shedding of his own blood (Heb. 9:12-14), the fire of Gods wrath that
consumed Him as a fragrant burnt offering (Eph 5:2; Heb. 10:6-10), and the
water which flowed from his pierced side (John 19:34; 1 John 5:6).
19. The redeemed Israel glorified God and sang the song of Moses (Ex. 15:1).
The Redeemed in Christ glorifies God and sings the new song of Moses and
the Lamb (Rev. 15:3).
20. Israel celebrated the Feast of Harvest, in which they brought the firstfruits of
35
their crops into the house of the Lord as an offering for holy service (Ex.
23:16-19).
Christ is the Firstfruits of the resurrection from the dead (1 Cor. 15:20-23)
who has entered the heavenly tabernacle of the Lord (Heb. 9:24) as a fragrant
offering for holy service (Eph. 5:2; Heb. 9:14). Those in Christ are firstfruits
unto God (1 Thes 2:13; Rev. 14:4), possessing the firstfruits of the Spirit (Rom.
8:23). The saints bring forth spiritual offerings for holy service, as they
themselves are the spiritual house of the Lord (I Pet. 2:4-5) and are seated in
heavenly places in Christ (Eph. 2:6).
NOTES
36
21. Three days before Israel received the Law Covenant, Moses ascended Mt. Sinai
to mediate before God. Moses mediated this covenant to the people (Heb.
9:19-20) which has now been abolished (Eph 2:15; 2 Cor. 3:7-13; Heb. 8:13).
Three days before the Church received the new law of the Spirit of life (Rom
8:2) written upon the new covenant tables of their hearts (2 Cor 3:3-11), Jesus
ascended the hill of the Lord Mt. Zion (Ps. 24:3; Acts 1:9-11; Heb 12:22) to
ever mediate before God (Heb. 9:11-15). Jesus is the mediator of the New
Covenant (Heb. 8:6; 9:15; 12:24) which is permanent and eternal (2 Cor. 3:11).
22. Moses experience on Mt. Sinai in the presence of Yahweh caused his face to
shine, and the people were afraid to come close to him (Ex. 34:29-35; 2 Cor.
3:7, 13).
Jesus time on the Mount of Transfiguration caused his clothing and face to
shine like the sun. The frightened disciples were immediately comforted by
Jesus (Mat. 17:1-8). The transfiguration was a prophetic glimpse of Jesus
post-resurrection glory as the eschatological embodiment of Gods
Righteousness, now revealed completely apart from the Law (Rom 3:21; 10:4;
1 Cor 1:30). God now shines in the hearts of believers to give the light of the
knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ (II Cor. 4:6).
Moses appeared in glory with Elijah at the transfiguration and spoke with
Jesus about his departure (literally exodus) that he was about to
accomplish in Jerusalem (Luke 9:31). This event with Elijah and Moses
communicates powerful eschatological parallels. Both Elijah and Moses were
passing the prophetic mantel of their respective ministries over to Jesus, so to
speak.
Jesus is the greater-than-Moses, the new Exodus Deliverer, the mediator of
37
the New Covenant (Heb. 9:15, 12:24) whose face shines like the sun (Mat.
17:2; Rev. 1:16) and whose law of the Spirit pours the love and light of Christ
into our hearts from Mt. Zion (Rom 5:5; 2 Cor. 4:6-7; Eph. 5:8; Heb 12:22).
Jesus also took upon himself the mantel of Elijah, recapitulating Elijahs epic
battle with the prophets of Baal in his own Paschal death, by which he
conquered the diabolical principalities and powers in the heavenly places.
Like Elijah, Jesus is the eschatological prophet of fire (2 Kings 1:10), who will
call down fire on His enemies at the Last Day (2 Peter 3:12; Rev 20:9).
Furthermore, the two witnesses in Revelation 11 are described as
administering the judgment-acts of Elijah and Moses. Since Jesus fulfills the
prophetic ministry of both prophets, the passage is describing the ongoing
prophetic ministry of Jesus going forth in the earth through his suffering and
persecuted Body, the Church. This imagery demonstrates that Jesus has
fulfilled the Law and Prophets in himself.
