7.

3 CURRENTS IN TERMS OF FLUX LINKAGES Often at synchronous machine is simulated using the
llux linkages of the windings as the state variables. To handle the cut set of inductors formed by
the Tcircuit of leakage and mutual inductances, we introduce the following mutual flux linkages
in the q~ and claxes:


The currents can then be expressed simply as


Using thc above expressions of thc rl-axis winding currents in Eq. 7.37 and collecting all Amd terms
to thc lcft, we will obtain


Back-substituting the above expression for Amd into the expressions of the daxis currents given
in Eq. 7.38 and regrouping, we obtain the following matrix equation of me currents in terms ofthe
total Hux linkages for the dzixis windings:



A set of expressions similar to those given in Eqs. 7.38 through 7.41 for the windings on the q-axis
can be derived in a similar manner. The above expressions ofthe currents in terms of the Hux
linkages can be substituted into the voltage and torque equations to obtain a mathematical model
of the synchronous machine in which the state variables are the [lux linkages ofthe rotor windings.






7.4 STEADYSTATE OPERATION
In this section. we shall examine the equations and phasor diagrams for steady-state motoring and
generating operations to help us better understand the operational behavior of the machine.
When performing simulations, the steady-state equations can be used to determine the proper
steadystate values to initialize the simulation so that it starts with the desired steadystate
condition. More importantly, a knowledge of the steady-state behavior is indispensable for
checking the correctness ofthe simulation results.
We shall assume balanced steady-state condition with the rotor rotating at the synchronous
speed, wp, and the field excitation held constant. For ease of referral, we will refer to the qaxis
on the rotor as the q, axis, the q-axis of the synchronously rotating frame as the q(,axis, and the
qaxis of the stationary reference frame which is along the axis of the a~phase winding as qs.
When dealing withjust one machine, it is convenient to use the a-phase terminal voltage of its
stator as the synchronous reference phasor, from which all phase angles arc measured; in other
words, the stator phase voltages can be expressed as.



The space vectors and phasors of the above phase voltages are referred to the qe-axis of a
synchronously rotating frame. which we will assume to start with an initial angle 0f9,'.(0) = 0 from
the q,~axis. For balanced operation, the steadystate stator currents liowing into the machine
may be expressed as

It is evident from the above voltage and current expressions that the terminal power factor angle
is gb; the value of d> is positive for a leading terminal power factor condition and negative for a
lagging terminal power factor.
At this stage, we do not know the orientation of the rotors q,-axis with respect to the
synchronously rotating qc-axis. Since the rotor is also rotating at synchronous speed in steady-
state, we do know that the angle between the q, and qc,-axes will have a steady value that is not
varying with time. To locate the q,.-axis, we lirst transform the phase voltages and currents to the
synchronously rotating frame. From the material presented earlier in Section 5.10.2, in particular
Eq. 5.142, the qd components in the synchronously rotating reference frame are

Note that, in steadystate, the stator qd voltage and current components in the syn- chronously
rotating frame are constant. The zeroscquence components of the balanced sets of phase
voltages and currents are zero.