Instructional Design

The Snapshot Version

By Sasha Thackaberry
Development of Instructional Design
When?

Researcher

Theory Name

Description of Theory

Reference / Link / For

More Info

Late 1800s

Ebbinghaus

Human
Intelligence

Studied memory for the first time.

Late 1800s

Pavlov

Behavioralism

Studied results of digestion/salivation in dogs, resulting in conditioned reflex

or conditioning.

Early 1900s

Skinner

Developed behavioral science relating to learned behaviors in animals.

Early 1900s

Piaget

Behavioral
Science
Operant
Behavior
Genetic
Epistomology

http://home.utah.edu/~rgm
15a60/Paper/html/index_fi
les/Page1108.htm
http://www.intelltheory.co
m/ebbinghaus.shtml
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/a
so/databank/entries/bhpav
l.html
http://www.bfskinner.org/b
ehavioralscience/definition/

Early to mid1900s

Vygotsky

Mid-1900s

Military

Mid-1900s

Benjamin

Modern
Constructivist
Sociocultural
Theory
Concept of
Instructional
Design as we
know it
3 Domains of

Intelligence is a process activity whereby humans react to and change their

environment. Development of high mental functions occurs in social
environments.
Zone of Proximal Development
Efficiency and effectiveness was the primary purpose of ID. Used to train
large numbers of troops in World War II. Designed instruction should meet
initial needs of learners. Analysis, design and evaluation codified as important
components of instructional design.
Bloom codified the domains of cognitive, psychomotor and affective. His

Intelligence is a form of adaptation. Assimilation and accommodation occur

when crises/new information etc. are encountered.

Sasha Thackaberry Instructional Design: The Snapshot Version

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http://plato.stanford.edu/e
ntries/innatenesscognition/
http://www.intelltheory.co
m/piaget.shtml
http://www.intelltheory.co
m/vygotsky.shtml

http://www.princeton.edu/
~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/d
ocs/Instructional_design.h
tml
http://www.princeton.edu/

Bloom

Learning
Blooms
Taxonomy

recognized Blooms Taxonomy has largely dominated instructional design.

The new version posits that learning progresses, in order, from remembering
to understanding to applying to analyzing to evaluating to creating.

~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/d
ocs/Instructional_design.h
tml

1960s

Robert
Gagne

Nine Events for

Instruction

http://www.facdev.niu.edu/
facdev/resources/guide/le
arning/gagnes_nine_event
s_instruction.pdf

1970s

Dick and
Carey

Dick and Carey

Instructional
Design Model

Process for effective instruction includes 1) gain attention of students, 2)

inform students of the objectives, 3) stimulate recall of prior learning, 4)
present the content, 5) provide learning guidance, 6) elicit performance
(practice), 7) provide feedback, 8) assess performance, 9) enhance retention
and transfer to the job.
Created a 9-step process for designing instruction (note different from Gagne
above). The stages are: Stage 1: Identify Instructional Goals, Stage 2.
Conduct Instructional Analysis, Stage 3. Identify Entry Behaviors and Learner
Characteristics, Stage 4: Write Performance Objectives, Stage 5. Develop
Criterion-Referenced Test Items, Stage 6. Develop Instructional Strategy,
Stage 7: Develop and Select Instructional Materials, Stage 8: Develop and
Conduct Formative Evaluation, Stage 9: Develop and Conduct Summative
Evaluation.

Sasha Thackaberry Instructional Design: The Snapshot Version

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http://www.instructionalde
sign.org/models/dick_care
y_model.html
http://www.nwlink.com/~d
onclark/history_isd/carey.
html

mid 1970s current

Florida State
University for
Military

ADDIE

ADDIE is a process model which has been made more dynamic and been
revised several times over the past few decades. It stands for: Analysis,
Design, Develop, Implement, Evaluate. Its usage has expanded far beyond
the military into usage in educational, professional development and corporate
environments.

http://www.nwlink.com/~d
onclark/history_isd/addie.
html

Late 1990s

Grant

Backwards

Also known as Understanding by Design the name of their influential book

http://www.ascd.org/resea

Sasha Thackaberry Instructional Design: The Snapshot Version

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Wiggins &
Jay McTighe

Design

backwards design is a simple process that starts with the end in mind. The
three-step process entails 1) identifying desired results, 2) determining
acceptable evidence, and 3) planning learning experiences and instruction.

rch-a-topic/understandingby-design-resources.aspx

Quick Tools for Instructional Design

Instructional Design Toolkit, found here: http://edusasha.com/instructional-design/
Roles and Responsibilities for an eLearning Design & Development Project:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B0lwpuBcseSveEkwM29tLTRtcDQ/edit?usp=sharing

Sasha Thackaberry Instructional Design: The Snapshot Version

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.