23. Before receiving the Law, Israel sanctified and set themselves apart in prayer
for 3 days (Exodus 19:10-11).
Before receiving the Holy Spirit, the saints sanctified and set themselves apart
in prayer for 3 days in the upper room (Acts 1:12-13).
24. For the law was given through Moses . . .
. . . grace and truth came through Jesus Christ (John 1:17).
25. Fifty days after the Passover was slain (Pentecost), Israel received the Law
Covenant at Sinai, engraved on tables of stone in the hand of Moses, the
mediator of the Old Covenant.
38
Fifty days after Christ our Passover was slain, the saints (at Pentecost)
received the new eschatological law, the law of the Spirit of life in Christ
Jesus (Rom. 8:2) . . . written not on tablets of stone but on the tablets of
human hearts (2 Cor. 3:3), in the hand of Jesus, the mediator of the New
Covenant (Heb. 12:24).
New Covenant believers now serve in the new way of the Spirit and not in
the old way of the written code (Rom. 7:6). This is the very Spirit that the
Prophets said would be poured out (Ezek. 39:29; Joel 2:28-29; John 7:37-39),
the promised Holy Spirit (Acts 2:33; Gal. 3:14; Eph. 1:13).
Concerning the law of the Spirit, the apostle Paul declares that those who are
led by the Spirit are not under the Law (Gal. 5:18) and therefore exhorts
believers to be filled with the Spirit (Eph. 5:18) and to walk in the
Spirit (Gal. 5:16), live in the Spirit (Gal. 5: 25), pray in the Spirit (Eph.
6:18), worship in the Spirit (Phil. 3:3), bear the fruit of the Spirit (Rom. 7:4),
and love in the Spirit (Col. 1:8).
Paul declares that the fruit of the Spirit is love (Gal. 5:22) and that this
divinely wrought love is the fulfilling of the law (Rom. 13:8-10, Gal. 5:14).
Indeed, Gods love is shed abroad in our hearts through the Holy Spirit who
has been given to us (Rom. 5:5), through faith. For faith works through
love (Gal. 5:6).
To this end, believers are not under law but under grace (Rom. 6:15) and are
divinely empowered by the Spirit to love both God and their fellow man with a
Christ-like, self-sacrificial love. This is Jesus new and great commandment
for New Covenant living in the Spirit (Mark 12:28-31; John 13:34; 1 John
4:21).
39
26. On the day that Israel received the Law, there was the sound of thunder,
trumpet blasts, and the terrifying voice of God, accompanied by the signs of
lightning, fire, and smoke resting on Mt. Sinai.
On the day that the Church received the Holy Spirit, there was the sound of a
mighty rushing wind and the sign cloven tongues of fire resting upon the
saints, accompanied by the joyous voice of God speaking through the Spirit-
filled saints, as the Spirit gave them utterance proclaiming the wonderful
works of God (Acts 2:1-11).
Peter signified that the Pentecost-event was the promised New Exodus
deliverance when he quotes from the Prophet Joel in Acts 2:17-21 (see Joel
2:28-32). The Prophet made explicit use of Passover-Exodus imagery in
foretelling the New Exodus/New Covenant inauguration - Signs, Wonders,
Water, Blood, Fire, and Cloud.
NOTES
40
It is significant to note that the Exodus imagery of blood, fire and water is also
used by the Apostle John to describe the threefold testimony of the Son of
God. I John 5:6-8: This is he who came by water and blood--Jesus Christ;
not by the water only but by the water and the blood. And the Spirit (Spirit =
Fire see Matt. 3:11, Luke 3:16) is the one who testifies, because the Spirit is
the truth. For there are three that testify: the Spirit and the water and the
blood; and these three agree.
27. At the inauguration of the Old Covenant of Law, Israel cowered in fear at Mt.
Sinai, to what may be touched, a blazing fire and darkness and gloom and a
tempest and the sound of a trumpet and a voice whose words made the
hearers beg that no further messages be spoken to them. For they could not
endure the order that was given, "If even a beast touches the mountain, it
shall be stoned." Indeed, so terrifying was the sight that Moses said, "I
tremble with fear" (Heb 12:18-21).
Under the New Covenant administration of the Spirit, the saints now worship
with joy at Mt. Zion, But you have come to Mount Zion and to the city of the
living God, the heavenly Jerusalem, and to innumerable angels in festal
gathering, and to the assembly of the firstborn who are enrolled in heaven,
and to God, the judge of all, and to the spirits of the righteous made perfect,
and to Jesus, the mediator of a new covenant, and to the sprinkled blood that
speaks a better word than the blood of Abel (Heb 12:22-24).
28. When Israel received the Law Covenant she was given the conditional
covenant promise to become Yahwehs treasured possession and royal
priesthood based on her obedience to the entire written volume of the Law
Now therefore, if you will indeed obey my voice and keep my covenant,
you shall be my treasured possession among all peoples, for all the earth is
mine; and you shall be to me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation (Ex.
41
19:5-6). Israel failed to receive the promised blessing because she sought her
obedience by legal works and not through the obedience of faith (Rom
9:31-32).
All of Gods promises find their eschatological YES in Christ (2 Cor 1:20),
meaning that all the long-awaited covenantal promises made throughout
redemptive history have been climactically merged and fulfilled in one
singular revelation namely the Person and work of Jesus Christ. Christ is
the substance and living embodiment of the New Covenant (Isa 42:6; 49:8),
and his indwelling Spirit is the New Covenant inscription and seal (2 Cor 3:3;
Eph 1:13; 4:30).
Therefore, those who are in Christ, being organically united to Him, have
unconditionally received every single covenant promise that God ever
made, having been blessed in Christ with every spiritual blessing in the
heavenly places (Eph 1:3). Having received Christ by faith, the new covenant
saints have received the fulfillment of the covenant promise originally held out
to Israel: But you are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a
people for his own possession, that you may proclaim the excellencies of him
who called you out of darkness into his marvelous light.
10
Once you were not a
people, but now you are God's people; once you had not received mercy, but
now you have received mercy (1 Pet 2:9-10).
29. Those who set aside the Law of Moses died without mercy on the evidence of
two or three witnesses (Heb. 10:28).
Those who spurn the Son of God are guilty of profaning the blood of the New
Covenant and outraging the Spirit of grace, thereby standing exposed to a far
worse punishment a fearful expectation of judgment, and a fury of fire that
will consume the adversaries (Heb. 10:26-31). The Law is no longer the basis
42
of Gods righteous judgment Jesus and his Spirit is (John 3:18-20). Those
thus who resist and blaspheme the Spirit of Christ are guilty of covenantal
blasphemy and will not be forgiven (Mk 3:29; Lk 12:10; Acts 5:3; 7:51).
30. After the giving of the Law at Mt. Sinai about 3000 Israelites died in one day
(Ex. 32:28).
After the giving of the Holy Spirit from Mt. Zion at Pentecost about 3000 souls
were saved in one day (Acts 2:41).
NOTES
43
31. Moses prophesied that a greater Prophet than himself would appear, The
LORD your God will raise up for you a prophet like me from among you,
from your brothers--it is to him you shall listen (Deut 18:15).
Jesus is the greater Prophet than Moses, We have found him of whom Moses
in the Law and also the prophets wrote, Jesus of Nazareth, the son of
Joseph (John 1:45; Acts 3:22-26; Heb. 3:1-3).
32. Israel was called to walk in Yahwehs Law (2 Chron 6:16). Israel was accounted
faithful by keeping faith with Yahweh through the Law. The Law was the
conditional treaty (Deut. 28) of her betrothal to Yahweh (Jer. 31:32), written
on tables of stone.
The Bride of Christ is called to walk by the Spirit (Rom. 8:4; Gal. 5:16, 25).
She is accounted faithful by keeping faith with Christ her Husband, apart from
the Law (Rom. 3:21, 28). She has been delivered from the marital
enslavement of the Law through Christs death in order that she would belong
to Him alone.
The Bride now serves Christ in the new way of the Spirit and not in the old
way of the written code (Rom 7:1-6). The indwelling presence and power of
the Holy Spirit is the unbreakable new covenant seal of the Brides betrothal to
Christ (Eph. 1:13, 4:30), written upon the tables of human hearts (2 Cor 3:3).
33. Israel was given the tabernacle to establish Gods dwelling place among them
(Ex. 25:9). Moses interceded in the tabernacle at the mercy seat (Num. 7:89).
Christ tabernacles in his people through the Holy Spirit (1 Cor 3:16). He
dwells in them and walks in them (2 Cor 6:16). The risen and exalted Lord
has entered the true tabernacle in heaven to intercede for his Church (Heb
44
8:1-5; 9:11-12).
34. The Levitical priests partook of the sacrifices offered on the altar (Lev. 10:12).
Those in Christ are spiritual priests (1 Peter 2:5-9; Rev. 1:6; 5:10) and partake
of the one Sacrifice (Jesus Christ) offered on the true altar (Heb. 13:10-13).
35. After the third day in the wilderness, Moses turned the bitter water into
sweet water by throwing a log into the water (Ex. 15:22-25).
On the third day of his public ministry Jesus attended a wedding at Cana of
Galilee where he turned the bitter water (dirty purification water) into sweet
water wine (John 2:1-9). Jesus was foreshadowing the marriage celebration
between himself and his redeemed Bride, whereby he would transform the
bitter cup of Gods wrath, through his death on a cross, into the sweet wine of
his Paschal celebration.
NOTES
45
36. Israel was judged by serpents and was commanded to look upon the brass
serpent and live (Num 21: 4-9).
Christ became a curse, being hung on a tree (Gal 3:13), and was lifted up as the
serpent in the wilderness so that all who look upon him receive eternal life
(John 3:14-15).
37. Israel made warfare against her physical enemies (Num 21:32-35).
The Church makes warfare against her spiritual enemies (Luke 10:17-20; Eph.
6:12).
38. Israel received a daily portion of manna from heaven every day (Ex 16:4).
The Church is to pray give us each day our daily bread (Luke 11:3) and find
that Jesus Christ is the true heavenly bread who fulfills the typology of Israels
manna (John 6:32-35).
39. Israel was to observe the Sabbath day, the seventh-day rest ordinance of the
first creation (Gen 2:3; Ex 16:23-24).
A New eschatological Creation has taken place in Jesus Christ (2 Cor 5:17). "In
the beginning was the WORD . . . and the WORD became flesh and dwelt
among us (John 1:1-14). At the first creation, Gods Word was a spoken
breath that went out over the world. But now, His divine fiat has taken on
flesh and come into the world to dwell among us! Jesus was the Creator who
spoke the original order into existence by his powerful word (Hebrews 1:2).
And He is also the Lord and Creator of the new eschatological order, appearing
in the flesh as Gods final powerful and creative WORD.
46
Having arisen from the dead, Jesus became the centerpiece of the New
Creation the firstborn of all Creation . . . the firstborn from the dead (Col
1:15-18). All who put their trust in Him have ceased from their own labours
and entered into his promised eschatological rest. Therefore, the Sabbath
rest of the New Creation is Jesus Christ, in whom the saints find their true
heavenly rest through faith (Mat. 11:29-30; Heb. 4:8-10). Having entered in to
His rest the saints are no longer to observe Sabbath days, as they were merely
the typological shadow, with the substance belonging entirely to Christ (Col.
2:15-17).
40. The Law Covenant was a ministry of death, a killing letter, and a ministry of
condemnation which was being brought to and end while it was still in effect
(2 Cor. 3:7- 13; Heb 8:13).
The New Covenant is the ministry of the Spirit and a ministry of
righteousness which far exceeds the Old in glory and is permanent (2 Cor
3:7-13).
NOTES
47
41. The Mosaic Law was a ministerial function of the imperfect Levitical priesthood
(Deut 31:9; 2 Chron 31:4).
The Levitical priesthood has been exchanged for Christs perfect Melchizedek
priesthood, whose divine office was not established on the basis of legal
requirement or human descent (Heb. 7:16). Christs new spiritual priesthood
has resulted in a wholesale change in the Law (Heb. 7:11-12). The old Law has
been abolished and exchanged for the new eschatological law of the Spirit/law
of Christ (Rom. 7:6; 8:2; Eph 2:15; Col, 2:14; 1 Cor 9:21; 2 Cor 3:3-13). This
eschatological new law is a spiritual ministry of Christs perfect Melchizedek
priesthood.
42. Israel built an earthly temple under the reign of Davids son, Solomon (I Kings
8:17-20).
God is presently constructing a permanent eschatological temple with living
stones under the reign of Davids true Son, Jesus Christ, to be fully revealed
in glory at the Last Day (2 Cor 6:16; Eph 2:21; 1 Pet 2:5; Rev 21).
43. Israel was exiled into foreign lands, awaiting the redemption of their nation (2
Kings 17:22-23; Psalm 137).
The saints in Christ are sojourners and exiles on the earth (1 Pet. 1:17; 2:11),
awaiting the redemption of their bodies (Rom 8:23) and their heavenly
inheritance (Phil 3:20; 1 Pet 1:4).
44. God supernaturally caused Israels outward clothing not wear out during their
40 year sojourn in the wilderness (Deut. 8:4; 29:5).
God supernaturally causes believers inner self to be renewed day by day (2
48
Cor 4:16) during their sojourn in the wilderness tent of their bodies. They
are presently awaiting to put on their new heavenly dwelling, a building
from God, a house not made with hands, eternal in the heavens (2 Cor 5:1-3).
45. Fleshly Israel belonged to the earthly Jerusalem. They were illegitimate
children of the bondwoman, born according to the flesh, and enslaved under
the covenantal administration of the Law (Gal 4:3-5, 21-31).
Those in Christ belong to the true heavenly Jerusalem, for the Jerusalem
above is free, and she is our mother (Gal. 4:26; Heb. 12:22; Rev. 21:10). They
are children of the free woman, children of promise, and born according to the
Spirit like Isaac (Gal 4:21-31).
NOTES
49
46. Israel received conditional blessed if promises (Deuteronomy 28:1-14).
Jesus issued unconditional blessed are indicatives (Mat 5:1-11).
47. An entire generation of Israel was destroyed in the wilderness 40 years after the
Exodus deliverance, because of their unbelief (Heb. 3:16-19).
Jerusalem was destroyed 40 years after the New Exodus deliverance (in A.D.
70), because of their unbelief (Mat 24:1-2).
48. Israels circumcision was made in the foreskins of their newborn male infants
(Gen 17:24) on the eighth day (Lev. 12:2-3). This circumcision was an
initiatory rite which gave entrance into the corporeal covenant community.
The rite could not save or impart grace. It only served as an outward sign to
typify the seal of righteousness which comes by faith alone (Rom 4:11), the
righteousness of faith (Rom 4:13). This fleshly circumcision foreshadowed
the true eschatological circumcision to come, namely Christs death and the
subsequent heart circumcision that the saints were to receive on their hearts
by the Spirit.
The Church, as the true Israel of God (Gal 6:16), has received a circumcision
of the heart made without hands (Col 2:11). The Churchs spiritual infants
are those who are born again of the Holy Spirit (John 3:3-8; 1 Peter 1:3).
These newborn infants in Christ (I Cor 3:1) receive the inward seal of
circumcision (Eph 1:13, 4:30) upon their hearts by the Holy Spirit (Rom. 2:29;
Col. 2:11; Phil. 3:3) through which they are initiated as spiritual members of
the New Covenant community. The Holy Spirit is Yahwehs indwelling gift of
righteousness (Rom 8:4) which indwells and seals Christs Body to him in holy
covenant betrothal (2 Cor 1:22-23). This circumcision is spiritual, life-giving,
and completely saving.
50
49. Joshua (meaning: Jehovah is salvation) led Israel over the Jordan into the
Promised Land and slew the nations and their kings (Josh 10-12).
Jesus (meaning: Jehovah is salvation) leads the true Israel over the Jordan of
death into Heaven, where life is given to the nations, and the kings of the earth
bring their glory into it (Rev. 21:23-25).
NOTES
51
Conclusion
Through the lens of the Passover-Exodus event we see that Christ and his Body is the
true Israel of God (Gal 6:16; Rom 2:28-29; 9:6-8; Rev 7), the true circumcision (Phil
3:3), Yahwehs true Bride (Rev 19:7), and the end-time eschatological Temple filled
with the Holy Spirit of Christ (I Cor 3:16-17). True infants of the New Covenant are
those infants in Christ (I Cor 3:1) who have been brought into the covenant by being
bornagain (John3:3-6; I Pet 1:3) by the promisedHolySpirit (Eph1:13), through
personal faith(Rom10:9). They receive the seal of circumcision(Eph1:13, 4:30) upon
their hearts by the Holy Spirit (Rom. 2:29; Col. 2:11).
The Holy Spirit is the law of the NewCovenant, the lawof the Spirit of life in Christ
Jesus (Rom 8:2), written not on tablets of stone but on the tablets of human
hearts (2 Cor 3:3). Believers in Christ are nowa royal priesthood unto God, bringing
spiritual sacrifices of praise and righteousness (1 Pet 2:5-9) and serving in the new
wayof theSpirit andnot intheoldwayof thewrittencode (Rom7:6). Theyareseated
with Christ inheaven, sharing his Kingly rule and reignonthe earth (Eph 2:6; Col 3:3;
Rev 5:10). Jesus is the Mediator of the NewCovenant (Heb 9:15; 12:24). It is a better
covenant than Moses transient legal covenant (Heb 7:22), since it is enacted on
better promises (Heb 8:6).
TheOldCovenant is nowobsolete(Heb8:13). Indeed, our risenandexaltedJesus has
been counted worthy of more glory than Moses (Heb 3:3) and has brought forth the
New Creation through his death, resurrection, and exaltation as the firstborn of all
Creation (2 Cor 5:17; Col 1:15). Christ is our Prophet, greater than Moses (Acts 3:22).
He is our Great High Priest, after the eternal order of Melchizedek (Heb 6:20). He is
our MessiahKing, the true Sonof David(Luke 1:32-33). Jesus himself is the true living
water (John 4:10) from the true spiritual Rock (I Cor 10:4). He is the true heavenly
bread/manna (John 6:33) and the true Sabbath rest of the New Creation (Mat
52
11:29-30, Col 2:16-17; Heb 4:8-10). In place of the old Passover meal, the Church of
Jesus Christ now celebrates the New Covenant in his blood. Behold, old things have
passed away, and all things have become gloriously new!
This unified weight of Scriptural witness demonstrates that the original Passover-
Exodus redemption event was the divine paradigm for the eschatological New
Passover-Exodusredemptionthat wasfulfilledinJesusChrist. All of theprophetsgive
witness, andall theapostles agreetogether withoneunifiedvoice. TheGospel message
which Jesus and the apostles proclaimed often began with the retelling of Moses and
the Prophets (Acts 7:1-53; 28:23), thereby demonstrating that they were expounding
the Gospel event through the lens of the anticipatory Old Testament types.
This is the very message that made the two apostles hearts burn within them as the
resurrected Jesus, the unknown traveller on the Emmaus road, expounded the Word
to them about himself, beginning with Moses (Luke 24:24-32). It was the bold
declaration of Peter at Pentecost (Acts 3:22). It was the sermon which the blessed
martyr Stephen gave witness to with his own blood (Acts 7). It was the rich Paschal
imagery of the apostle Paul and fellow New Testament writers. With this unified
witness of Scriptural testimony set forth, it is evident that Yahwehs redemptionof the
world was foreshadowed in Israels Passover-Exodus redemption and climactically
accomplished in the person and work of Jesus Christ.
Behold, the Lamb of God,
who takes away the sin of the world
. . . for Christ, our Passover Lamb,
has been sacrificed
. . . worthy is the Lamb who was slain to receive
power and wealth and wisdom
and might and honour and glory and blessing!
John 1:29 1 Corinthians 5:7 Revelation 5:12
53
NOTES
54
The New Exodus/New Covenant
Redemption Foretold:
A new Moses would come. Deut. 18:15 = Acts 3:22
A son born, who is God, who is the new divine David,
with an everlasting kingdom. Isa. 9:6-7
A new Exodus deliverance for a new people. Isa. 11:11-16, 43:13-21
A new deliverance from hard bondage. Isa. 14:3
A new suffering servant. Isa. 53
A new deliverer/liberator. Isa. 61
A new song of praise. Isa. 42:10 = Rev. 15:3
A new mountain. Isa. 2:1-3 = Heb. 12:22
A new Covenant embodied and personified in the Messiah (Isa 42:6,
49:6-8, 55:3-4, John 1:14).
A new Law-giver for the nations. Isa. 42:1-6
A new Israel. Isa. 60 = Gal. 6:16
A new Jerusalem. Isa. 62
A new law Mountain (Zion) and new Jerusalem. Jer. 3:14-18, Micah 4:1-5
A new Covenant with a new law written on the heart. Jer. 31:31-40, Jer.
32:40 = II Cor. 3:3-9, Heb. 8:7-13, 10:16, 12:24 (new law covenant).
A new David, a new Law-giver, a new priesthood, an everlasting covenant.
Jer. 33:14-26
A new Israel with no iniquity fully pardoned. Jer. 50:20
A new covenant of peace, with a new David. Eze. 34:22-25
A new David, a new covenant of peace, a new obedience, a new tabernacle.
Eze. 37:24-28 = II Cor. 6:16
A new heart, a new law obedience. Eze. 36:26-27
A new heart, a new spirit, a new law obedience. Eze. 11:19-20
A new temple. A new priesthood. Eze. 40 to 48 = I Cor.3:16-17, I Cor.
6:19, II Cor. 6:16
A new indwelling of God. Zech. 2:10-13
A new era for Israel righteousness and peace, deliverance from captivity.
Zech. 3:9-20
A divine house of David. Zech. 12:8-10
A new Spirit to be poured out. Isa. 44:3, Eze. 39:29, Joel 2:28-31 = Acts
2:16-19
A new era for Israel. Joel 3
55
A new covenant betrothal. Hos. 2:18-23
A new tabernacle of David. Amos 9:11 = Acts 15:14-17
A new Elijah. Mal. 4:5-6 = Mat. 11:12-14
A new PASSOVER LAMB! John 1:29, 36
NOTES
56
Snapshot
Old Testament Types
and their Eschatological Fulfillments
Old Testament Types New Eschatological Fulfillments
Old Creation New Creation in Christ (2 Cor. 5:17, Gal. 6:15)
In the beginning, God . . . In the beginning was the Word . . . (John 1:1)
Formed out of Water Formed out of Fire Holy Spirit (Lk 3:16)
Eden Lost Heavenly Eden (Rev 22)
First Adam Last Adam Christ (I Cor 15:45)
Adamic Marriage flesh of my flesh . . . Christ + Church (Eph. 5:31-32, Rev 21:9)
Offspring of the Woman Jesus Christ (Gal 4:4; Rev 12:13)
Offspring of Abraham Jesus Christ (Gal 3:16)
Offspring of David Jesus Christ (Lk 1:32; Rom 1:3)
Circumcision of Flesh Circumcision of the Heart by the Spirit (Rom 2:29)
Numberless Offspring Worldwide Believers in Jesus (Gal 3:29)
Israel, Yahwehs firstborn son (Ex 4:22) Christ, Yahwehs true firstborn Son (Col 1:15, 18)
Nation of Israel Spiritual Israel of God (Gal. 6:16)
Fleshly Egypt Spiritual Egypt (I John 2:16, Rev. 11:8)
Physical Bondage to Pharaoh Spiritual Bondage to Satan (Jn 8:44; Eph 2:2, 2 Tim 2:26)
Passover Lamb Christ the Passover Lamb (I Cor. 5:7)
Red Sea Corporate Baptism (I Cor 10:2) Corporate Baptism into Christ (Rom 6:3; 1Cor 12:13)
Old Exodus New Exodus - Deliverance from Sin (Luke 9:31)
Egyptian Plunder (Ex 3:22) All Spiritual Blessings in Christ Jesus (Eph 1:3)
Song of Moses Song of Moses and the Lamb (Rev 15:3)
Mt. Sinai Mt. Zion (Heb. 12:18-24)
Moses shining face = fear Jesus shining face = glory (2 Cor. 3:18)
Mediator of Old Covenant Mediator of New Covenant (Heb 9:15)
Law Given (Pentecost) Holy Spirit Given at Pentecost
Law as Covenant Christ as Covenant (Isa. 42:6; 49:8)
Ministry of death & condemnation Ministry of the Spirit (2 Corinthians 3)
Law written on Tablets of Stone Holy Spirit written on Hearts (2 Cor 3:3)
Old way of written code New way of the Spirit (Rom. 7:6)
Earthly Tabernacle Heavenly Tent (Heb. 8:1-5, 9:11)
57
For to us
God has revealed them through the Spirit.
For the Spirit searches all things,
even the depths of God.
For who among men knows the things of a man, except
the spirit of the man that is in him?
Thus also no one knows the things of God except the Spirit
of God.
Now we have received not the spirit of the world, but the
Spirit who is from God, in order that we may know the
things freely given to us by God, things which we also
speak, not in words taught by human wisdom, but in
words taught by the Spirit, explaining spiritual things to
spiritual people.
But the natural man does not accept the things of the
Spirit of God, for they are foolishness to him, and he is not
able to understand them, because they are spiritually
discerned.
Now the spiritual person discerns all things, but he
himself is judged by no one. For who has known the
mind of the Lord; who has advised him? But we have the
mind of Christ.
I Corinthians 2:10-16
58
59
As a pastor convinced that Christ is the apex of Gods revelation, the be all end all
of redemptive history, I crave to lead my people to reading material in keeping with
this exalted view of Christ. In this penetrating work, John Dunn displays a robust
Christology, and supplies a nourishing, green pasture upon which my people can
graze. I will joyfullycommendthisworktomychurch. AndI wholeheartedlycommend
it to you as well. As you read to your profit, your heart will leap in praise as John
expounds Jesus as the New Covenant Exodus!
Pastor Todd Braye
Sovereign Grace Baptist Church, Blackie, Alberta, Canada
Inthetraditionof Gentry, Wellum, Goldsworthy, Hamilton, theDennisons, Bealeand
Heather Kendall, John Dunn has provided us with a thorough understanding of the
big story of the Bible via the theme of New Covenant/ New Exodus and the result is
a study in the centrality of Christ throughout the Scriptures culminating in the glories
of the New Covenant. It is definitely a worthy addition to the corpus of texts
concerning Biblical Theology, a discipline of study that in recent years is gaining a
more prominent place in understanding the Scriptures.
Pastor Joseph Krygier
New Covenant Baptist Fellowship Evans NY
For those who have yet to become familiar with a more fully developed Christo-
centric readingof all Scripture, JohnDunnsuccinctly captures suchhere. Hehandily
demonstrates why a New Covenant/New Exodus perspective on the whole of
Scripture is critical to our seeing all things biblical in the light of Christ's countenance.
In setting forth this New Exodus framework, John's exegetical labors provide us a
puzzle-box-top, whereby the pieces readily fit into place, and without extra-biblical
manipulation. What we have here in New Exodus is an unpacking of John 1:14,17;
wherein the Word, full of grace and truth, becomes flesh. A Word that was revealed
in Mosaic shadows has now come forth in the Glory of the Son!
Matthew Morizio
Bible Teacher, NY
The original exodus painted a picture of the exodus Christ leads us on from sin and
death. Dunn provides a poetic and deeply Christ-centered viewof the more glorious
exodus which we longingly look foward to.
Pastor/Elder Edwin W. Trefzger III
Evangelical Church of Fairport, NY
Warning! This study is for heavy lifters only. But if you love to search through God's
Word to see more of Jesus our Covenant King then prepare your heart and mind to
do some serious Bible Study. Fromthe beginning to end this study is Christ centered
and Christ exalting. Be refreshed in Christ!
Pastor Moe Bergeron
Sovereign Grace Fellowship, Boscawen NH
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